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2023年12月25日发(作者:b站正则)

()中为对应OG12中的题号

一、 时态

1. 通过未划线部分判断(排除)选项的时态 (2/4/10/19/47/73/87/125)

2. 过去完成时态有明显的标志

有明显的时间标志:从句用过去完成时had professed 表示时间eighteenth and nineteenth

century, 主句until almost 1900在18、19世纪后,必须用过去时(3)

有明显的动作先后顺序标志:(139)

3. 没有明显的标志不可用过去完成时 (8/19/48/85/135

4. 同一个句子中(特别平行句子)时态必须一致(12/26/48/64/90/137)

5. expect/expectations 表示未来没有实现的事情,必须用将来时will/would (16/139)

6. assumed that 表用虚拟语气:含蓄条件句可以用 Without/But for + noun 来表示 (67)

7. to … ( eg: to develop more accurate population forecasts) 表示一个猜测情形,用would have

to know 更准确(41)

8. previous、ancient、in the past、originally表示用过去时(23/85)

9. now 表示用一般现在时(23)

10. earlier in the year 表示过去完成时

11. 完成时:主从句动作发生有顺序性、时间性(75/86)

12. seventeenth-century French 表明动作从过去开始发生到现在(129)

13. 难句:73/74/75/86

86:

after having done something是不可能對的

a. after巳表示the sequence of events. 沒有必要用having done來表示前後

b. 可是after someone/something has/have done something是acceptable; 如果變成after

someone/something did something也可以

独立主格做状语功能,adv功能,原文which定语从句是adj功能,改变了句子意思

二、 代词指代

1. (通过未划线部分判断)代词单复数对等(1/6/7/35/40/60/85/86/91/108/124/139)

2. 代词指代不清,造成歧义(因代词前有两个以上名词可指代,或临近原则,或指代对象与代词相隔太远造成)(6/53/59/67/75/89/101/102/106/117/121/131)

3. 通过句子逻辑意思判断代词指代的合理性(23/69/71/103/113/132)

4. it 作为形式主语必须明确的指不定式短语或that从句,且必须简洁不能冗余(4/57)

5. 因为比较结构比较对象的一致性,有时用that of 指代前文出现的对象(43)

6. 代词不能指代出现在前面介词短语中的名词(43/78)

7. 代词没有指代对象(48/92)

8. 同一句话中相同的代词必须指代相同的事物(101/112)

9. 复合句子第二个句子中主语代词优先指代第一个句子中的主语 (52)

10.难题101:

A 两个it指代不一致

B make +doing 错误,make sth. sth或者make sth. adj; make 与misinterpreting不平行;when

they do appear修饰 signs应该紧邻,位置不对。

C it 指代course of action,与指代对象相隔太远,导致指代不清;miss or misinterpret signs…

有歧义,应该为miss signs…or misinterpret them

D miss 与misinterpreting 不平行;executive’s being heavily committed 错误

E 正确。One指代a course of action;

三、 平行结构

1. 平行对称的标志词:

the same … as… ; as well as; either or; not only… but also; as much … as…; not … but; not

just … but also; both … and; whereas(表示两个事件的对比必用平行)

(32/53//56/64/76/81/83/88/136

2. 通过未划线部分判断(6/18/22/38/62/63/65/72/127/135)

3. 形式对称原则——完全相同

名词(短语)对名词(短语);介词短语/介词短语; 动词(短语)/动词(短语);分词短语/分词短语;

形容词/形容词; 不定式/不定式(后一个to可省略); 宾语从句并列(连词that不能省略);相同的定语从句并列(15/28/46/48/50/51/54/94/101/108/114/117/117/121/124/128/134/137/139)

4. 形式对称原则——不相同

动词与be+过去分词(36/111)

过去分词与现在分词(42)

5. 概念对等原则:动作性名词对等 (119/130)

6. 句子的平行:前后两个句子主语、谓语、地点状语等平行(14/90/136)

7. 同一个句子中的大平行结构(… way to do is to do…)(11/77)

8. 比较结构中的平行(82/89)

9. 定语修饰的平行 a cooperative and organized society consisting…(103)

四、 比较结构

1. 比较的标志词:more/less than; the same as; as much as; as; twice/…times as…as; x is to y

what a is to b; as many as; whereas(131/136);

2. Like 的用法

like + noun强调同一类事物在某方面具有相似性; as+句子,强调动作的相似性(具体的人和事物比较一般都是性质的比较,用like.比如A, like other artists, …;) (9/20/31/97)

like/unlike一般放在句首,放在句尾容易引起歧义

3. 比较对象是否具有可比性——比较对象对等、形式对称,注意代词that/those是不是漏掉(41/43/76/82/85/89/93/99/108/123/125/138)

4. 看省略是否正确——能省则省,但补出后要在形式上和逻辑上对称(41/93125)

