最新人教版九年级英语各单元重点短语、句型及作文

人教版九年级英语各单元重点短语、句型及作文

Unit1 How can we become good learners?

一.重点短语

1. by doing sth 通过做某事 2. ask sb. for help 请求某人的帮助

3. be patient 耐心点儿 4..improve one’ s speaking skills 提髙某人说的能力

5. read aloud 大声朗读 6. spoken English=oral English英语口语

7. have conversations with sb. 与某人交谈 8. listen to tapes 听磁带

9. make word cards 制作单词卡 10. make mistakes in grammar 犯语法错误

11. make sentences with用.......造句 12. the secret to language learning语言学习的诀窍

13. be afraid to do

sth./ of sth,不敢'做某事 14. fall in love with.. . 爱上(fell, fallen)

15. body language 肢体语言 16. take notes 记笔记 (took, taken)

ng habits 学习习惯 18. have sth. in common 有...共同点

19. pay attention to (doing )sth注意 (paid) 20. connect…with…把....与....联系起来

21. write down key words 摘抄重点词 22. in class 在课堂上 after class 课后

23. be interested in… 对.......感兴趣= take an interest in…

24. do sth. on one’s own 独立做某事 25. worry about=be worried about 为...而担忧

26. depend on (doing) sth.依赖；取决于 27. look up a word in a dictionary查字典

28. be born with 天生具有 29 repeat: say or do… again

30. how to pronounce 怎样发音 pronunciation 发音 look for 寻找

31. practice doing sth.练习做某事 keep doing sth. 一直做某事

32. each other = one another 彼此，相互 33. a ... ...的一部分

34. even if = even though 即使，虽然 35. instead of (doing) sth 代替

35. bit by bit一点一点地，逐渐地 one by one 一个接着一个

36. the way of doing sth. (to do sth) 做某事的方法 37. at once=right now立刻，马上

38. so that 以便，为了＝in order that+从句 in order (not) to do sth为了(不)做某事

39. hide behind躲在...的后面( hid, hidden) the+比较级，the+比较级 越.. ....越

40. wise / wisely active / activity/action memorize / memory discover /

discovery

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create / creative patient / patience repeat it= say it again

二．重点句型

1. What about doing sth ?=How about doing sth.?

例：What about listening to tapes?=Why not listen to tapes?

2. by的用法

a. 介词 prep. （指交通等）乘；

例：The man came by bus. 那人是坐公共汽车来的。

They went to Shanghai by plane/ air. 他们坐飞机去上海。

b. 表示做某事的方式、方法 结构：by+V-ing

How do you study for a test?

I study by making word cards.

3. 现在完成时态结构：have done 表示

例：Have you ever studied with a group?

5. It’s +adj+ (for sb) to do sth (it作形式主语，代to do sth.)

It’s too hard (for me) to understand spoken English.

6. The more you read, the faster you’ ll be.

你的阅读量越大，你的阅读速度就能提 髙得越快。

7. find it + adj + to do sth (it作形式宾语,代to do sth.) 例：I find it easy to learn

English.

8. It’s a piece of cake. 小菜一碟/太容易了！ It takes time, 这得慢慢来/不着急

9. Practice makes perfect. 熟成生巧。 It serves you right. 你活该。

10. Knowledge comes from questioning. 知识源于质疑。

三、作文

How to learn English well

English is important and useful to us. How can we learn it well? Here are my

suggestions.

First, we should often listen to the tapes, English songs and programs. Watching

English movies is also helpful to us. Second, we should speak English as much as

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possible. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes. The more you speak, the fewer

mistakes you’ll make. Third, we can read more English newspapers and magazines. At

last, we should recite some good passages and keep English diaries.

In a word, as long as we do more listening, speaking, reading and writing practice,

I believe we can learn English well.

Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!

一.重点短语

1. the Lantern Festival 元宵节 the Dragon Boat Festival 端午节

the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节 the Spring Festival 春节

2. the Water Festival 泼水节 Christmas Day 圣诞节

3. lie (lay, lain) in bed躺在床上（lying） 4. lay out摆开;布置 (laid, laid)

5. put on five pounds 体重增加了五磅 lose weight减肥 (lost)

6. in two weeks 两星期之后 (how soon) 7. share sth with sb 与…分享…8. throw

water at each other 互相泼水 9. be in the 是…样的形状

10. folk stories民间传说故事 11. eat five meals a day 一天吃五餐

12. the story of Chang’e嫦娥的故事 13. a little too有点太

14. have good luck in the new year在新的一年里有好运气 15. as a result结果

16. end up(doing) sth.最终成为;最后处于 end up with以…结束

17. be similar to. 与......相似 be the same as与......一样 be different from与......不一样

18. one ... (两者中)一个…另一个… 19. care about 关心

20. dress up 乔装打扮 21. haunted house 鬼屋

22. play a trick on sb.捉弄某人 23. give out 分发 give up(doing)放弃

24. trick or treat (万圣节用语)不给糖果就捣蛋 treat sb. with. 用/以…对待某人

25. light candles (lit/ lighted) 26. remind sb of … 使某人回想起…

27. take sb around…=show sb around…带某人到处走走

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28. warn sb (not) to do sth.警告某人(不要)做某事

refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事 promise (=make a promise)to do sth.承诺做某事

29. the beginning of new life 新生命的开始 30. the importance of…的重要性

31. fly up to飞往(flew, flown) live forever长生不老 wash away洗掉

shoot down射下(shot, shot) wake up醒来 (woke, waken)

32. spread ...around把... ... 传向四周 whether or not 是否

33. die (died, died, dying) v. dead adj. death n.

34, warm / warmth present / gift busy / business/businessman tradition/

traditional steal / stole / stolen spread / spread / spread lie / lay / lain/ lying

二．重点句型

1. What do/does+sb. + think of sth. ?＝How do/ does sb like ...?

例：What does Wu Yu think of this festival?

2.宾语从句(P55) （复习直接引语和间接引语）

一．连接词

a.陈述句(that) b.一般疑问句(if 或whether) c.特殊疑问句(5w,1h)

二．陈述句语序 三.时态

例：I believe (that) you will succeed in the future. (that口语或非正式文章中可省略)

I heard that he had been back. (主句过去时，从句要用过去时态某一形式)

I don’t know what they are looking for. (陈述句语序)

Could you tell me when the train will leave?

注意：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思

是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。

例：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.

注意：由whether/ if 引导的宾语从句 由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般

疑问句演变而来的,意思是“是否”。

例：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.

注意：当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，

从句也用一般现在时态。

例：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

区别：if (如果，假如)引导条件状语从句(常用一般时表示将来时)

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When(当...时)引导时间状语从句(常用一般时表示将来时)

如：Could you tell me if he will come back tomorrow? If he comes back, please call me.

I wonder when she will finish this project . When she finishes it, please tell me.

3.感叹句结构（P56）

How+adj. /adv. + 主 + 谓！

What (a/an)+ …+名+ 主 + 谓！

例：What an interesting story it is! How tall Yao Ming is!

练习: 用What , What a , What an , How 填空。

1.______ hot the weather is! 2. _____ hard her father works!

3._____ useful book it is ! 4. _____ bad weather!

5.______interesting day it was yesterday! 6. ______ honest man!

7._______beautiful your voice is! 8.______ sad news he told us!

9.________happy she was last weekend! 10.________much I miss you !

11._______ happy life we have! 12._______delicious mooncakes!

三、作文

Dear Mike,

How are you? I’m really glad that you are interested in traditional Chinese

festivals. There are many traditional festivals in China, such as Spring Festival,

Mid-Autumn Day and so on. I’d like to introduce the Spring Festival to you. Spring

Festival is the most important traditional holiday in China. It usually lasts for 15

days.

Days before the festival, people clean their houses. They think cleaning sweeps

any bad luck. They decorate their houses with paper cutting. On the eve of the

festival, family members get together and have big meals. Then they watch the

Spring Festival Gala on TV. At midnight, they set off fireworks to welcome the New

Year. During the festival, kids get lucky money from old people. People visit their

relatives and friends. They wish each a happy year and good luck. How happy we are!

Best wishes!

Yours,

Liu Wei

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Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?

一.重点短语

1. turn left/right 向左/右转 2. on one’ s left/right 在某人的左/右边

3. go along Main Street 沿着主大街走 4. beside the bank 在银行附近

5. 在.......和.......之间 6. go to the third floor 去三楼

7. pass by＝go past 路过，经过 8. how to use the right (proper) language

9. be special about.. . 有……独特之处 10. pardon me 请再说一次

11. come on 过来;加油 12. one one’ s 在去.......的路上

13. something to eat一些吃的东西 14. hold one’ s hand 抓住某人的手

15. mail(send) a letter 寄信 16. spend time leading in to a request花时间导入一个请求

17. in the shopping center 在购物中心 18. 其他任何一个...

