中英文翻译

南京师范大学毕业设计

中英文摘要

The characteristics and the application of single chip microcomputer

1. A machine of basic constitute

The structure characteristic of a machine is a basic parts that will constitute the calculator

to gather on a piece of crystal chip, constitute one set function special, a microcomputer of

the underneath synopsis introduce each constitute the part.

(1)CPU

The CPU CPU within a machine is similar to in general use microprocessor basically,

constituting from the operation machine and controller, increasing to establish the processing

function of" face to the control" moreover, if a processing, check the form, variety to jump to

turn, multiply by the division operation, the appearance examination and break off to handle

the etc., strengthen the solid hour.

(2)Saving machine

The saving space of a machine contain two kinds of basic structure.A kind of is the

Princeton structure( Princeton), different from a saving machine space of the data suitable for

use, namely ROM and RAM addresses assign in a space together address of

the CPU interview save the machine, an address to should only one of a saving unit, can be a

ROM, can also be a RAM, use the interview instruction of the of the same r is a

kind of is to separate saving machine of the procedure saving machine and datas clearly, look

for the structure of the address respectively, be called Harvard( Harvard) CPU

visits the different and saving machine space with the different e an

application with actual machine in the characteristics of" face to the control", need the saving

machine of bigger procedure tly, a machine that includes the series of C51

MCS-51 and 80 all adopts the structure of Harvard that saving machine of the procedure

saving machine and datas clearly separate.

(3)Proceed together the I/ O

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南京师范大学毕业设计

A machine for the sake of the function of the outstanding control, provided the quantity

many, the function is strong and uses vivid abreast I/ only can vividly the choice

importation or output, but also can be the total line of system or control the signal line on the

usage, thus for expand the exterior saving the machine and I/ Os connected to provide the

convenience.

(4)The string goes the I/ O

8 machines of the high speed can provide a workses string to go the I/ O, as a result can

carry on the string to go the correspondence with some terminal equipmentses, or connect

with each other with some machines of special function piece.

(5)Settle machine/ count the machine

In actual application, a machine usually need to be settle by the square, or need outward

an affairs carries on count, as a result at a machine the inner part established settle machine/

count the machine electric circuit, pass the interruption, carry out to settle/ the auto processing

that count.

2. The characteristics of a machine

A structure with special machine come to a decision it have as follows characteristics.

(1)High gather degree, high and dependable

A machine gather each function parts on a piece of crystal chip, gather the degree is very

high, the physical volume nature also is chip is to press industry to measure to

control the environment request design of, the internal cloth line is very short, better than

general in general use CPU of its anti- industry noise function.A machine procedure

instruction, constant and form etc. is solid to turn in the ROM the not easy breakage, many

signal passages are all in a chip, the past credibility is high.

(2)Control the function strong

For satisfying the condition to the control request of the object, the instruction system of

a machine very all have abundantly:The branch transfers the ability, I/ O oscular logic

operation and a processing abilities, being applicable to the specialized control function very

much.

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南京师范大学毕业设计

(3)The low electric voltage, low 功 consume

For satisfying the extensive usage in then the hold type system, the work electric voltage

in many machines is the 1.8 V ～ 3.6 Vs only, but work the electric current is only for

several hundred tiny Annes.

(4)The excellent function price compare

The function of a machine is very the sake of the exaltation speed and the

movement efficiencies, a machine has already started use the RISC flowing water line and

DSP etc. techniques.A machine looks for the restrict that the address ability have already also

broken the 64 KBs, have of have already can attain the 1 MB and 16 MBses, the capacity of

ROM in the slice can amount to the 62 MBs, the capacity of RAM then can amount to the 2

e of the extensive usage of a machine, as a result sell the quantity biggest, the

business of each archduke department the competition even make its price very cheap, its

function price compare very high.

3. The application of a machine

Because a machine function flies to develop soon, its application is increasingly extensive,

have already outrun the realm of the calculator science far and arrive the toy, credit

card, big arrive the aerospace machine, robot, from carry out the data to collect, process

control, misty control etc. the intelligence system arrives the mankind's daily life, all canning

not get away from a machine is mainly the applied realm is as follows.

(1)At measure to control the application in the system

A machine cans used for constituting various industry controls system and control the

system, data to collect system etc. from the example, the boiler on the industry

control, electrical engineering control, the vehicle examine automatic control of system,

floodgate, count to control the tool machine and the radar on the military, guided missile

system etc.s.

(2)The application that is in intelligence turn the instrument appearance

A machine apply in urge the instrument appearance to turn toward numeral in the

instrument appearance equipments, the intelligence turn, multi-function turn and synthesize to

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南京师范大学毕业设计

turn etc. the direction software plait the distance technique of a machine

makes measure for long time the processing that the error margin in the appearance correction,

line turn etc. the hard nut to crack solve problems with the greatest ease.

(3)In machine give or get an electric shock integral whole turn of application

A machine combines with the traditional machine product the machine product structure

of make the tradition to simplify, the control alignment intelligence turn, constituting the

machine of the new generation electricity the integral whole turns the is the

direction of the machine industry development.