省略结构:

在比较结构中,但谓语(内容)一致的时候,比较两个主语时,在比较词(than/as等)后,要尽量补出谓语动词,其原则为:

(1)当比较词之前的谓语动词为一般现在时或一般过去时,比较词后应该相应的用do/does/did/is/was/were/are来替代;

(2)当比较词之前的谓语动词由助动词(情态动词)+主要动词组成,则在比较词之后保留此助动词(情态动词)即可;

(3)比较前后的时态不一致:两个比较对象的动作是相同的,但是其发生的时间却不一致

a.比较前是过去时,其后的时间状语暗示了将来的动作,补出助动词will

b.比较前是过去时,其后是过去完成时,补出had

五、 固定搭配

(一) 表比较

1. more/less than (4/93/99/123)

2. x is to y what a is to b (58)

3. the same (to x) as (to y) (32/85)

4. as much (because x) as (because y) (76)/not so much … as (96)

(二) 动词

5. seem to do (35)

6. appear to do (73)

7. equipped to do (73)

8. argue for (38)

9. targeted at (40)

10. conceive of sth as …(106)

11. ask sth / ask sb to do sth (109)

12. consider/ think of / believe sb sth ( 没有as) (117)

13. claim +that 从句/ claim to do (120)

14. persuade x to do sth (persuade 不能加that 从句)(127)

15. act as … 表…的功能;act like … 表…的行为 (65)

16. x (the effect结果) is attributed to y (the cause原因)/ atttibute x (the effect) to y (the cause)

(79)

regard… as being/having, regard… as+名词;没有regard to be….(prep2-19)

(三) be 动词

17. be estimated to be … years old (27)

18. be dated at … years old (140)

19. be expended on … (46)

(四) 平行结构

20. not … but… (81)

21. not x, but rather y (92)

22. both … and … (88)

23. (distinguish/the distinction/the rivalry) between x and y (44/91/96)

24. either… or… (109)

25. not only… but also (64)

(五) 名词

26. restrictions on … (62)

27. attempt to do (24)

28. aid(n.) in doing sth (109)

29. apprenticeship as … (135)

30. the ability of sb to do sth (34/51)

31. not anything (17)

32. as a means to sth 作为一种方法到…目的 ;as a means of … 作为一种达到…目的的一种方法 (72)

(六) 固定句型

33. such (crops) as (corn and beans) (28)

34. in that (=inasmuch as 既然因为由于) 过于正式、没有for 好(59)

35. (do) not doubt that… (69)

36. depend on whether … (34)/ the question is whether (75)

37. such +n + that (6)

38. so +adj + that (37/51/124)

39. (x happened) so that (y could happen) (39)

40. if x happened, then y would happen 虚拟语气(67)

41. if x happens, y will/would happen (would没有will的肯定程度深) (122)

42. once x had happened, then y happened (69)/ once x have happened, then y happen (75)

六、 语义重复

1. in the past -- previously (7)

2. attempt --- try (24)

3. due to ---- with the result (33)

4. enable ---- be able to (55)

5. currently --- now (70)

6. attributed --- the cause of (79)

7. explained ---- because of (83)

8. even though --- but (98)

9. although --- yet (100)

10. other than what it is --- precisely the opposite (106)

11. provision --- provide (113)

12. reduced --- lowered (134)

13. regain ---- again (137)

although 与however (prep2-80)

but 与yet

七、 主谓一致

1. 通过主语名词判断

单数: a surge; citrus; compliance …(2/77/95/133)

复数:prices; many dioxins …(12/13/27/33/55/60/66/68/78/80/126/129/135)

2. 通过代词判断(5)

八、 逻辑主语

分词短语修饰的对象必须与后面的名词一致 (25/61/79/110/135)

九、 句子结构完整性

1. 缺乏谓语动词(13/18/21/23/26/45/48/71/84/88/92/100/104/108/111/140)

2. 缺乏主语、谓语(14/100/113)

3. 缺乏连词(116/123)

4. 分号后必须是完整句子(55/112)

十、

1.

2.

3.

4.