19. in different situations 在不同情况下 20. park one’ s car 停车

21. an underground parking lot地下停车库 22. such as 例如

23. thank sb. for doing sth. 为…感谢某人 24. look forward to (doing）…期盼…

25. meet sb. for the first time 第一次见到某人 26. No problem.没问题。

27. be convenient to do sth. 做某事很方便 28. a good choice一个好的选择

29. ask for information 寻求信息 30. the 的角落

31. polite / politely / impolite central / center expensive=dear/

inexpensive/cheap

crowd / crowded / uncrowded speak / speaker/ speech who /whom /whose

Itaty/ Italian in the east / south / west / north eastern/ southern/ western/

northern

二.重点句型

1. not…until…直到.......才

You never know until you try something. Don’t open the door until the bus stops.

2. It seems/ seemed (that)…

It seems a rock band plays there every evening.

3. do

例：Excuse me, do you know where I can buy some medicine?

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Do you know when the bookstore closes today?

4. Could you please ?

Could you please tell me how to get to the post office?

5．sb. suggest+ 从句(虚拟语气：should+V )

例：The clerk suggested they go to the museum. (should省略了)

的用法

① take some food take some medicine （=have吃，喝）

② take notes做笔记 ③ take one’s temperature ( 测量 ）

④ It takes sb some time/money to do something （ 花费，需要 ）

⑤ I’ll take this coat.（=buy购买）

⑥ take somebody / something to (带领，拿去，取 ) take sb. with sth.随身带.......

⑦take a train to Chongqing （ 乘坐 ） ⑧ take off（ 脱下）

3. turn 的用法

turn to page 80 翻到第八十页 It is your turn.轮到你了。（次序）

at the turning 在转弯处 turn on/ off/ up/ down 关

turn right/ left at the first turning /crossing 变成

三、作文

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am a boy from China. I am in Grade Nine. I’ll be coming to your school soon for

a short study vacation. I will leave for your school on July 10th. I like English, I also

like doing sports. I am glad that I can study in your school. I’d like to know more

information about the school.

Could you tell me what course I will study in your school? And I also want to

know when the course will start. I want to know where I will stay. Can you tell me?

Would you mind telling me where and what I can eat in your school? I like all kinds

of activities. Could you please tell me what activities I can do in your school?

The last question, can you tell me how I can get to your school? I would like to

thank you for helping me and I‘m looking forward to your reply.

Yours

He Wei

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Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.

一．重点短语

1. used to do sth过去常做某事 (人) be used to doing 习惯于做某事

be used to do 用来做事＝be used for doing（被动语态） 2. in public公开地

3. from time to time时常,有时=at times =sometimes 4. give a speech做演讲(gave)

5. deal with处理(dealt) how to deal with=what to do with It’s a deal.就这么定了！

6. tons of 许多的,大量的＝plenty of 7. be able to / can能,会 8. in person 亲自

9. look after=take care of 照顾，照料 10. fail an examination考试不及格

11. anymore= no more/ any longer=no longer不再 fight on继续奋斗(fought)

12. all the time= always 一直 13. a number of= a lot of=lots of 许多，大量

14. be on the soccer team 加入足球队 15. be 缺席＝miss

16. be proud of / take pride in 以.......为荣 17. be nervous about担心.......

17. be there for their children和孩子们在一起 18. 15-year-old 15岁的

20. cause problems 引起麻烦＝get into trouble 21. to one’s surprise令某人谅讶的是

22. make a decision=decide (to do) 决定 23. change=influence影响

7. private / personal humor / humorous silent / silence help / helpful

Asia/Asian

view / interview / interviewer shy / shyness Africa / African Europe/European

二．重点语法

1. 辨析：

used to do sth. 过去常常做…didn’t use to do sth.=usedn’t to do sth.

get/be used to sth./doing sth. 习惯于…

be used to do 被用于做…（被动语态）

be used by 由(被)…使用（被动语态）

be used as … 被当做…使用（被动语态）

be used for doing 被用于做…（被动语态）

例: I used to go to work by bus. Now I take a taxi.

He used to be a problem boy. She used to be very shy.

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I’m used to drinking a cup of water after meal.

He’s been used to living in the dormitory.

This machine is used to clean the floor.

The girl is being used as a servant in the house.

A knife can be used for cutting bread.

2) afford（支付得起）的用法

afford sth 买得起…… afford to do sth 有足够的…去做…

例：His mother couldn’t afford to pay for her child’s education.

They did not consider whether they could afford the time or not.

We can’t afford to pay such a price. （such和so区别见P110）

3) take pride in sth/ sb = be proud of sth/ sb 为…感到自豪

例：He was watching me and take pride in everything good I do.

I take pride in my child. =I’m proud of my child.

注：He take pride in everything good I do. 这是一个定语从句。省略了关系代词that。

先行词为不定代词时，关系代词只能用that。

4）the+序数词+最高级+N 第几（大/长/高…）

One of the/形容词性物主代词+Ns 谓语用三单

例：He is now one of the best students in his class

He is one of the most popular teachers in our school.

One of his most expensive pens has been lost.

The yellow river is the second largest river in china.

Mount Qomolangma is the first highest mountain around the world.

练习：1. He used to (be) poor, but now he is rich and he can afford

(buy) the most expensive car.

2. Tom takes pride his son, because he climbed the (two)

(high) mountain successfully.

3. She is used to (help) anyone that gets into trouble.

One of the (difficult) things (be) to believe yourself.

4.——Hey, what is it used to do?

——Well, it’s used (cut )down the tree.

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三、作文

How I’ve Changed

My life has changed a lot in the last few years. When I was a little child, I used

to play with my friends all day long. We found that almost anything could bring fun to

us. But now, I am growing up, things seem to change gradually that I don't realize.

I had a lot of time to play before, but now nearly all my time is spent on study

and homework. I used to watch cartoons, but now I prefer news and English programs.

Generally speaking, things turn better. Now, I am interested in reading and writing.

I think that the more good books I read, the more knowledge I get.

The biggest change in my life was that I began to love sports at the age of ten.

This is the most important change. Because I didn’t use to play sports after school.

When I was ten years old, I often fell ill. So my parents encouraged me to play sports

after school. Now I’m really interested in sports and I’m much healthier.

Unit 5 What are the shirts made of?

1.重点短语

made of 由...制作/制造(材料) made in在...制作/制造 (产地)

made from由......制造/制成 nmental protection环境保护

famous for 以......闻名;为人知晓 be known for以......闻名

6. be produced in在......生产 7. be used for被用于......

far as I know据我所知 by hand手工采摘

10. into把......变成...... 11. no matter不论, 不管怎样

over(around) the world全世界 though即使

doing sth避免做某事 ay things日常用品

out 查明;弄清(found) on a vacation去度假 (went, gone)

cutting剪纸 as 例如

20. send for发送;派人去请 out发出;放出;发送 (sent)

covered with被......覆盖 into上升到;升入 (rose, risen)

on 张贴 (put) symbols of作为......的象征

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tale 童话故事 a pair of scissors 一把刀 heavy/ much/little traffic (U)

27. all over (around) the world全世界 28. according to 根据，依据

29. at a very high heat 在高温下 30. in trouble 处在困境下

31. different kinds of 不同种类的 32. in all parts of the world在世界各地

33. heat / hot France/ French Germany/ German(s) produce / product leaf /

leaves

live / lively / living / alive / life (lives) nation/ national/ international its/ it’s

二．重点语法

1.辨析：be made of 由...制作/制造(材料)：在成品中能看出原材料

be made from由...制造/制成(材料)：在成品中看不出原材料

be made in在...制作/制造 (产地) Made in China.中国制造

例：The desk is made of wood. The paper is made from wood.

This kind of plane is made in China.

2. be famous for 以...闻名;为人知晓 be known for因...而闻名

be famous as作为...而闻名 be known as作为...而闻名

例：Jingdezhen is famous for china. China is famous for its tourism.

Mo Yan is very famous as a writer.

3. allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事 allow doing sth

be allowed to do sth

例：Please allow me to come in.－My boss doesn't allow me to use the telephone.

We were not allowed to talk in class.

They allowed smoking in this room only.

注意：allow只可搭配动名词短语作宾语，不可直接搭用动词不定式作宾补，

即只可说allow doing sth，不可说allow to do sth.

4.一般现在时的被动语态（见P155页）

结构：am/is/are+过去分词

三、语法

①英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

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Cats eat fish. （主动语态）猫吃鱼。

Fish is eaten by cats. (被动语态)鱼被猫吃。

②被动语态的构成：由“助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。

时态

一般现在时

一般过去时

被动语态结构

am

are +过去分词

is

was +过去分词

例句

English is spoken in many

countries.

This bridge was built in

were + 过去分词 1989.

can/should

情态动词

may +be+过去分词

must/……

The work must be done

right now.

③被动语态的用法：当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。

被动语态

（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 例如：Many people speak Chinese. 谓语：speak 的动作是由主语 many people 来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。 例如：Chinese is spoken by

many people. 主语 English 是动词 speak 的承受者。

（二）被动语态的构成 被动语态由 “助动词 be＋及物动词的过去分词” 构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be 的变化表现出来的。现以speak 为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋spoken

一般过去时：was／were＋spoken

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一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋spoken

过去进行时：was/were being＋spoken

现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken

过去完成时：had been + spoken

（三）被动语态的用法

（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如：Some new computers were

stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道是谁偷的）

He is often asked to sing songs. 经常有人叫他唱歌。

（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：

The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。

（四）主动语态变被动语态的方法

（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词） （根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式）。

（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。

例如： All the people laughed at him. → He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory. → The bikes are made by them in the factory.