(4)Connect the application in in the intelligence

The calculator system, the especially more large industry measures to control to adopt a

machine to carry on connecting the oscular control management in the system, a machine and

hosts work abreast, can raise the movement speed of the system example, in

large data collect system, use a machine to the mold/ number the conversion connects to carry

on the control not only can raise to collect the speed, also can with logarithms according to

carry on preparing the such as the numerical wave , error margin, the line

turns to handle etc.

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南京师范大学毕业设计

单片机的特点和应用

1．单片机的基本组成

单片机的结构特征是将组成计算机的基本部件集成在一块晶体芯片上，构成一台功能独特的、完整的单片微型计算机。下面简要介绍各组成部分。

（1）中央处理器

单片机中的中央处理器CPU和通用微处理器基本相同，由运算器和控制器组成，另外增设了“面向控制”的处理功能，如位处理、查表、多种跳转、乘除法运算、状态检测、中断处理等，增强了实时性。

（2）存储器

单片机的存储空间有两种基本结构。一种是普林斯顿结构（Princeton），将程序和数据合用一个存储器空间，即ROM和RAM的地址同在一个空间里分配不同的地址。CPU访问存储器时，一个地址对应惟一的一个存储单元，可以是ROM，也可以是RAM，用同类的访问指令。另一种是将程序存储器和数据存储器截然分开，分别寻址的结构，称为哈佛（Harvard）结构。CPU用不同的指令访问不同的存储器空间。由于单片机实际应用中“面向控制”的特点，一般需要较大的程序存储器。目前，包括MCS-51和80C51系列的单片机均采用程序存储器和数据存储器截然分开的哈佛结构。

（3）并行I/O口

单片机为了突出控制的功能，提供了数量多、功能强、使用灵活的并行I/O口。使用上不仅可灵活地选择输入或输出，还可作为系统总线或控制信号线，从而为扩展外部存储器和I/O接口提供了方便。

（4）串行I/O口

高速的8位单片机都可提供全双工串行I/O口，因而能和某些终端设备进行串行通信，或者和一些特殊功能的器件相连接。

（5）定时器/计数器

在实际的应用中，单片机往往需要精确地定时，或者需对外部事件进行计数，因而在单片机内部设置了定时器/计数器电路，通过中断，实现定时/计数的自动处理。

2．单片机的特点

单片机独特的结构决定了它具有如下特点。

（1）高集成度、高可靠性

单片机将各功能部件集成在一块晶体芯片上，集成度很高，体积自然也是最小的。芯片本身是按工业测控环境要求设计的，内部布线很短，其抗工业噪音性能优于一般通5

南京师范大学毕业设计

用的CPU。单片机程序指令，常数及表格等固化在ROM中不易破坏，许多信号通道均在一个芯片内，故可靠性高。

（2）控制功能强

为了满足对对象的控制要求，单片机的指令系统均有极丰富的条件：分支转移能力、I/O口的逻辑操作及位处理能力，非常适用于专门的控制功能。

（3）低电压、低功耗

为了满足广泛使用于便携式系统，许多单片机内的工作电压仅为1.8V～3.6V，而工作电流仅为数百微安。

（4）优异的性能价格比

单片机的性能极高。为了提高速度和运行效率，单片机已开始使用RISC流水线和DSP等技术。单片机的寻址能力也已突破64KB的限制，有的已可达到1MB和16MB，片内的ROM容量可达62MB，RAM容量则可达2MB。由于单片机的广泛使用，因而销量极大，各大公司的商业竞争更使其价格十分低廉，其性能价格比极高。

3．单片机的应用

由于单片机功能的飞速发展，它的应用范围日益广泛，已远远超出了计算机科学的领域。小到玩具、信用卡，大到航天器、机器人，从实现数据采集、过程控制、模糊控制等智能系统到人类的日常生活，到处都离不开单片机。其主要的应用领域如下。

（1）在测控系统中的应用

单片机可以用于构成各种工业控制系统、自适应控制系统、数据采集系统等。例如，工业上的锅炉控制、电机控制、车辆检测系统、水闸自动控制、数控机床及军事上的雷达、导弹系统等。

（2）在智能化仪器仪表中的应用

单片机应用于仪器仪表设备中促使仪器仪表向数字化、智能化、多功能化和综合化等方向发展。单片机的软件编程技术使长期以来测量仪表中的误差修正、线性化的处理等难题迎刃而解。

（3）在机电一体化中的应用

单片机与传统的机械产品结合使传统的机械产品结构简化，控制走向智能化，构成新一代的机电一体化产品。这是机械工业发展的方向。

（4）在智能接口中的应用

计算机系统，特别是较大型的工业测控系统中采用单片机进行接口的控制管理，单片机与主机并行工作，可大大提高系统的运行速度。例如，在大型数据采集系统中，用单片机对模/数转换接口进行控制不仅可提高采集速度，还可以对数据进行预处理。如数字滤波、误差修正、线性化处理等。

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