形容词和副词的用法

形容词和副词

一、形容词

定义：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否的词。

（一）、形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了these和those外，形容词的单数与复数形式相同。

描绘形容词

Beautiful, large, red,

interesting, colourful

important

（二）、形容词的位置

1）形容词一般作定语，置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序一般如下：

形容词型代/冠词→ 数量词→ 描 绘 形 容词

性 质

first one

尺寸

形状

新旧

温度

颜 色 国 籍

Chinese

材 料、用途

iron

stone

限 定 形 容 词

基数词 (one,two) 序数词 (first,second)

物主代词 (my,your) 指示代词 (this,that,these)

数量词 (few,many) 冠 词 (a, an, the)

all the,a(n)

both this,that

good large cold red

such

Your,some,

many

second two Fine small hot blue English

Example: that strong young Chinese swimmer

2）形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。

She is too kind a girl to refuse.

3）在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后：

（1）名词之后的数量词＋名词＋old, long, wide等。

a boy six years old, a street two kilometers long

（2）something, anything, everyone, anybody…＋形容词。

There’s nothing wrong with the electric cooker.

（4）作定语用的分词或形容词短语

The judge has talked to all the people involved.

（5）两个形容词由and或or并列时

All people,rich or poor,are equal.

4）“数词＋名词”构成的形容词中名词用单数,放于被修饰词之前：

（1）数词＋名词，如 a two-week tour, a ten-page report等。

（2）数词＋名词＋形容词，如 a seven-year-old boy等。

注：名词（无冠词）＋基数词=the＋序数词＋名词，如Unite 6=the Sixth Unite

（4）“数量词＋复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。

Ten years is quite a long time to him.

Two months have passed since I last heard from my parents.

5）形容词也可作表语，放于系动词之后。

6）形容词可以放于复合结构中宾语之后，作宾语补足语。

7）the+形容词，可以表示一类人或一类物。

二、副词

定 义:副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

（一）分 类:

1）时间和频度副词:

now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately,

next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,

immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.

2）地点副词:

here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down,

back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near,

off, past, up, away, on.

3）方式副词:

carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly,

politely, proudly, softly, warmly

4）程度副词:

much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely,

entirely,almost, slightly.

5）疑问副词:

how, when, where, why.

6）关系副词:

when, where, why.

7）连接副词:

how, when, where, why, whether

（二）、副词的构成如下：

1）本身就是副词，如very, now, there, quite等.

2）有形容词后缀如-ly, 如happily, carefully等。

3）有些副词与形容词同行，如early, high, long, fast, hard等。

注意：有些-ly结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly, friendly, queenly等。

（三）、副词的位置

1）修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如

The scenery around here is very beautiful.

2）always, never, often, sometimes, ususlly等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。

He usually gets up early, but he got up late today.

I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him.

3）有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点＋大地点）→状态→次数→时间（单位小的时间＋单位大的时间）。

They arrived in Paris safely the other day.

4）seldom, rarely, never等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如

Never did I hear such a funny story=I never heard such a funny story.

（四）、几个特殊副词的用法

1）enough须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前.

She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.

Its too hot a day to work.

但enough修饰名词时须置于名词之前.

Have you got enough money for this microwave oven?

2）too…(for…)＋不定式（to），作“太…而不能”解；enough＋不定式，意思是“足够可以”，这一结构可转换成so…that结构。

The boy was still too young to go to school.

→He was so young that he could not go to school.

The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.

→He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce.

3）already用于肯定句，作“已经”解；yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still作“仍然”解。

I have already seen film.

Have you seen the film yet?

I still prefer tea to coffee.

4）随着only和also在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。

Only Mr. Li came to see me today.

Mr. Li came to see only me today.

Mr. Li came to see me only today.