句意表达有歧义

时间状语放在两个句子(主句与从句)中间(3)

注意修饰短语的意思在宾语从句之后应放在that之后,而不是that 之前(120)

注意定语从句不能改成伴随状语ing形式,应理解句意(126)

注意地点修饰短语位置的改变对原句逻辑意思的改变(131)

十一、 改变原句意思

1. because、and、but、although等连词表示前后两个句子的逻辑关系,不能随意增删。eg:

原句有because, 选项把because改成and 没有表明因果关系(1/19/98)

2. 副词形容词修饰对象的不同:corresponding increased sales (correspondingly increased

sales错) (12)

3. 动词ing形式在句尾没有连词需格外注意,如果不是伴随状态,最好加连词,以免引起歧义-修饰前面的名词。(21/55)

4. 词的词性不能随意改变economic 不能改成economical(37/72)

5. 注意句子重心的改变,主句不能改成从句。(115)

十二、 简洁性

1. It may be that… (wordy) 改成 Maybe … (4)

2. with by accounts of (wordy)改成using accounts of (25)

3. whether or not (wordy) 改成 whether(34)

4. it has the ability to../ the ability for it to (wordy) (34/107)

5. being的wordy: ed分词短语修饰对象时 (49/103)

6. 注意it 引导的that 从句的wordy:

it is the fault of educators who (wordy)改成 educators are at fault (57)

it is the expectation that/ it is expected that 改成 heating oil prices are expected to (93)

7. 被动语态的wordy:farmer are to be allowed to/ grain able to be grown by/ grain capable of

being grown by(wordy)

8. 定语从句的wordy:改成形容词或同位语从句 (80/88/102)

9. there be 句型 的wordy (102/113)

10. two times (wordy) 改成twice(125)

11. 动词优先于名词:it is used in reference to…(wordy)改成 it refers to …(8/11/31/106/132)

十三、 修饰对象的合理性

1. 介词短语中的名词不能作为后面句子的主语 (1)

2. 定语从句的修饰对象就近原则(11)

3. 修饰短语尽可能贴近修饰对象(18/26/107/110)

4. 动词的完成时态不能作为定语修饰名词 (68/83/129)

5. 定语从句的习惯搭配 phenomenon in which (104)

6. 修饰语的位置不能随意改变:常见时间地点状语(113)以及副词:Only/ in the past / now

/ also /first (5/7/70/83/90)

7. 定语从句与ing分词短语修饰对象的区别:错误形式有将定语从句改成ing分词短语作为主句谓语的伴随状语(66/105/126)

8. ing分词短语与to do 的区别:to do 表目的,ing有解释说明之意 (133)

9. 把两个修饰短语放在名词前,容易产生歧义造成第二个修饰短语是修饰前一个的(107)

10. 根据句子意思判断修饰对象的合理性(12/40)

11.补充:"that+过去时"有一种强调该动作已经过去,现在已经结束的意思(completed action)

而"ing"则表示该动作仍然持续者(ongoing action)(也因此适用于一般规律)

请看以下几个例子:

OG1. a divorce that occurred when they 讲的小时候的事,已结束

ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as..以前的事情,现在不再flourish了

OG102.a concert performance that the composer himself staged 1911年的事儿,不能用staging修饰

OG199,a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in 一般描述,现在并没有结束

rs have often seen monkeys sleeping on 没有结束,并且和前面的现在时态一致

十四、 宾语从句强调整体概念

GMAT一个常见的错误就是把一个完整的概念用一个名词来代替,造成对概念的解释不完整或引起结构的复杂. 这种错误常出现在宾语从句和that引导的同位语从句中

1. that 引导的同位语:hopes that (2); expectations that (16) 注意后面时态必须是将来时will/would; confidence that(50); evidence that (68); hypothesis that(115); a phenomenon

that(118); report that(121)

2. 宾语从句:the theory holds that (8) ; indicate that(35)

3. because +句子,不用because of (33/76)

十五、 主动语态优先

1. Who so named 比by whom they were named 好(1)

2. as weak as some analysts previously thought 比 as weak as previously thought by some

analyst 好(13)

3. although the air that forms them is moving rapidly 比 although they are formed by rapidly

moving air 好 (95)

十六、 所有格

1. 动词ing形式放在名词所有格后通常有歧义 organism’s trying改成organism’s attempt (24)

2. 没有生命的名词所有格形式 the month of festival ( the festival’s month 错)(59/74/121)

3. 有生命的名词所有格形式 Muller’s career ( the career of Muller 错)(135)

十七、

倒装结构

In no other historical sighting did comet cause… = Comet did cause in no other sighting … (138)

十八、 虚拟语气

1. to … , … would have … (41)

2. if x happened , then y would happen (67)

3. 宾语从句that 不能省略,无should 用动词原形

1)recommend that (54)

2)补充:

表建议:advocate/advise/move/recommend that…do…; sb suggest/propse that…do…

表命令:order/decree/mandate/command/demand that…do…

表要求:request/require/insist that…do…; sth require of sb that…do…

3)下列动词后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气:

allow that…; rule that…; sth propose that…; sth suggest that…

十九、 必错句式

in one’s doing 永远错

时间状语放在句首更加直接有效,放在主语和谓语之间则笨拙,而且可能产生歧义,必错

be able to be done 永远错

allow that sb be done

prohibit that永远错

prohibit sb to do 永远错

frobit that 永远错

enough that 永远错

demand sth to do 永远错


本文标签: 句子 修饰 对象 不能