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2023年12月16日发(作者:protobuf解密)
英语四级不规则动词表
(说明:下表为常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。有的动词列出两种过去分词形式,其中有*号的常用作形容词。)
第一组“A-A-A”型
动词原形
bet(打赌)
burst(爆裂)
cast(投)
broadcast(广播)forecast(预报)
cost(价钱为)
cut(切)
hit(打)
hurt(使受伤)
let(让)
put(放)
quit(放弃)
read[ri:d](读)
rid(使摆脱)
set(放)
upset(弄翻)
shed(流出)
shut(关闭)
split(劈开)
spread(传播)
thrust(插)
wet(弄湿)
第二组“A-B-B”型
动词原形
bend(弯曲)
bind(捆绑)
bleed(出血)
breed(繁殖)
bring(带来)
build(建筑)
burn(燃烧)
过去式
bet(ted)
burst
cast
broadcast(ed)forecast(ed)
cost
cut
hit
hurt
let
put
quit(ted)
read[red]
rid(ded)
set
upset
shed
shut
split
spread
thrust
wet(ted)
过去式
bent
bound
bled
bred
brought
built
burnt, burned过去分词
bet(ted)
burst
cast
broadcast(ed)
forecast(ed)
cost
cut
hit
hurt
let
put
quit(ted)
read[red]
rid(ded)
set
upset
shed
shut
split
spread
thrust
wet(ted)
过去分词
bent
bound
bled
bred
brought
built
burnt*, burned1
buy(买)
catch(捉住)
clothe(给…穿衣服)
creep(爬行)
deal[di:l](对付)
dig(挖)
dream[dri:m](做梦)
feed(喂)
feel(感觉)
fight(战斗)
find(找到)
flee(逃走)
get(得到)
grind(磨碎)
hang(悬挂)
hang(绞死)
have(有)
hear (听见)
heave(起伏)
hold(拿着)
keep(保持)
kneel(跪)
lay(放下)
lead(领导)
mislead(误导)
lean[li:n](靠)
leap[li:p](跳)
learn(学)
leave(离开)
lend(把…借给)
light(点燃)
lose(失去)
make(制造)
mean[mi:n](意指)
meet(遇见)
bought bought
caught caught
clothed clothed
crept crept
dealt[delt] dealt[delt]
dug dug
dreamed[dri:md] dreamed[dri:md]
dreamt[dremt] dreamt[dremt]
fed fed
felt felt
fought fought
found found
fled fled
got got,(主美)gotten*
ground ground
hung hung
hanged hanged
had had
heard[h:d] heard[h:d]
heaved, hove heaved, hove
held held
kept kept
knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeld
laid laid
led led
misled misled
leant[lent] leant[lent]
leaned[li:nd] leaned[li:nd]
leapt[lept] leapt[lept]
leaped[li:pt; lept] leaped[li:pt; lept]learned, learnt learned*2, learnt
left left
lent lent
lit, lighted lit, lighted
lost lost
made made
meant[ment] meant[ment]
met met
melt(熔化)
pay(支付)
prove(证明)
say[sei](说)
seek(寻找)
sell(卖)
send(送)
shave(刮脸)
shine(照耀)
shoot(发射)
sit(坐)
sleep(睡)
slide(滑动)
smell(嗅)
speed(迅速前进)
spell(拼写)
spend(花费)
spill(溢出)
spin(旋转)
spit(吐痰)
spoil(宠坏)
stand(站,立)
misunderstand(误解)
understand(理解)
withstand(经受)
stick(粘住)
sting(刺)
strike(打)
string(缚)
sweep(扫)
swing(摇摆)
teach(教)
tell(告诉)
think(想)
weep(哭泣)
win(获胜)
wind(绕)
melted
paid
proved
said[sed]
sought
sold
sent
shaved
shone
shot
sat
slept
slid
smelled, smelt
sped, speeded
spelt, spelled
spent
spilt, spilled
spun
spat, spit
spoiled, spoilt
stood
misunderstood
understood
withstood
stuck
stung
struck
strung
swept
swung
taught
told
thought
wept
won
wound
melted,molten*
paid
proved,(主美)proven
said[sed]
sought
sold
sent
shaved,shaven*
shone
shot
sat
slept
slid
smelled, smelt
sped, speeded
spelt, spelled
spent
spilt, spilled
spun
spat, spit
spoiled, spoilt*
stood
misunderstood
understood
withstood
stuck
stung
struck
strung
swept
swung
taught
told
thought
wept
won
wound
3注:1. 在第二组动词中,有些两种过去式和过去分词形式,一种以-t结尾。一种以-ed结