,

三、形容词的比较等级

形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表：

构 成 法

1、单音节词末尾加-er和-est

2、单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st

原 级

伟大的 great

brave 勇敢的

fine 好的

比较级

greater

braver

finer

bigger

hotter

happier

cleverer

narrower

alber

最高级

greatest

bravest

finest

biggest

hottest

happiest

cleverest

narrowest

ablest

3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须big 大的

先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est

hot 熟的

4、少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结构的双音节词，末happy 快乐的

尾加-er，和-est（以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音clever 聪明的

字母，则y变为i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的narrow 狭窄的

词仍只加-r和-st）

able 能

5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和difficult 困难的

most.

四、形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表

原 级

good

well

bad

ill

many

much

little

few

far

比 较 级

better

最 高 级

best

more difficult most difficult

worse worst

more most

less

farther

further

older

elder

latter

later

least

farthest

furthest

oldest

eldest

last

latest

old

late

五、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法

形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。

1）原级常用于“as＋原级＋as”结构

He likes her as much as he likes his sister.

否定的原级用not as…as或not so …as,二者一般无甚区别。

He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.

2）比较级常用于“比较级＋than” 结构.

He is taller than me.

否定比较与否定原级一样，也用not as(so)…as…结构，也可用less…than结构.

This word is less frequent in British English than in American English.

3）两个人或物比较时，定冠词the＋比较级表示最高级。

He is the taller of the two.

4)最高级常用于“the＋最高级＋比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。

He is the best picture in the hall.

5)含有否定词的比较级，如

(1)no less than=as much(or many)as “不亚于”

not less than=at least “至少”

(2)no less… than =as…as “和……一样”

not less＋原级＋than “至少不亚于”

(3)no more…than=not…any more than “和……一样不……”

not more…than=not so…as “不像……那样……”

(4)no more than=only “只不过”，言其少

not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”

6）表示“几倍于”用twice（两倍），three times（三倍）＋as…as,

This book costs twice as much as the other one.

7)the＋比较级……,the＋比较级, 意思是“越……就越”，如：

The harder you work , the more you will learn.

8)比较结构之前可用程度状语加以修饰，如as…as前可用almost, nearly,

just(about),quite等词语修饰，如，

John is almost as tall as his father.

9)在more than结构之前可用far,(so)very much, (quite)a lot, a great deal, (just)a

bit, still, far等词语修饰，如：

He speaks English a lot more rapidly than he does French.

10）比较级＋and＋比较级，作“越来……越”解，如：

The days are getting longer and longer

一、基础练习

1. If I had＿＿＿, I would visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting

places.

A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday

C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough

2. These oranges taste＿＿＿. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well

3. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard＿＿＿.

A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D. a better voice

4. I would be＿＿＿, if you could give me an early reply.

A. pleasant B. grateful C. satisfied D. helpful

5. Those T-shirts are usually ＄35 each, but today they have a (an)＿＿＿price of

＄19 in the shopping center.

A. regular B. special C. cheap D. ordinary

6. Mr Smith bought a＿＿＿purse for his wife.

A. small black leather B. black leather small C. small leather black D. black small

leather

7. —— How was your job interview?

—— Oh, I couldn’t feel＿＿＿. I hardly found proper answers to most of the

questions they asked.

A. better B. easier C. worse D. happier

8. Longjing tea, Jasmine tea and Wuyi tea are all famous,but which do you think＿＿＿＿＿?

A. tastes best B. smells most C. sounds best D. drinks mostly

9. —— Can Li Hua help me with my English?

—— I regret to tell you her English is＿＿＿＿＿yours.

A. as good as B. no more than C. no better than D. as much as

10. Although he sometimes loses his temper, his students like him＿＿＿＿＿for it.

A. not so much B. not so little C. no more D. no less

11. When they came in, Mr Harris＿＿＿＿＿＿like a baby.

Nobody would like to wake him from a good dream,because he needed rest.

A. fell asleep B. was sound asleep C. got asleep D. went to sleep

12. This year they have produced＿＿＿ grain ＿＿＿they did last year.

A. as less； as B. as few； as C. less； than D. fewer； than

13. —— Can I help you?

—— Well, I’m afraid the box is＿＿＿heavy for you,but thank you all the same.

A. so B. much C. very D. too

14. —— How did you find your visit to the museum?

