2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)

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`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students

(Dec. 27, 2018)

Student NO.___________________ Name____________________

Paper One

English Writing for Biomedical Purposes

Part I

Directions: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.

1. Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients

_____ this long-standing assumption.

A. contrast

B. compare

C. reinforce

D. challenge

2. Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ if

they met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute

respiratory distress syndrome.

A. acceptable

B. eligible

C. considerable

D. credible

3. However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusive

evidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.

A. effect

B. effectiveness

C. affection

D. efficacy

4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.

A. systematic

B. systemic

C. general

D. whole

5. All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examination

after routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.

A. subject

B. subjected

C. injected

D. directed

6. Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment of

premonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition by

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appropriate therapy.

A. aggressive

B. recessive

C. abusive

D. successive

7. CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients were

retrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding

vessels.

A. agreement

B. consent

C. approval

D. consensus

8. The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease (COPD) are well _____.

A. elusive

B. confirmed

C. established

D. achieved

9. Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____

of NSAIDs.

A. treatment

B. administration

C. management

D. registration

10. Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in disease

models such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.

A. elucidates

B. interprets

C. warrants

D. guarantees

11. We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met the

American College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.

A. supplementary

B. complimentary

C. complementary

D. sentimental

12. Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53

antibody.

A. by...with

B. in

C. for

D.

13. Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) and

exposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.

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A. on...with

B. in...with

C. in...to

D. on...to

14. Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiency

in infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.

A. study

B. ascertain

C. clarify

D. research

15. _____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with an

increased risk of gout.

A. Intermediate

B. Moderate

C. Medium

D. Immediate

16. We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the World

Health Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.

A. magnitude

B. altitude

C. aptitude

D. gratitude

17. Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified

_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.

A. in...as

B. on...for

C. on...as

D. by...for

18. _____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modified

Eagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.

A. By...with

B. in

C. To...by

D. At...over

19. Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected direct

contact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who

is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.

A. corpus

B. corpse

C. corps

D. lupus

20. Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect on

the testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).

A. of...to

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B. with

C. at...as

D. at...with

21. P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)

and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.

A. on

B. in

C. with

D. by

22. Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patients

who were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).

A. from

B. B. versus

C. C. to

D. D. with

23. The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.

A. rationale

B. notion

C. hypothesis

D. explanation

24. This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.

A. toxin

B. tonic

C. toxic

D. poisonous

25. The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the first

two weeks, after urinary tract infection.

A. rose

B. raised

C. aroused

D. arose

26. Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin D

supplementation and _____ of rickets.

A. prescription

B. absence

C. presentation

D. presence

27. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium through

cyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate

cyclase.

A. receivers

B. receptors

C. receipts

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D. recipient

28. To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNA

interference were performed.

A. testify

B. verify

C. justify

D. certify

29. Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovascular

diseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to

aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.

urging

A. urging

B. highlighting

C. pressing

D. enlightening

30. Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of

3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.

A. doubted

B. suspected

C. diagnosed

D. suspended

31. Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic and

anti-inflammatory _____.

A. asperity

B. properties

C. perspectives

D. prosperity

32. In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in young

stroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine

would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.

A. hypothesizes

B. speculated

C. postulated

D. stipulated

33. The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.

A. anticipated

B. elucidated

C. remunerated

D. eliminated

34. We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,

2013).

A. agenda

B. program

C. portfolio

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D. protocol

35. Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosa

tissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical

operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo,

and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.

A. undertaken

B. undergone

C. conducted

D. performed

36. It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6

photocopies of figures.

A. legends

B. accounts

C. descriptions

D. introductions

37. There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in the

aminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.

A. to date

B. right now

C. for now

D. to go

38. As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PC

cell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.

A. however

B. although

C. whereas

D. albeit

39. The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirm

the ____of the results.

A. reproducibility

B. availability

C. probability

D. likelihood

40. ____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airway

inflammation and AHR.

A. In the case of

B. In case of

C. Regardless of

D. Irrespective of

Part II

Directions: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C

or D.

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Results

Zebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans

Body Wall Muscle. To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to

che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expression

of the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach

__48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in

pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific

myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall

muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never

expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test

for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA

under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we

__54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results

__55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.

41. A. can function

42. A. express

43. A. was

44. A. is

45. A. activates

46. A. could activate

47. A. was

48. A. generate

49. A. detected

50. A. showed

B. could function

B. expressed

B. is

B. was

B. activated

B. can activate

B. has been

B. have generated

B. detect

B. show

C. can have functioned

C. have expressed

C. has been

C. had been

C. has activated

C. could have activated

C. had been

C. had generated

C. have detected

C. had shown

D. could have functioned

D. had expressed

D. had been

D. has been

D. had activated

D. can have activated

D. is

D. generated

D. had detected

D. have shown

Part III

Directions: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four

choices marked A, B, C or D.

DISCUSSION

The p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4 ,

12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We

have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the __57__ study. The

characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .

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__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be

clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive

growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.

We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various

clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly

higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and

cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These

results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.

__61__ reports (4 , 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various

proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4 , 5) .

The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous

apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has

anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against

apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and

apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is

not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes

PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.

It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role

in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its

translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is

phosphorylated by various kinases (4 , 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some

kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated

kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of

K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase

pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8

participates in kinase signaling pathways.

Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was

identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of

metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not

find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions

in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to

be studied further.

In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic

cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer,

which reflects its mitogenic activity.

51. A. induced

52. A. current

53. A. Thereafter

B. reduced

B. /

B. Subsequently

C. introduced

C. present

C. Additionally

D. seduced

D. former

D. Therefore

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54. A. But

55. A. researched

56. A. Previous

57. A. stimuli

58. A. reported

59. A. similar

60. A. suggested

61. A. via

62. A. fresh

63. A. resolved

B. Similarly

B. investigated

B. Other

ants

B. hypothesized

B. resilient

B. confirmed

B. viz

B. risk

B. dissolved

C. However

C. discussed

C. Published

C. stimulations

C. concluded

C. consistent

C. recommended

C. on

C. novel

C. immersed

C. end

C. development

64. A. summarization B. summary

65. A. attack B. onset

D. Consequently

D. detected

D. Numerous

D. simulations

D. analyzed

D. identical

D. proposed

D. along

D. contributing

D. involved

D. all

D. appearance

Part IV

Directions: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to

complete the preceding sentences.

1. After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,

diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence

of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)

2. Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancer

patients____________. (明显低于健康人)

3. ____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean

(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)

4. These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, including

type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)

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5. ____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulated

macrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）

6. Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)

7. Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)

8. The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,

____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)

9. However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）

10. ____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）

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