He cut down a tree. → A tree was cut down by him.

（五）含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由 “情态动词＋be＋过去分词” 构成

例如：We can repair this watch in two days. →This watch can be repaired in two days.

They should do it at once. →It should be done at once.

（六）特殊情况

made the boy work for two hours yesterday.

→The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.

never lets me watch TV .→I am never let to watch TV by mother.

gave Peter a Christmas present just now.

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→（1）A Christmas present was given to Peter by Jack just now.

→（2）Peter was given a Christmas present by Jack just now.

三、作文

Lanterns have been around for about 1800 years. They were first used for

lighting in the old days. Today, they are used at festivals and other celebrations.

Chinese people love lanterns very much because they’re symbols of good luck and

family reunion.

From Spring Festival to Lantern Festival, lanterns are hung up everywhere.

Lanterns were usually made of bamboo and paper in the old days. Now they are made

of many kinds of materials, such as steel, silk, cloth, plastic and so on. They are made

all around China. Lanterns are made in the shape of different animals, vegetables,

fruits and many other things

Unit 6 When was it invented？

一．重点短语

accident偶然;意外地 by mistake 错误地；无意中 …into把…分成…

place发生 happen发生（没有被动形式） 4. change the world改变世界

of a sudden=suddenly 突然;猛地 6. My pleasure乐意效劳

7. It is said that…据说…… It is believe that…人们相信……；人们认为……

8. drinking water 饮用水 9. fall into掉入，掉进， fall off从……摔下来(fell fallen)

10. produce a nice smell 散发出一种清香 11. without doubt 毫无疑问；

12. at a low / high price 低/ 高价 13. translate…into…把……译成

14. in the end=at last=finally最后 15. at the same time同时

16. stop /keep/ prevent…from doing sth 阻止……做某事 17. look up to 仰慕

18. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 19. dream of 梦想;梦见…

20. achieve one’s dream / 实现梦想 one’s dream comes true

21. have a point 有道理 22. not only…but also…不但……而且……

23. the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会 24. come up with 想出

10. nearly / almost low/ high pleasure (n.)/ pleasant (adj.)/ pleased

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music / musical / musician salt / salty custom / customer hero/ heroes

popular /popularity profession /professional accident /accidental Canada/

Canadian

二．重点语法

1. 辨析invent; find; find out; discover

invent“发明”，指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明/创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物

例：Who invented the telephone?

He invented a new teaching method．

find“找到、发现”，指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西，

着重指找到的结果。

例：We've found oil under the South Sea．

I finally found my English book.

find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。

例：I've found you out at last.

Please find out when the ship sails for New York.

Please find out what time the delegation will come.

discover“发现”，表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误，即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物，也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。

Columbus discovered America in1492．

We soon discovered the truth． 我们很快就弄清了真相。

【练习】

a．Edison ＿＿＿＿ the electric lamp．

b．I lost my necklace last night．I haven’t ＿＿＿＿ it．

c．Who ＿＿＿＿ America first？

d．Can you ＿＿＿＿ what time the train leaves？

2.一般过去时的被动语态（见P188页）

结构：was/were+过去分词

三、作文

Computer

Computers are becoming more and more important in our daily life. Do you know

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when the computer was invented ?

The computer was invented in 1946. At that time , it was huge. With the

development of science and technology, the computer has grown smaller. Now there

are many kinds of computers, such as personal computers and laptops. The computer

is a very useful tool in our life.

For example , it can send some messages to foreign friends by e-mail. What's

more , it can share information with others through the World Wide Web. We can

also listen to music or play the game on computers. It makes us relax.

It’s hard to imagine what our life would be like without computers. I think

computers will be more convenient and they are going to change our life completely

in the near future.

Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.

一．重点短语

1. choose their own clothes选择自己的衣服(chose, chosen) end up as 最终成为

2. be serious about对…认真，严肃 3. care about担心

4. eight hours’ sleep八小时的睡眠 5. driver’s/driving license驾照

6. instead of doing sth代替做某事 7. wear uniforms穿校服(wore, worn)

8. be good for对…有益 be bad for对…有害 make sure确信 (made)

9. a fifteen-year-old boy一个15岁的男孩 sixteen-year-olds十六岁的青少年

10. talk back(to sb.)回嘴，顶嘴 11. volunteer to do sth志愿做某事

12. make my own decision 做自己的决定 13. old people’s home养老院

14. the importance of …的重要性 15. make sure确保

16. a professional runner一个专业的赛跑者 against doing sth反对做某事

…away from远离 get in the way of挡…路;妨碍

18. stay up 熬夜 grow up 长大 19. a part-time job兼职

20. be strict with sb. 对某人严厉 be strict in sth对某事严厉

21. serious enough 足够严肃 22. get/have sth. done 叫某人把某事做了

23. regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事 24. manage one’s own life安排好自己的生活

25. spend…on sth. / (in) doing sth.花费……在……上面 (spent)

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26. safe/ safely/ safety danger/ dangerous enter=come/go into tiny/huge

bad/badly good/well choose (chose, chosen)/ choice educate/ education

二．重点句型

1．She is a sixteen-year-old girl.=She is sixteen years old.

2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事（主动语态） allow doing sth 允许做某事

be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事（被动语态）

Mother allows me to watch TV every night.

Lily is allowed to go to America.

3. get their ears pierced 穿耳洞

让/使（别人）做某事 get sth. done(过去分词)

have sth. done

I get my hair cut. == I have my hair cut. (过去分词作宾语补足语)

People around the world like products made in China

4. enough 足够

形容词＋enough 如：beautiful enough 足够漂亮

enough＋名词 如：enough food 足够食物

enough…to 足够…去做…

例：I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。

She is old enough to go to school.她够大去读书了。

5. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 Please stop speaking.

stop to do sth. 停止下来去做某事 Please stop to speak.

stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

can’t stop doing sth. 情不自禁做某事=can’t help doing sth.

a bus stop一个公共汽车停靠站

6. 系动词用法：系动词+adj

常用的系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。连系动词除be和become等少数词可接名词作表语外，一般都是接形容词。

例：They are very happy. He became a doctor two years ago.

She felt very tired. The grass turns green.

7. get in the way of 碍事，妨碍 如：

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Her social life got in the way of her studies.

8. 也

also 用于句中 I also like apples.

either用于否定句句末 I don’t like apples, either. (Either of you is right.两者之一)

too 用于肯定句句末 I like apples, too. (注意too silly太傻)

三、作文

Dear Diary,

I do not agree with the rule that I must be home for dinner every day. This is

because the rule affects my social life. It takes away important opportunities for me

to spend time with my friends. As a result, my life is quite uninteresting sometimes.

I think I should be allowed to have dinner with my friends once in a while. For

example, I would like to hang out with my classmates until after dinner on some

Fridays. I wish my parents will allow me to do this if I promise not to stay out too late

and if there is no important family activity on those days.

Unit 8 it must belong to Carla.

一．重点短语

to属于 2. must be一定是 mustn’t do不准做 could/might be可能是

3. can’t be不可能是 4. at school在学校 at the picnic在野餐

to the concert去听音乐会 attend a concert参加音乐会

6. run for exercise (U)跑步锻炼 a bus赶公共汽车 (caught)

8. next door neighbor 隔壁邻居 out指出 pick up 捡起，拾起

to pop music听流行音乐 light music轻音乐 folk music民间音乐

country music乡村音乐 foreign music外国音乐 classical music听古典音乐

jazz爵士乐 rock摇滚乐 11. the rest of其余的人或物

12. have no idea不知道 the same time 同时 too…to太……而不能

14. make noises(可数)吵闹 ocean of许许多多、无穷无尽的

16. call the police 报警 17. get on/off 上/下车 get into/ out of the lift上/下电梯

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18. have fun doing sth/ with sth. 做某事有趣 19. in a certain way以某种方式

18. value / valuable noise (noisy adj.)/ sound/ voice Britain/ British

sleep / sleepy/ asleep express/ expression police(集体名词)/policeman

receive / accept everybody/ somebody/ anybody/ nobody whose

二.重点语法

1. must, might, could, may, can’t+动词原形 表示推测，程度不同

must 一定,肯定(100%的可能性)

may, might, could有可能, 也许(20%－80%的可能性)

can’t 不可能, 不会(可能性几乎为零)

例：The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it.

The CD might/could/may belong to Tony, because he likes listening to pop music.

The hair band can’t be Bob’s. After all, he is boy!

2. 当play 指弹奏乐器时，常在乐器前用定冠词

play the guitar play the piano play the violin

当play 指进行球类运动时，则不用定冠词

play football play basketball play baseball

3. try to do sth.尝试做某事

try/do one’s best to do sth. 尽某人的最大努力去做某事

例：I try to climb the tree.

He tried his best to run.

from …从哪里逃跑出来

例：He escaped from the burning building.

