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2023年12月17日发(作者：cpu指令集大全)
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his
society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when
he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than
that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have
become anti-intellectual.
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First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define
him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of
thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems
consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral
questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and
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moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who
must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of
reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average
scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute
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to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any
but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues
even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his
experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to
think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is
expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most
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of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has
traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach
very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent
reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the
majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing,
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living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.
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