尾(规则形式)。一般来说,前者多见于英国英语,而后者尤为美国英语所用。
2.learned 作形容词用时,读作[[]
3. shine表示“擦亮”的意思时,用作规则动词。
第三组“A-B-C”型
动词原形
arise(出现)
awake(唤醒)
bear(生)
begin(开始)
bid(命令)
forbid(禁止)
bite(咬)
blow(吹)
break(打破)
choose(选择)
do(做)
undo(解开)
draw(拉)
withdraw(撤退)drink(喝)
drive(驾驶)
eat(吃)
fall(落下)
forget(忘记)
fly(飞)
freeze(结冰)
give(给)
forgive(原谅)
go(去)
undergo(经历)
grow(生长)
hide(隐藏)
know(知道)
lie(躺)
ride(骑)
ring(响)
过去式
arose
awoke, awaked
bore
began
bade, bid
forbade, forbadbit
blew
broke
chose
did
undid
drew
withdrew
drank
drove
ate(英eit](美)[eit]
fell
forgot
flew
froze
gave
forgave
went
underwent
grew
hid
knew
lay
rode
rang
过去分词
arisen
awoken, awaked
borne, born*1
begun
bidden, bid2
forbidden
bitten
blown
broken
chosen
done
undone
drawn
withdrawn
drunk
driven
)[et; eaten
fallen
forgotten
flown
frozen
given
forgiven
gone
undergone
grown
hidden, hid
known
lain
ridden
rung
rise(升起)
saw(锯)
see(看见)
sew(缝)
shake(摇动)
show(表明)
shrink(收缩)
sing(唱)
sink(下沉)
sow(播种)
speak(说)
spring(跳)
steal(偷)
swear(发誓)
swell(肿胀)
swim(游泳)
take(拿)
mistake(弄错)
overtake(赶上)
undertake(承担)
tear(撕)
thrive(兴旺)
throw(投)
wake(醒来)
wear(穿着)
weave(织,编)
write(写)
rose
sawed
saw
sewed
shook
showed
shrank
sang
sank
sowed
spoke
sprang
stole
swore
swelled
swam
took
mistook
overtook
undertook
tore
throve, thrived
threw
woke, waked
wore
wove
wrote
risen
sawn, sawed
seen
sewn, sewed
shaken
shown, showed
shrunk
sung
sunk
sown, sowed
spoken
sprung
stolen
sworn
swollen, swelled
swum
taken
mistaken
overtaken
undertaken
torn
thriven, thrived
thrown
woken, waked
worn
woven
written
注:1. bear一般作“生(育)”解时,过去分词用borne; 作“出生”解时,过去分词用born。该词用作其它意思时,过去分词一般为borne。试比较:
She has borne five children. 她已生(育)了五个孩子。
He was born in 1955. 他出生于1955年。
All the costs of the repairs will be borne by our company. 所有维修费用将由我们公司承担。
2. bid 表示“出价”“叫牌”等意思时,过去式与过去分词形式均为bid。
3. lie 表示“说谎”的意思时,用作规则动词。
第四组“其它型”
动词原形
be(是)
beat
come
become
overcome
run
过去式
was, were
beat
came
became
overcame
ran
过去分词
been
beaten
come
become
overcome
run
名词复数
1、构成方法及读音规则
2、名词复数的不规则变化
3、不可数名词量的表示
4、定语名词的复数
5、不同国籍人的单复数
1、构成方法及读音规则
1) 一般情况加 –s:map-maps boy-boys girl-girls pen-pens bag-bags
car-cars
清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/
2) 以s, sh, ch, x结尾加 –es, 读 /iz/
bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes
3) 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y 为i再加es, 读 /z/
baby---babies city-cities country-countries
但以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:
two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
4) 以o结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.以两个元音字母结尾(其一必定是o)时,加s
zoo-zoos kangaroo-kangaroos
b.某些外来词
potato- potatoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes
c.其余情况,都加s
5) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs /
handkerchieves。
2、名词复数的不规则变化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men
和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2) 单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two
meters。
3) 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle.