5. 辨析because of , because

because of +名词/代词/名词性短语

because +从句

例：I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。

I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因我得搬家。

6. anything strange 一些奇怪的东西

当形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时，

放在这些词的后面

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7. there be sb./ sth. doing

例：There is a cat eating fish.

There must be something visiting our home.

8. look for 寻找 指过程 find 找到 指结果

例：I am looking for a pen. 我正在找一支笔。（指找的过程）

I found my pen just now. 我刚刚找到了我的笔。（指找的结果）

9. hear 听 指听的结果

listen (to …)听 指听的过程 如：

例：Did you hear ? 你听到了吗？（指听的结果，听或没听到）

I often listen to the music. 我经常听音乐。（指听的过程）

10. take place 常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生”(二者都无被动)

happen常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然或未能预见的“发生”

例:Great changes have taken place in China since 1949.

New things are happening all around us. What happened to him?

take place还有“举行”之意。

例:The meeting will take place next Friday.

happen还可表示“碰巧；恰好”之意

例:It happened that I had no money on me.

11. This book must belong to him/me(= be his/mine名词性物主代词)

Because it has his /my name on it.

三、作文：

Last week, in a quiet neighborhood, something strange happened. Victor, a

teacher in our school said, “every night we hear strange noises outside our window”.

We now know what was happening in the neighborhood. The director of the local

zoo says that three monkeys escaped from(=ran away from) the zoo and was still

missing(=lost). These monkeys used to be researched in experiments by scientists in

a animal lab the capital city, one of the experiments is called "knocking-bell", in the

experiments the monkeys were trained to knock bells for bananas. After they had

escaped into the neighborhood, they all tried their best to knock the bell for food at

meal time. That is the mystery in neighborhood, and now, there is no more. All the

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people feel surprised and fun.

Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to.

一.重点短语

1. dance to和着……的节拍跳舞 2. along with与……一道

3. in that case既然那样 in case万一 4. cheer up使振作

5. try/ do one’s best (to do sth)尽力 6. plenty of 大量，充足

7. the most moving pieces of music最动人的乐曲 8. stay away from 远离

9. be sure 确定；确信 be sure to do一定要做某事 确保…;确定…

11. stay out待在外面 12. stay up熬夜 13. spare / free time空闲时间

14. shut off 关闭 15. continue to do sth＝go on to do sth.继续做某事

to(doing)sth坚持;固守 total总共；合计

in a while偶尔；间或 19. marry sb=get married to sb与…结婚

20. It’s a pity. 真可惜。 pain/ painful sad/ sadness move/ moving/ moved

intelligent/ clever/ smart perform/ performer/ performance call/recall

二.重点语法

的用法( like…better) preferring preferred

【1】prefer A to B、A与B相比较,比较喜欢A

例:I prefer English to Chinese. I prefer fish to meat.

【2】prefer doing A to doing B,A与B相比,比较喜欢做A

例：I prefer swimming to running.

【3】prefer to do A rather than do B，A与B相比,比较喜欢做A

=would rather do sth. than do sth.

例：I preferred to stay behind rather than go with you.

【4】词组prefer not to do “不愿意做……”

2. whatever 相当于no matter what

例:Wherever you go, whatever you do, I’ll be right here waiting for you.3. cheer up高兴起来；振作起来 使欢乐；使高兴

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例:Cheer up！Your troubles will soon be over．

He tried to cheer them up with funny stories．

3. marry娶;嫁;结婚;和...结婚 marry sb. / get married (to sb.)表示动作

例. He married a pretty girl.

She married a soldier. =She got married to a soldier.

They got married last year.=They have been married for one year.

4. keep healthy 保持健康

例. In order to keep healthy, he keeps jogging every day.

keep in good health, keep fit和 stay healthy 都表示“保持健康”

5. 巧记以o结尾的名词变复数：

Negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes这些词变复数时要加是-es,

其余以o结尾的加-s。 photos, kilos, radios, pianos, zoos

5.定语从句

观察两个句子,看看有什么区别:

an interesting book 形容词interesting做定语修饰book

a book that is interesting that is interesting句子做定语修饰book

interesting/that is interesting作用是相同的,都是用作定语来修饰名词book, 这种在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

定义：复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句要跟在所修饰的名词或代词后面，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句一般用关系代词who，that，which和whose来引导，放在从句的句首使从句与主句相连，并在句中担当一定的成分。

I like music that I can dance to. (作宾语)

I prefer singers who can write their own songs. (作主语)

注1：That在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时that 可省略)

（指物）A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)

The noodles（that）I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)

（指人）Who is the man that is reading the book over there? (作主语)

The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)

注2：从句的谓语和先行词的单复数保持一致

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I like a sandwich that is really delicious.

I love singers who are beautiful.

注3：Which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省)

（指物）The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)

The songs (which）Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)

注4：Who(主语), whom(宾语)

（指人）例.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)

The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li.(作宾语)

注5： Whose 在从句中作定语指人或物的所有格

I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)

The house whose roof is round has been sold.

三、作文

My favorite kind of music is old music.

I’ll Never Forget My Mom

is my favorite

song. I like it because it is beautiful. The lyrics are very great. It was written by Liu

Zheng. Many famous singers like Cheng Lin, Liu Hegang, and Tan Jing once sang it.

When I listened to it, I thought of my mom. The mother’s love is the greatest love in

the world. I was moved by these lyrics. I think you should listen to it, because it can

help us love our mothers more.

Unit 10 You are supposed to shake hands.

一.重点词组

1. be supposed to do sth＝be expected to do sth=should do sth被期望/要求做某事；应该

2. shake hands 握手 3. drop by 顺便拜访 knock on/at a door敲门

4. after all毕竟;终归 5. pick up 拾起；捡起 接某人

6. make a noise 发出噪音 7. table manners 餐桌礼仪

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8. get used to (doing)sth习惯于 9. be relaxed about对…随意/放松

10. get mad/angry大动肝火;气愤 …off 把…擦掉

off脱下(衣服)；(飞机等)起飞 an effort(to do)作出努力=try to do

sb feel at home使某人感到宾至如归 up切开; 切碎

(well) worth (doing) (很)值得做… friends with与…交朋友

soon as一…就… 19. greet sb＝say hello to sb

20. be different from 与…不同 time 按时 in time及时

22. go out of one’s way (to do) 特地；格外努力 clean…off把……擦掉

23. as…as sb. can / could= as…as possible尽可以地 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事

24. table manners/ good/bad manners cost/ be worth suggest/ suggestion(C)

/advice(U)

except/besides behave/ behavior Brazil/ Brazilian empty/ full/ fill

二.重点语法

1. （1）suppose：猜想;假设 suppose that表示“猜测;假设”，that可省

例：I suppose he is a student.

（2）be supposed to do sth=be expected to do sth被期望做某事，应该做某事。

相当于 should 和ought to

例：We are supposed to stop smoking.

You are supposed to say hello to the foreigners.

【练习】You are supposed _____ hands when you meet for the first time.

A. to shake B. shake C. shaking D. shook

2. make plans to do == plan to do. 打算做某事

例She has made plans to go to Beijing.=She has planed to go to Beijing.

3. go out of one’s way to do 特意，专门做某事

例：He went out of his way to make me happy.

4. In Switzerland, it’s very important to be on time.

分析：it是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语。

例：To clean the blackboard is your job.

＝It’s your job to clean the blackboard.

4. We are the capital of clocks and watches, after all. 毕竟我们是钟表王国。

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after all毕竟

例：After all your brother is a little kid.

【练习】 Don’t be angry with her, _____ she is your mother.

A. at first B. by the way C. after all D. in a word

5. ＝Thank 表示“因...而感谢”，后接名词、代词或者动名词作宾语

例:Thanks for inviting me. Thanks for your invitation.

【练习】Thank you for _____ me to your birthday party.

A. to ask B. asked C. invite D. Inviting

6. 辨析except和besides

（1）except“除......之外”不包括所说的东西

例：I get up early except Sunday. （不包括星期天）

Nobody was late for the meeting except me today.

（2）besides的意思是“除了......之外，还有”

例：Five others are late besides me. （包含我在内）

7. not ...any more=no more 不再

any longer＝no longer 不再

例：The boy didn’t cry any more/longer when he saw his mother.

【练习】Don’t try to fool us. We are not children _______

A. any longer B. any more C. after all D. A, B and C

8.辨析maybe和may be

（1）maybe=perhaps 副词：“大概、或许”，常用于句首表示不确定的猜测。

例：Maybe your father is at home.

（2）may be 情态动词：may＋动词原形be构成句子的谓语，情态动词may表示推测，译为：也许、可能”。

【练习】Look at that tall man. He ______ your new teacher.

A. maybe B. really be C. to be D. may be

三、作文

Dear Ivan

You must be excited about coming to China soon. Let me give you some

suggestions and advice about Chinese customs. When you’re eating at the table, it’s

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impolite to start eating first if there are older people at the table. You should let

them start first when you are eating with chopsticks, it is impolite to point at other

people with your chopsticks, it is also impolite to stick your chopsticks into the bowl

of rice and leave them there.