—— I thoroughly

enjoy it. It was＿＿＿＿＿than I expected.

A. far more interesting B. even much interesting

C. so far interesting D. a lot much interesting

15. —— Would you like some wine?—— Yes, just＿＿＿＿＿.

A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit

16. It takes a long time to go there by train； it’s ＿＿＿＿by road.

A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker

17. If there were no examinations, we should have＿＿＿at school.

A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier

time

18. I’m surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an)＿＿＿＿＿trick.

A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple

19. The salesman showed her several bags and she chose＿＿＿one as she didn’t want

to spend too much money on it.

A. the less expensive B. less expensive C. the least expensive D. least expensive

20. ＿＿＿＿＿box cannot be lifted by a boy of five.

A. So a heavy B. So heavy a C. A such heavy D. Such heavy a

二、提高练习

1. To plant the tree, we must dig _____.

A. a three feet deep hole B. three-foot-deep a hole

C. a hole three feet deep D. a three-feet-deep hole

2. I think he is one of the best men you've ____ found.

A, never B. already C. ever D. once

3. ____ the boy’s grown! He is almost ___ his father.

A. What, as tall as B. What, taller than C. How, as tall as D. How, taller than

4. I haven’t got ____ nails to mend the cupboard. I need another three of them.

A. enough big B. big enough C. much bigger D. many enough

5. Henry knows little of physics _________ of chemistry.

A. as well as B. no less than C. and still more D. and still less

6. — The dish is delicious!

— Well, at least it's ___ the one I cooked yesterday.

A. as bad as B. no worse than C. as well as D. no better than

7. — Do you think the weather is good enough for a picnic?

— Yes. You couldn't hope for ____ at this time of the year.

A. a nice day B. the nice day C. a nicer day D. the nicest day

8. It makes Thomas no better, and it makes you ____

A. best B. good C. well D. worse

9. With the help of the new equipment, our factories produced ___ VCD players in

2000 as the year before.

A. as many as twice B. twice more than C. as twice many D. twice as many

10. I had invited 50 guests to the party, but actually twice ____ came.

A. more than B. as many

C. as much D. less than

11. — Why didn't you go to the cinema last night?

— It was something ____ interesting.

A. far less B. more or less C. much more D. any further

12. The population of many Alaskan cities has _____ doubled in the past five years.

A. larger than B. more than C. as greatly as D. as much as

13. — This is a good place for a picnic.

— Yes, it couldn't be ____ .

A. better B. best C. worst D. worse

14. — How do you like your teacher of English?

— Well, no one teaches _____ here.

A. well B. poorly C. best D. better

15. In the poor parts of America's big cities there is a lot of crime, _____ .

A. and much of it is serious B. much of it is serious

C. and many more is serious D. more of it is serious

16. — Do you like cats?

— Of course. They are ____ a kind of pet. They can do much good for their masters.

A. better than B. more than C. no more than D. no better than

17. The newly-built theatre is ____ the old one.

A. as twice big as B. twice more bigger than

C. twice the size of D. twice so big as

18. I'm afraid that your conclusion is ____ from correct.

A. far B. free C. different D. short

19. Thank you very much. It's ____ of you.

A. kindest B. a most kind C. the most kind D. most kind

20. Whoever is never _____ with the progress he has made will be a success.

A. content B. proud C. praised D. enough

参考答案：

一、1.A2.A 3.D4.B5.B6.A7.C8.A9.C10.D

11.B12.C13.D14.A

15.C。用a little表示“少许”。

16.D。题意为“乘火车去那儿要花很长时间；乘汽车更快些。”

17.D。题意为“假如没有考试的话，我们在学校就会更快乐。”暗含比较的意味，故选D。

18.D。题意为“你竟然被这么一个简单的花招所骗，真令我吃惊。”trick“计谋，花招，诡计”。

19.C。题意为“因为她不想花太多的钱买袋子，故挑了一个最便宜的。”

20.B。表示“如此重的箱子”可以用“so heavy a box”或“such a heavy box”。

二、1-10: CCCAD BCDDB 11-20: ABADA BCADA