4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers,
clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套);
a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
7) 有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同。如:fish-fish,
sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名词还有aircraft, means等
3、不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water
a piece of advice
a pile of caol a flash of lightening a burst of laughter
编辑本段4、定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如:
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:
goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
5、不同国籍人的单复数
名称
中国人
瑞士人
澳大利亚人
俄国人
意大利人
希腊人
法国人
日本人
美国人
印度人
加拿大人
德国人
英国人
瑞典人
总称(谓语用复数)
the Chinese
the Swiss
the Australians
the Russians
the Italians
the Greek
the French
the Japanese
the Americans
the Indians
the Canadians
the Germans
the English
the Swedish
一个人
a Chinese
a Swiss
an Australian
a Russian
an Italian
a Greek
a Frenchman
a Japanese
an American
an Indian
a Canadian
a German
an Englishman
a Swede
两个人
two Chinese
two Swiss
two Australians
two Russians
two Italians
two Greeks
two Frenchmen
two Japanese
two Americans
two Indians
two Canadians
two Germans
two Englishmen
two Swedes
可数名词有单数(Singular Form)和复数(Plural Form)两种形式。表示一个人或物用单数形式,表示一个以上的人或物用复数形式。
1.一般在词尾加-s。s在浊辅音后面读[z],在清辅音后面读[s],在[t]后与[t]一起读[ts]在[d]后与[d]一起读[dz]。例如:
book — books 书 day — days 天、日
dog — dogs 狗 tree — trees 树
2.以s,sh,ch,x结尾的词在词尾加-es,读[iz].例如:
glass — glasses 玻璃杯 watch — watches 手表
box — boxes 盒子 brush — brushes 刷子
3.以o结尾的词有些加-es,读[z];有些加-s,读[s]。例如:
tomato — tomatoes 西红柿 potato — potatoes 土豆
photo — photos 相片 radio — radios 收音机
zoo — zoos 动物园
4.以f 或fe 结尾的词,先把f 改为v,再加–es,读[vz]。例如:
knife — knives 小刀 leaf — leaves 树叶
life — lives 生命 thief — thieves 小偷
5.以辅音字母加y 结尾的,先把y 改为i,再加-es,读[z]。例如:
story — stories 故事 city — cities 城市
family — families 家庭 baby — babies 婴儿
注意:boy — boys 男孩 toy — toys 玩具 key — keys 钥匙
6.有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如:
man — men 男人 woman — women 妇女
tooth — teeth 牙齿 foot — feet 脚
7.有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如;
deer — deer 鹿 sheep — sheep绵羊
Chinese — Chinese 中国人 Japanese — Japanese 日本人
8.有些学科名词虽以s 结尾,但通常都做单数名词看待。例如:
physics 物理 maths 数学 politics 政治
news 新闻
9.有些单数形式的名词具有复数的含义,要当作复数看待。例如:
people 人们,人民 police 警察 public 公众
1.不规则复数形式
1)来自古英语的复数形式,如:
child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
goose---geese
man---men woman---women mouse---mice
louse---lice
ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices
parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases
ellipsis---ellipses
axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises
criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data
medium---media
bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimuli
alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini
larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae
#当代美国英语中往往把data当做单数用,因此常见到复数形式datas。另外,lens是一个单数可数名词,其复数形式为lenses。
1)词尾读音为[f]并以-f或0-fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况:
a)规则形式:
belief---beliefs chief----chiefs
cliff----cliffs grief----griefs
b)不规则形式,即把-f或-fe变成-v,再加-es,读音为[vz]:
calf---calves half---halves
leaf----leaves life----lives
loaf---loaves self---shelves
thief---thieves wife---wives
wolf---wolves
c)既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式:
dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves
scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves
3)词干以-o结尾的名次有三种情况:
a)附属形式为-s:这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos;表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos,
studios
b)复数形式为-es,如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。
c)复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式,如:
cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes
volcano---volacbos/volcanoes
2.单复数同形的名词
1)某些动物名词,如:deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等
2)以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词,如:Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等
3)某些以-s结尾的名词,如:barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等
4)某些表示计量单位的名词,如:horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等
其他一些名词,如:aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等。其中请特别注意-s结尾的单复数同形的名词,它们是考试的重点!!