In our house, you’re supposed to take off your shoes before you enter the

house or just inside the front door. In our culture, we don’t usually hug or kiss people.

When you go out with people, you should tell the hostess where you are going,

who you are going with and when you will come back. In our culture, the hostess will

worry a lot about the safety of her guests, so a polite guest will always let her know

these things.

Have a safe trip, and I look forward to meeting you soon!

Best wishes,

Xiao Wei

Unit11

After school this afternoon, on my way home I met two Americans who lost

their way. They forgot the way to the hotel where they stayed. As I knew where the

hotel was, I decided to take them there. On the road, we talked a lot. I told them

about the great changes in the city. They told me something about the American

youth as well.

When they arrived, they thanked me a lot. That made me very happy. Because I

not only helped two foreigners, but also realized the importance of learning a foreign

language well. I think we should try our best to help each other.

Unit 12

My lucky day

I will always remember the date February 28, This was the luckiest day of my

life.

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When I woke up that morning, the sky was very dark. I took the early bus to

school as usual. As soon as I arrived at school, it started to rain very heavily. Many

students were late and were all wet when they got to school. But I wasn’t because I

caught the early bus, I would have been late and wet as well!

Later that day, I realized that I had forgotten my wallet and couldn’t buy lunch. I

couldn’t believe it. Then my friend Lisa said that she could share her lunch with me.

Finally, my elder brother told me that night that he could take me to the concert

that I’d been dying to attend that weekend. I was so happy.

I think that was the best day I’d had in a long time.

What a lucky day !

学习贵在坚持，希望我们一起努力，打造更美好的明天！

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数学考试答题技巧

一、答题原则

大家拿到考卷后，先看是不是本科考试的试卷，再清点试卷页码是否齐全，检查试卷有无破损或漏印、重印、字迹模糊不清等情况。如果发

答题时，一般遵循如下原则：

1．从前向后，先易后难。通常试题的难易分布是按每一类题型从前向后，由易到难。因此，解题顺序也宜按试卷题号从小到大，从前至后依

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次解答。当然，有时但也不能机械地按部就班。中间有难题出现时，可先跳过去，到最后攻它或放弃它。先把容易得到的分数拿到手，不要

“一条胡同走到黑”，总的原则是先易后难，先选择、填空题，后解答题。

2．规范答题，分分计较。数学分I、II卷，第I卷客观性试题，用计算机阅读，一要严格按规定涂卡，二要认真选择答案。第II卷为主观性试

题，一般情况下，除填空题外，大多解答题一题设若干小题，通常独立给分。解答时要分步骤（层次）解答，争取步步得分。解题中遇到困

难时，能做几步做几步，一分一分地争取，也可以跳过某一小题直接做下一小题。

3．得分优先、随机应变。在答题时掌握的基本原则是“熟题细做，生题慢做”，保证能得分的地方绝不丢分，不易得分的地方争取得分，但

是要防止被难题耗时过多而影响总分。

4．填充实地，不留空白。考试阅卷是连续性的流水作业，如果你在试卷上留下的空白太多，会给阅卷老师留下不好印象，会认为你确实不行

。另外每道题都有若干采分点，触到采分点便可给分，未能触到采分点也没有倒扣分的规定。因此只要时间允许，应尽量把试题提问下面的

空白处写上相应的公式或定理等有关结论。

5．观点正确，理性答卷。不能因为答题过于求新，结果造成观点错误，逻辑不严密；或在试卷上即兴发挥，涂写与试卷内容无关的字画，可

能会给自己带来意想不到的损失。胡乱涂写可以认为是在试卷上做记号，而判作弊。因此，要理性答卷。

6．字迹清晰，合理规划。这对任何一科考试都很重要，尤其是对“精确度”较高的数理化，若字迹不清无法辨认极易造成阅卷老师的误判，

如填空题填写带圈的序号、数字等，如不清晰就可能使本来正确的失了分。 另外，卷面答题书写的位置和大小要计划好，尽量让卷面安排做

到 “前紧后松”而不是“前松后紧”。特别注意只能在规定位置答题，转页答题不予计分。

二、审题要点

审题包括浏览全卷和细读试题两个方面。

一是开考前浏览。开考前5分钟开始发卷，大家利用发卷至开始答题这段有限的时间，通过答前浏览对全卷有大致的了解，初步估算试卷难度

和时间分配，据此统筹安排答题顺序，做到心中有数。此时考生要做到“宠辱不惊”，也就是说，看到一道似曾相识的题时，心中不要窃喜

，而要提醒自己，“这道题做时不可轻敌，小心有什么陷阱，或者做的题目只是相似，稍微资料

的不易觉察的改动都会引起答案的不同”。碰到

一道从未见过，猛然没思路的题时，更不要受到干扰，相反，此时应开心，“我没做过，别人也没有。这是我的机会。”时刻提醒自己：我

易人易，我不大意；我难人难，我不畏难。

二是答题过程中的仔细审题。这是关键步骤，要求不漏题，看准题，弄清题意，了解题目所给条件和要求回答的问题。不同的题型，考察不

同的能力，具有不同的解题方法和策略，评分方式也不同，对不同的题型，审题时侧重点有所不同。

1．选择题是所占比例较大（40％）的客观性试题，考察的内容具体，知识点多，“双基”与能力并重。对选择题的审题，要搞清楚是选择正

确陈述还是选择错误陈述，采用特殊什么方法求解等。

2．填空题属于客观性试题。一般是中档题，但是由于没有中间解题过程，也就没有过程分，稍微出现点错误就和一点不会做结果相同，“后

果严重”。审题时注意题目考查的知识点、方法和此类问题的易错点等。

3．解答题在试卷中所占分数较多（74分），不仅需要解出结果还要列出解题过程。解答这种题目时，审题显得极其重要。只有了解题目提供

的条件和隐含信息，联想相关题型的通性通法，寻找和确定具体的解题方法和步骤，问题才能解决。

三、时间分配

近几年，随着高考数学试题中的应用问题越来越多，阅读量逐渐增加，科学地使用时间，是临场发挥的一项重要内容。分配答题时间的基本

原则就是保证在能得分的地方绝不丢分，不易得分的地方争取得分。在心目

中应有“分数时间比”的概念，花10分钟去做一道分值为12分的中档大题无疑比用10分钟去攻克1道分值为4分的中档填空题更有价值。有效

地利用最好的答题时间段，通常各时间段内的答题效率是不同的，一般情况下，最后10分钟左右多数考生心理上会发生变化，影响正常答卷

。特别是那些还没有答完试卷的考生会分心、产生急躁心理，这个时间段效率要低于其它时间段。

在试卷发下来后，通过浏览全卷，大致了解试题的类型、数量、分值和难度，熟悉“题情”，进而初步确定各题目相应的作答时间。通常一

般水平的考生，解答选择题（12个）不能超过40分钟，填空题（4个）不能超过15分钟，留下的时间给解答题（6个）和验算。当然这个时间

安排还要因人而异。

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在解答过程中，要注意原来的时间安排，譬如，1道题目计划用3分钟，但3分钟过后一点眉目也没有，则可以暂时跳过这道题；但若已接近成

功，延长一点时间也是必要的。需要说明的是，分配时间应服从于考试成功的目的，灵活掌握时间而不墨守最初安排。时间安排只是大致的

整体调度，没有必要把时间精确到每1小题或是每1分钟。更不要因为时间安排过紧，造成太大的心理压力，而影响正常答卷。

一般地，在时间安排上有必要留出5—10分钟的检查时间，但若题量很大，对自己作答的准确性又较为放心的话，检查的时间可以缩短或去除

。但是需要注意的是，通常数学试卷的设计只有少数优秀考生才可能在规定时间内答完。

五、大题和难题

一张考卷必不可少地要有大题、难题以区分考生的知识和能力水平，以便拉开档次。一般大题、难题分值都较高，遇到难题，要尽量放到最

后去攻克；如果别的题目全部做完而且检查无误，而又有一定时间的话，就应想办法攻克难题。不是每个人都能得150的，先把会的做完，也

可以给自己奠定心里优势。

六、各种题型的解答技巧

1．选择题的答题技巧

（1）掌握选择题应试的基本方法：要抓住选择题的特点，充分地利用选择支提供的信息，决不能把所有的选择题都当作解答题来做。首先，

看清试题的指导语，确认题型和要求。二是审查分析题干，确定选择的范围与对象，要注意分析题干的内涵与外延规定。三是辨析选项，排

误选正。四是要正确标记和仔细核查。

（2）特值法。在选择支中分别取特殊值进行验证或排除，对于方程或不等式求解、确定参数的取值范围等问题格外有效。

（3）反例法。把选择题各选择项中错误的答案排除，余下的便是正确答案。

（4）猜测法。因为数学选择题没有选错倒扣分的规定，实在解不出来，猜测可以为你创造更多的得分机会。除须计算的题目外，一般不猜A

。

2．填空题答题技巧

（1）要求熟记的基本概念、基本事实、数据公式、原理，复习时要特别细心，注意记熟，做到临考前能准确无误、清晰回忆。对那些起关键

作用的，或最容易混淆记错的概念、符号或图形要特别注意，因为考查的往往就是它们。如区间的端点开还是闭、定义域和值域要用区间或

集合表示、单调区间误写成不等式或把两个单调区间取了并集等等。

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（2）一般第4个填空题可能题意或题型较新，因而难度较大，可以酌情往后放。

3．解答题答题技巧

（1）仔细审题。注意题目中的关键词，准确理解考题要求。

（2）规范表述。分清层次，要注意计算的准确性和简约性、逻辑的条理性和连贯性。

（3）给出结论。注意分类讨论的问题，最后要归纳结论。

（4）讲求效率。合理有序的书写试卷和使用草稿纸，节省验算时间。

七、如何检查

在考试中，主动安排时间检查答卷是保证考试成功的一个重要环节，它是防漏补遗、去伪存真的过程，尤其是考生如果采用灵活的答题顺序

，更应该与最后检查结合起来。因为在你跳跃式往返答题过程中很可能遗漏题目，通过检查可弥补这种答题策略的漏洞。

检查过程的第一步是看有无遗漏或没有做的题目，发现之后，应迅速完成或再次思考解法。对各类题型的做答过程和结果，如果有时间要结

合草稿纸的解题过程全面复查一遍，时间不够，则重点检查。

选择题的检查主要是查看有无遗漏，并复查你心存疑虑的题目。但是若没有充分的理由，一般不要改变你依据第一感觉作出的判断。

对解答题的检查，要注意结合审查草稿纸的演算过程，改正计算和推理中的错误。另外要补充遗漏的理由和步骤，删去或修改错误或不准确

的观点。

计算题和证明题是检查的重点，要仔细检查是否完成了题目的全部要求；若时间仓促，来不及验算的话，有一些简单的验证方法：一是查单

位是否有误；二是看计算公式引用有无错误；三是看结果是否比较“像”，这里所说的“像”是依靠经验判断，如应用题的答案是否符合实

际意义；数字结论是否为整数、自然数或有规则的表达式，若结论为小数或无规则的数，则要重新演算，最好能用其他方法再试着去做

八、强调的一点是草稿纸，这是考试时和试卷同等重要的东西。

同学们拿到草稿纸后，请先将它三折。然后按顺序使用。草稿纸上每道题之间留空，标清题号。字迹要做到能够准确辨认，切不可胡写乱画

。这样做的好处是：

1. 草稿纸展现的是你的答题思路。草稿纸清晰，答题思路也会清晰，最起码你清楚你已经做到了哪一步。如果草稿混乱的话，这一步推出来

了，往往又忘了上一步是怎么得到的。

2. 对于前面提到的暂时不会，回头再做的题，由于你第一次做本题时已经进行了一定的思维过程。第二次做时如果重头再思考非常浪费时间

。利用草稿纸，可以迅速找到上次的思维断点。从而继续攻破。关键结论要特殊标记。

3. 检查过程中，草稿纸更是最好的帮手。如果连演算过程都可从草稿纸上清晰找到的话，资料

无疑会节省大量时间。

选择题并不难，

题目当中有答案，

特值排除找方法，

数形结合作对它；

填空题很容易，

最简结果要牢记，

区间开闭不分离，

多选题目想仔细；

解答题也容易，

基础大题莫放弃。

摆明条件讲道理。

步骤规范记心底。

别人难 我不易

聚精会神审题意

多写步骤和推理，

分步得分来做题。

别人易 我不难，

防止粗心是关键，

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千方百计做答案，

时时刻刻细计算。

在初中数学几何学习中，如何添加辅助线是许多同学感到头疼的问题，许多同学常因辅助线的添加方法不当，造成解题困难。以下是常见的

辅助线作法编成了一些“顺口溜” 歌诀。

人人都说几何难，难就难在辅助线。辅助线，如何添？把握定理和概念。

还要刻苦加钻研，找出规律凭经验。图中有角平分线，可向两边作垂线。

角平分线平行线，等腰三角形来添。角平分线加垂线，三线合一试试看。

线段垂直平分线，常向两端把线连。三角形中两中点，连接则成中位线。

三角形中有中线，延长中线等中线。平行四边形出现，对称中心等分点。

梯形里面作高线，平移一腰试试看。平行移动对角线，补成三角形常见。

证相似，比线段，添线平行成习惯。等积式子比例换，寻找线段很关键。

直接证明有困难，等量代换少麻烦。斜边上面作高线，比例中项一大片。

半径与弦长计算，弦心距来中间站。圆上若有一切线，切点圆心半径连。

切线长度的计算，勾股定理最方便。要想证明是切线，半径垂线仔细辨。

是直径，成半圆，想成直角径连弦。弧有中点圆心连，垂径定理要记全。

圆周角边两条弦，直径和弦端点连。弦切角边切线弦，同弧对角等找完。

如果遇到相交圆，不要忘作公共弦。内外相切的两圆，经过切点公切线。

若是添上连心线，切点肯定在上面。辅助线，是虚线，画图注意勿改变。

基本作图很关键，平时掌握要熟练。解题还要多心眼，经常总结方法显。

切勿盲目乱添线，方法灵活应多变。分析综合方法选，困难再多也会减。

虚心勤学加苦练，成绩上升成直线。

有理数的加法运算：同号相加一边倒；异号相加“大”减“小”，符号跟着大的跑；绝对值相等“零”正好。[注]“大”减“小”是

指绝对值的大小。

合并同类项：合并同类项，法则不能忘，只求系数和，字母、指数不变样。

去、添括号法则：去括号、添括号，关键看符号，括号前面是正号，去、添括号不变号，括号前面是负号，去、添括号都变号。

一元一次方程：已知未知要分离，分离方法就是移，加减移项要变号，乘除移了要颠倒。

恒等变换：两个数字来相减，互换位置最常见，正负只看其指数，奇数变号偶不变。（a-b）2n+1=-（b-a）2n+1（a-b）2n=（b - a）2n平

方差公式：平方差公式有两项，符号相反切记牢，首加尾乘首减尾，莫与完全公式相混淆。

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完全平方：完全平方有三项，首尾符号是同乡，首平方、尾平方，首尾二倍放中央；首±尾括号带平方，尾项符号随中央。