3.不可数名词
不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词,永远不能加不定冠词!
例如下列用法均属错误:
the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment
不可数名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式。
如:Water is important.
但如果不可数名词前面被piece,drop,set等词修饰时,谓语应该与piece,drop,set等的单复数形式保持一致
例如:Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.
下面是典型的不可数名词,是应该熟记的!!
air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,
lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,
garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,
glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi
sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,
intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,
mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,
genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,
obsterics
请特别注意其中以-s结尾的不可数名词,大家平时应该积累遇到的不可数名词
!!注意下列可数名词!!
poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon
scene photograph photographer
英语中有许多名词既可作可数,又可作不可数。如:hair作“人或动物的毛”的时候是可数名词,作头发解释时是不可数名词。判断一个词是否可数,除了记忆以外, 主要看题中该名词的修饰词来决定。如:much只能修饰不可数名词
4.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词
英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式,如:
air(空气)---air(气派) arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰;废墟)
authority(权利)---authorities(当局) cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目录)
custom(习惯)---customs(海关;关税) damage(损害)---damages(赔偿金) force(力量)---forces(武装部队)
glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜) good(利益)---goods(货物) green(绿色)---greens(青菜)
letter(字母)---letters(文学) manner(方式)---manners(举止,仪态) minute(分钟)---minutes(记录)
pain(痛苦)---pains(劳苦) papaer(纸)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍)
spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼镜) spirit(精神)---
spirits(烈性酒) time(时间)---times(时代)
water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木头)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工厂)
总结
1.单数名词不能单独存在,一般前面应该有限定词修饰。
2.不定冠词a/an永远只能修饰单数可数名词。
和each永远只能修饰单数可数名词。
但every+数词+复数名词是正确的,如:every ten years
4.序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词。
永远只修饰单数可数名词
但another+数词/few+复数名词是正确的,如:another eight
years;another few books
通常修饰复数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。
但the other+is/was 单数名词或any other+单数名词是正确的,如
We have two girls in this is Mary,the other is Alice.
Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.
7.下列词和短语只能修饰复数名词
these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a
(good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of
8.大于1的词数只能修饰复数名词
!!牢记的结构:one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词!!
9.只能修饰单数可数名词的词:
one, anther, a/an, this, that, each, every, either, such a, many a
!!注意!!many student以及many a student
10.只能修饰复数可数名词的词:
>1的数字(two, ),hundred, thousand, million, both, several, many,
few, a few, these, those, a (good/large/great) number of
numbers of, the number of, numbers of, numerous, various, diverse, a
series of, a wide range of, a collevtion of
11.只修饰不可数名词的词:
much, little, a litter, a great deal of, a great amount of, a piece of,
an article of
12.既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词:
all (of) a lot of some (of) lots
of any (of)
plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth
of (a) part of
enough (of) the rest of other one third
of such
no a variety of
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