因式分解：一提（公因式）二套（公式）三分组，细看几项不离谱，两项只用平方差，三项十字相乘法，阵法熟练不马虎，四项仔细看清

楚，若有三个平方数（项），就用一三来分组，否则二二去分组，五项、六项更多项，二三、三三试分组，以上若都行不通，拆项、添项看

清楚。

“代入”口决：挖去字母换上数（式），数字、字母都保留；换上分数或负数，给它带上小括弧，原括弧内出（现）括弧，逐级向下变括

弧（小—中—大）

单项式运算：加、减、乘、除、乘（开）方，三级运算分得清，系数进行同级（运）算，指数运算降级（进）行。

一元一次不等式解题的一般步骤：去分母、去括号，移项时候要变号，同类项、合并好，再把系数来除掉，两边除（以）负数时，不等号

改向别忘了。

一元一次不等式组的解集：大大取较大，小小取较小，小大，大小取中间，大小，小大无处找。

一元二次不等式、一元一次绝对值不等式的解集：大（鱼）于（吃）取两边，小（鱼）于（吃）取中间。

分式混合运算法则：分式四则运算，顺序乘除加减，乘除同级运算，除法符号须变（乘）；乘法进行化简，因式分解在先，分子分母相约

，然后再行运算；加减分母需同，分母化积关键；找出最简公分母，通分不是很难；变号必须两处，结果要求最简。

分式方程的解法步骤：同乘最简公分母，化成整式写清楚，求得解后须验根，原（根）留、增（根）舍别含糊。

最简根式的条件：最简根式三条件，号内不把分母含，幂指（数）根指（数）要互质，幂指比根指小一点。

特殊点坐标特征：坐标平面点（x，y），横在前来纵在后；（+，+），（-，+），（-，-）资料

和（+，-），四个象限分前后；X轴上y为0，x

为0在Y轴。

象限角的平分线：象限角的平分线，坐标特征有特点，一、三横纵都相等，二、四横纵确相反。

平行某轴的直线：平行某轴的直线，点的坐标有讲究，直线平行X轴，纵坐标相等横不同；直线平行于Y轴，点的横坐标仍照旧。

对称点坐标：对称点坐标要记牢，相反数位置莫混淆，X轴对称y相反， Y轴对称，x前面添负号； 原点对称最好记，横纵坐标变符号。

自变量的取值范围：分式分母不为零，偶次根下负不行；零次幂底数不为零，整式、奇次根全能行。

函数图像的移动规律：

若把一次函数解析式写成y=k（x+0）+b、二次函数的解析式写成y=a（x+h）2+k的形式，则用下面的口诀“左右平移在括号，上下平移在末

稍，左正右负须牢记，上正下负错不了”。

一次函数图像与性质口诀：一次函数是直线，图像经过仨象限；正比例函数更简单，经过原点一直线；两个系数k与b，作用之大莫小看，k

是斜率定夹角，b与Y轴来相见，k为正来右上斜，x增减y增减；k为负来左下展，变化规律正相反；k的绝对值越大，线离横轴就越远。

二次函数图像与性质口诀：二次函数抛物线，图象对称是关键；开口、顶点和交点，它们确定图象现；开口、大小由a断，c与Y轴来相见，

b的符号较特别，符号与a相关联；顶点位置先找见，Y轴作为参考线，左同右异中为0，牢记心中莫混乱；顶点坐标最重要，一般式配方它就

现，横标即为对称轴，纵标函数最值见。若求对称轴位置，符号反，一般、顶点、交点式，不同表达能互换。

反比例函数图像与性质口诀：反比例函数有特点，双曲线相背离的远；k为正，图在一、三（象）限，k为负，图在二、四（象）限；图在

一、三函数减，两个分支分别减。图在二、四正相反，两个分支分别添；线越长越近轴，永远与轴不沾边。

资料

巧记三角函数定义：初中所学的三角函数有正弦、余弦、正切、余切，它们实际是三角形边的比值，可以把两个字用／隔开，再用下面的

一句话记定义：一位不高明的厨子教徒弟杀鱼，说了这么一句话：正对鱼磷（余邻）直刀切。正：正弦或正切，对：对边即正是对；余：余

弦或余弦，邻：邻边即余是邻；切是直角边。

三角函数的增减性：正增余减特殊三角函数值记忆：首先记住30度、45度、60度的正弦值、余弦值的分母都是2、正切、余切的分母都是3

，分子记口诀“123，321，三九二十七”既可。

数字巧记： =1.414（意思意思而已） =1.7321（三人一起商量） =2.236（吾量量山路） =2.449（粮食是酒） =2.645（二流是我）

=2.828（二爸二爸） =3.16（山药，六两）

平行四边形的判定：要证平行四边形，两个条件才能行，一证对边都相等，或证对边都平行，一组对边也可以，必须相等且平行。对角线

，是个宝，互相平分“跑不了”，对角相等也有用，“两组对角”才能成。

梯形问题的辅助线：移动梯形对角线，两腰之和成一线；平行移动一条腰，两腰同在“△”现；延长两腰交一点，“△”中有平行线；作

出梯形两高线，矩形显示在眼前；已知腰上一中线，莫忘作出中位线。

添加辅助线歌：辅助线，怎么添？找出规律是关键，题中若有角（平）分线，可向两边作垂线；线段垂直平分线，引向两端把线连，三角

形边两中点，连接则成中位线；三角形中有中线，延长中线翻一番。

圆的证明歌：圆的证明不算难，常把半径直径连；有弦可作弦心距，它定垂直平分弦；直径是圆最大弦，直圆周角立上边，它若垂直平分

弦，垂径、射影响耳边；还有与圆有关角，勿忘相互有关联，圆周、圆心、弦切角，细找关系把线连。同弧圆周角相等，证题用它最多见，

圆中若有弦切角，夹弧找到就好办；圆有内接四边形，对角互补记心间，外角等于内对角，四边形定内接圆；直角相对或共弦，试试加个辅

助圆；若是证题打转转，四点共圆可解难；要想证明圆切线，垂直半径过外端，直线与圆有共点，证垂直来半径连，直线与圆未给点，需证

资料

半径作垂线；四边形有内切圆，对边和等是条件；如果遇到圆与圆，弄清位置很关键，两圆相切作公切，两圆相交连公弦。

圆中比例线段：遇等积，改等比，横找竖找定相似；不相似，别生气，等线等比来代替，遇等比，改等积，引用射影和圆幂，平行线，转

比例，两端各自找联系。

正多边形诀窍歌：份相等分割圆，n值必须大于三，依次连接各分点，内接正n边形在眼前。

经过分点做切线，切线相交n个点。n个交点做顶点，外切正n边形便出现。正n边形很美观，它有内接，外切圆，内接、外切都唯一，两圆

还是同心圆，它的图形轴对称，n条对称轴都过圆心点，如果n值为偶数，中心对称很方便。正n边形做计算，边心距、半径是关键，内切、外

接圆半径，边心距、半径分别换，分成直角三角形2n个整，依此计算便简单。

函数学习口决：正比例函数是直线，图象一定过圆点，k的正负是关键，决定直线的象限，负k经过二四限，x增大y在减，上下平移k不变，

由引得到一次线，向上加b向下减，图象经过三个限，两点决定一条线，选定系数是关键。

反比例函数双曲线，待定只需一个点，正k落在一三限，x增大y在减，图象上面任意点，矩形面积都不变，对称轴是角分线x、y的顺序可交

换。

二次函数抛物线，选定需要三个点，a的正负开口判，c的大小y轴看，△的符号最简便，x轴上数 交点，b的食物中毒结全算，a、b同号轴

左边抛物线平移a不变，顶点牵着图象转，三种形式可变换，配方法作用最关键。

英语解题技巧合集

高考英语，很多考生都会在短文改错、七选五和完形填空中扣分，为了让同学们尽量避免扣分，今天我们总结了这三种题型全面的解题

技巧和方法。

短文改错

增强语感，宏观把握

短文改错是一种综合技能，主要在于检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误以及在语篇中综合运用英语知识准确性的能力。

资料

短文改错与书面表达一样，最能反映一个人的语言功底。考生在该题上失分最厉害，因为此题而影响英语总成绩的占大多数。

一短文改错的复习重点

1、考生必须熟悉设错方式：多词、少词、错词。

⑴ 多词现象大多出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。

⑵ 少词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、副词、助动词、不定式符号to、连词等。

⑶ 错词现象主要在冠词、介词、名词单复数、动词时态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、代词、连词、词形。

2、考生平时应加强基本功训练，用一个“错题集”本把自己或同学在书面表达中出现的错误归纳一下，以便考前复习。

二对全文的宏观把握

学生应把改错内容当作一篇小短文来理解，这样能对短文有个宏观把握，对上下文有全面的了解。

在理解篇章的基础上逐句审读，分析判断，上下兼顾，把明显的、拿的准的题先做完，这样可以缩小包围圈，也有助于对全文的进一步理解

英语答题技巧

。

三从语法角度审查

1、查看时态是否一致。

My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our football team. 全文都是用的一般现在时，此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符

，应改为am。

2、查看主谓是否一致。

Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. cost应改为costs，因其主语是it(为形式主语)，且上下文均为一般现

在时。

3、查指代是否一致。

The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.句中的主语the Smiths表的是Smith一家人，因此指示代词his应改为their。

4、查平行结构是否平行一致。

由and, or, but, , ., , as well

as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结

构。

It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their

home. 句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不

平行，应改为drive。

5、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致。

We study quite a few subject, such as Maths, quite a few 只能修饰复数资料

名词，故subject应改为subjects。

6、查行文逻辑是否一致。

Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are

ill.根据行文逻辑，这里不应该由since来引导

原因状语从句，而应该是when / whenever或if来引导时间或条件状语从句。

四十大常见错误

短文改错是有一定的规律可循的，纵观近几年的高考试题及我们平常的模拟考试，可以发现短文改错主要有以下十大错误：

1、形容词与副词的误用。

如exciting与excited，hard与hardly，possible与possibly，here与there等，以及形容词与副词的比较级与最高级。

2、名词的单复数误用。

如在several，many，various，different，a few，one of等之后，常用名词的复数，在every与each之后常用单数。

3、代词的误用。

如you与your，it’s与its，it与they或them，one与ones，宾格(如me)与反身代词(如myself)等的误用。

4、介词的误用、缺少或多余。

常见的如in 与on，to与for，instead与instead of，because与because of等的误用。

5、时态的错误。

看一篇文章，要有一种大局观，要上前下挂，看看上下文的时态是否一致。

6、连词的误用。

如or与and的误用，and与but的误用，so与but的误用，because或since与so连用，though与but连用等。

7、第三人称单数后的动词形式。

8、一些固定结构的误用。

如so...that被误用作hat，被误用，as...as被误作so...as等。

9、定语从句中关系词的误用。

10、 一些常用词的误用。

如what与how，except与besides，any与some以及它们的合成词如anything与something，anywhere与somewhere等混淆不清。

五验证答案

改完后，要回过头来重读一遍全文，查看改过后是否能使语气通顺，时态一致，合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力

，仔细推敲，使答案更加准确。

六要多读多背，增强语感

在平常的学习中一定要注重语感的培养，英语学习的根本任务是学习语言，而学习语言的根本在于学习和习得语感。语感一旦形成，就为英

语学习打下了良好的基础。

语言是学出来的，所以要学好语言，一定要多读多背，尤其是背，它是语言习得最重要的途资料

径之一。

背诵是我国语文学习的传统方法，用在外语教学中，同样适用。丰子恺先生学习英语一年，就能看英语长篇小说并翻译，他的学习方法就是

背文章。许国璋先生的英语根基同样始于启蒙时期的朗读与背诵。

另外，读与背是一种语言输入，输入越多，输出也就越容易。所以，读与背对于语言习得是非常重要的，要学好英语，就必须抓好背这一关

。许国璋先生就曾说过：“听得懂、写得好、背得熟就是学到英语了”。

读得多，背得多了，语感自然就会增强，语感好了，做起短文改错来就会得心应手，因为文章中有错误的地方，读起来往往是不通的。

总之，学习外语是要下功夫的，要提高短文改错能力也一样在平常的学习中首先要多读多背，增强语感，然后多加训练，在多练的前提下，

要勤思考，多总结，这样才能提高学习效率。

正如孔子所言：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”要勤学多思，道理就在于此。

七选五

把握整体，贯穿逻辑

一题型概述

高考阅读理解信息匹配的7选5题型，主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。

从题型和内容我们可以看出，选项可分为：

a.主旨概括句（文章整体内容）

b.过渡性句子（文章结构）

c.注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。

其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，

注释性句子与上文脱节等。

二题型分析

分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键。

分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。

语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更

大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。

构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词，逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的

连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非

资料

常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。

如下以 2009 年高考英语辽宁卷为样题进行分析: 第二节（共 5 小题:每小题 2 分, 满分

10 分）根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能

填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student

in several ways71Second,your notes

are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third,

note-taking offers variety to your study time

and helps you to hold your interest.

You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook

or doing research for a

report.72Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a

selective process.73

The following methods may work best for you.

●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.

●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting

facts.

● Write your notes in your own words.

●74

● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.

As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be

sure that you understand

your symbols and that you use them all the time.75

A. Use words, not complete sentences.

B. There are three practical note-taking methods.

C. You must write your notes on separate paper.

D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.

E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to

understand and remember it.

答案：GEFAD

分析：这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次，每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位，各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心

话题，形成了文章的线性结构。

第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧，第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记，都要有选择性的做记录，第三段

资料

讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法，第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号，这就形成了文章的层次结构，这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向

。

三解题思路

1、理清句际间的关系

文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各

句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。

构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。

因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。

2、找出句子之间的连接性的词语

文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之

间、层与层之间的基本关系有：

承接关系（如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等）

平列关系（如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next,

then…; in the first place, in the second

place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等）。如文中的选项 71，由 Second、Third 得知应选表示

平列关系的句子 G.项。

转折关系（如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of,

at any rate, in any case,

whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by

comparison, conversely, otherwise 等）。比如

选项 75，与前句构成了转折关系，故应选 D 项答案。

层递关系（如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition,

what’s more, too, either, neither,not

…but…, not only…but also 等）。如 72 选项，与前句组合为层递关系，故应选包含 also

的 E.项句子。

解释关系，如 73 选项应选 F.选项，与 74 选项平等的，是一组祈示句，而非陈述句，故应选 A.项而非 B项。

四实施步骤

对一个语段或语篇的分析，可以按以下步骤进行：

因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要

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指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。

首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作

主题有了整体的了解。

如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落

寻找主题句，但要注意，首段与末段的提示作用。

2、详读段落在短时间内，找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。

文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开，对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词

，明确其描述内容，为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。

3、定位选项明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中，填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句

子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。

在定位选项时，要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。

将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还

是衔接上都能做到通顺。

4、通读复检将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。

在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一

致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。

同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔

细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。

要特别注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择，否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力，动了脑筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。

5、确定排除研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。

完形填空

整体着眼，上下关联

一题型概述

完形填空(Cloze)又称综合填空，其命题原理是格式塔心理学。

格式塔心理学强调整体感知和对文章从语义上的整体把握。一篇完形填空测试考生的重点和资料

考查初衷，这与短文的空格设计密切相关。

如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等，则空格为功能性空格;如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词，则空格为语义空格。

从近几年的高考试题看，完形填空以语义空格为主，语法部分的内容已经弱化为对词法的考查。

完形填空的空格分为四种类型：词内项、词间项、句内项、句间项, 难度是逐渐上升的。在十五道题中，平均的数量比例是2：3：5：5。

二近年高考完形填空题的命题趋势和新题动向

《高考考纲》要求完形填空题篇幅为一段约200-250单词的文章，不过自1998年起高考完形填空在词数上(1998年294词)都超过260个单词；

2002年高考完形填空题词数为274词，答题时间由原来的18分钟减少为15分钟，这在阅读难度及速度上都对考生提出了更高的要求。

2、生词量有增无减。

2000年以前的高考完形填空题中除人名、地名和部分注释词外，基本上没有生词；

但从 2001年开始出现大量不含汉语注释的生词，如在2001年高考完形中出现的生词：link,

Mount Everest, Abominable Snowman,

occasion, adventure, footprint, prehistory, track等词;

在2002年高考完形中的生词更是令考生料想不到的，不到300词的文章中竟多达10个生词，如：intelligence, auto-repair, counter,

hammer(用锤子敲打)，goddamned, uneasy, sb.(愚弄，戏耍某人)，creature等词或词组。

这些生词的出现影响了阅读的速度，使学生出现理解偏差或理解困难，从而降低了答题正确率。

3、长句增多，句式灵活，结构复杂。

近几年高考完形材料在句子上突出了对行文逻辑及理解能力方面的考查，在选材上主要表现为长句、复合句增多、句子结构复杂(定语从句、

状语从句、插入语等)、句式丰富多样(陈述句、祈使句、省略句、疑问句、感叹句等)，极大地增加了阅读难度，限制了学生的理解程度。如

：

The native people said they 38 this creature and called it the"Yeti",and they said

that they had 39 caught Yetis on two

occasions 40 none has ever been produced as evidence. (NMET2001)

I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have

scored more than 80. (NMET2002)

这就要求考生要善于剖析句子结构，捕捉隐含信息，否则难以正确理解文章内容，进而影响答题正确率。

4、题目设置上单纯语法考查减少，上下文联系考查力度加大，并且以同义词、相似词为典型的迷惑选项增多。

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近几年《考纲》明确要求加强对考生应用能力的考查，在应用中测试考生运用英语基础知识的能力，这一点在近几年高考完形填空中得到了

淋漓尽致的体现。

具体体现在文章在题目设置上相似项增多，迷惑选项较强，考生必须通过寻找上下文隐含信息，感受语境，采用直接和排除等技巧才能找出

符合题意的最佳选项。

5、完形填空的第一句都是完整的句子，并且每篇文章都有一个主题。

如果学生能在考试中把握到高考完形填空的这一特点，就能够对文章有初步的了解，树立全局意识，并且对于梳理上下文脉络，抓住文章的

主旨也大有裨益。

三完形填空题的解题方法和高分策略

1、语义优先于语法原则

由于文章的开头部分一般不设空格,而是对所选短文的题材和可能涉及的内容作简单的介绍或提示,并且单纯的语法题几乎从该题型中消失。

如果一味按照语法规则来选择答案，就陷入了答题误区,因为几乎每一题的四个选项都符合语法规则;理解文章的大意并结合语言结构对每个

空格作出正确的判断，方为上策。

2、词内选项句内找原则

从近几年的高考原题来看，近义词或词组的辨析正成为考试的热点。四个选择项要么都是词义相近的名词单数或复数，要么都是近义动词的

同一时态等，只能根据上下文的语境作出正确的选择。

如果提供的四个选择项词义相差悬殊，则上文或下文肯定有答题提示，有时第一个空格要读完全文才能回答。

以2003年高考上海卷第一篇完形填空为例,短文开头提到农民们生活艰难,正寻求新的赚钱方式，随后就说“除了种植新品种的谷物外，还有

一些赚钱方法，其中最不同寻常的就是赛羊了。”

该考题为空格提供了四个选项，都是形容词性，A项是“共同的，普遍的”;C项是“灵活的”;D项是“非法的”。只有B项“奇特的”符合上

下文的语境。农民不是靠种植谷物而靠赛羊来赚钱前所未闻，当然是奇特赚钱方法了。本题当属句间项考题。

3、四遍法原则

考生正确的答题步骤应该是：

首先跳过空格通读全文，了解短文的大意及文章的体裁，同时将一眼就看出答案的几道题答出；

第二遍是答题的关键，考生应一个个地去推敲，切忌按题号顺序答题，不能确定的先跳过去，先易后难是答题原则；

第三遍是通篇考虑，把一些上下文联系很强，甚至牵涉到段与段之间逻辑关系的困难空缺填资料

好；

第四遍是检查，做完后再通读一遍全文，从整体把握文章的意思，修正与全文不相称的选项。

四平时的练习方法和提高途径

良好的完形填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底，有人说，“得阅读者得天下”。完形填空也不例外。

培养自己良好的阅读习惯应做到：

1、要以意群，语义为单位读，不要逐词逐句地认；

2、要借助视觉扫读，不要手指唇动或无声心读；

3、要从头至尾，一气呵成，不要频繁回读；

4、要直接理解原文，不要逐词逐句地心译；

5、要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词，推测出句意，不要频繁查阅词典；

6、逐步扩大视距，要纵式快速阅读，不要横式赏析细读。

高三学生的训练量应保持在一个星期6篇题目，每次完成三篇，时间控制在每篇14分钟之内。

做题之后注意总结和彻底查清单词的辨义，同时辅以必要的语法书作查缺补漏之用。完形填空题型只要经过科学的训练，相信同学们会得到长足的进步。

最后祝福大家考试成功！

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