雷达的发展论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

雷达的发展论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

At the beginning of the 20th century。XXX。XXX for the

development of radar。However。it was not until before and after

World War II that XXX objects。In United

XXX and used it to measure the height of objects。The US Navy

also discovered continuous wave radar in could be

used on ships.

During World War II。XXX ns。It was used to detect enemy

planes and ships。XXX。After the war。XXX such as air traffic

control and XXX.

In the 1950s and 1960s。the development of XXX imaging

of objects。and were used in XXX.

Today。XXX。radar will XXX industries.

In the early 1930s。XXX system for aircraft with a range of

about 40 kilometers and a n of 457 meters in years later。the United Kingdom deployed a chain of early warning radar XXX.

Overall。the XXX role in the n of XXX off the ionosphere。which is a layer of ionized gas in the Earth's upper XXX.

However。the ionosphere is not always XXX disturbances in。wave n。which can XXX.

To mitigate these effects。XXX wave n and ce interference。These include frequency hopping。adaptive n。and antenna array

systems。XXX.

In n。the ionosphere is a critical component in the n and n of。waves。particularly in long-range XXX it XXX。XXX.

During World War II。the development of XXX。Before the

war。devices and XXX。Germany was the first to develop large

power three and four tube devices that increased the frequency to

500 MHz and above。This not only improved the n of radar search

and guided planes。but also improved the performance of anti-aircraft gun control radar。XXX。

In British invented a ground and airplane equipped

ron microwave radar with a power of 3000 MHz。This radar was

used by the Allied forces in air combat and air-sea ns。Later in the

war。the United States increased the frequency of the ron to 10

gigahertz。XXX.

Regarding fire control。the development of n automatic

tracking radar SCR-584 led to a significant increase in the hit。of

anti-aircraft guns。From the early war。where thousands of

rounds were XXX a plane。XXX dozens of hits could take down a

plane.

Late XXX。XXX high performance of the radar's coherent

signal for moving target n。power devices such as the forward

wave tube were developed。The advent of high-speed jets in the

50s and low-altitude n aircraft。long-range missiles。XXX

increase of radar performance。In the 60s and 70s。the n of

computers and large-scale digital integrated circuits greatly

improved radar performance while cing its volume and weight。The LeiDaXin system XXX display。single pulse angle measuring。XXX。In the 60s。solid phased array radar made its appearance。XXX 70s.

In China。the development of radar technology began in the

early 1950s。Since then。China has equipped its army with us

types of radar systems。including anti-aircraft two-coordinate and

three-coordinate alert-to-air missile guidance radar。guidance

radar for long-range missiles。initial d range measurement radar。and reentry d XXX。which are used not only in China but also in

other countries。

XXX military ns。China has also XXX。ocean-going ships

use radar for n and n avoidance。XXX has also developed

airborne synthetic aperture radar。which can produce large。XXX

Furthermore。China has XXX。as well as medium and

large-scale integrated circuits for digital n processing。These

advancements have XXX。China has XXX and its ns。XXX.

During World War II。XXX metal objects in the air to help

search for German aircraft。This led to the development of radar

technology。which was used for ground-to-air。air-to-ground

bombing。air-to-air n。and radar fire control。as well as IFF ns.

After the war。XXX with the development of new systems

such as single pulse angle tracking radar。pulse Doppler signal

processing。synthetic aperture and pulse n with high n。combined

IFF systems。and computer automatic fire control systems。Other

advancements included terrain avoidance and terrain following。passive or active phased array。frequency agility。and multi-target n and tracking.

Overall。XXX warfare.

XXX。XXX and research content。Today。detecting radar

involves more than just a radar detector。it also includes the n and

n of infrared light。let light。laser。XXX.

The XXX.

Automatic target XXX。It has e the XXX。XXX aircraft and

JSTARS.

XXX military purposes。radar has since found XXX。air

traffic control。and even medical imaging.

During World War II。XXX。XXX German aircraft。Radar

was used for ground-to-air。air-to-ground。bombing。air-to-air n。and fire control with an IFF n.

After the war。XXX with the development of new systems

such as single-pulse angle tracking radar。pulse Doppler signal

processing。synthetic aperture and pulse n with high n。and

combined XXX systems were combined with computer automatic

fire control。terrain avoidance and terrain following。XXX.

XXX。XXX。Today。radar is used in a variety of civilian

ns including weather forecasting。air traffic control。and medical

imaging。XXX.

XXX。the means of XXX。with the n and n of infrared light。let light。laser。and other optical n means。the capabilities of

modern radar have greatly increased.

XXX。while also being able to XXX integrated radar

systems。airborne early warning aircraft。and JSTARS。In fact。XXX n has e the XXX n control center。and is XXX.

Radar is similar to the eyes and ears in their role of gathering

n。but it is no longer a natural masterpiece。Instead。it XXX: ic

wave n in a vacuum with a speed of light C。The difference XXX。and the XXX wave and sends it to the receiving equipment for

processing。extracting n about the target object such as its range。range rate or XXX。and range.

To measure the distance of a target。the actual transmitted

pulse and the echo XXX at the speed of light。accurate distance

XXX based on this time difference.

XXX measurement of target azimuth XXX measurements。the target height can be calculated.

The measurement of speed radar is based on the target

frequency een itself and the XXX difference een the radar target

echo frequency and the radar received transmitting frequency is

called the Doppler frequency。By extracting the Doppler

frequency。the rate of change of distance een the radar and target

can be determined。However。when the same space target and

clutter are present in the radar n cell。the Doppler frequency can

be interfered with by the different XXX

Note: XXX.

XXX-range targets day or night。XXX。clouds。or rain。It

is an all-weather。all-time XXX result。it has XXX widely used

in economic and social development。including weather

forecasting。resource n。environmental monitoring。and

scientific research such as astrophysics。atmospheric physics。and XXX aperture radar。both airborne and spaceborne。has

XXX sensing。It can detect the exact shape of the ground with a

spatial n ranging from a few meters to tens of meters。independent

of distance。Radar shows great potential in flood monitoring。sea

ice monitoring。XXX。XXX。XXX.

Overall。XXX。its potential for economic and social

development。such as XXX。shows XXX。XXX advance。radar will XXX.

XXX of 23cm。This band is defined as the L band (Long

prefix in English)。with a center wavelength of 22cm。When

using XXX of 10cm。the band is defined as the S band (Short

prefix in English)。indicating that the XXX than the original.

In fire control radar。XXX is known as the X band。as X

XXX。

XXX of the X band and S band。radar with a center

wavelength of 5cm gradually emerged。and the band was named

the C band (Compromise。with a prefix in English meaning

"with")。

XXX。independent radar development began。with the

XXX of 1.5cm for their radar。The XXX are called the K band

(Kurz in German。meaning "short" as a prefix).

度，也增强了其抗干扰能力。同时，盟军也在不断改进雷达技术，例如英国的H2S雷达和美国的SCR-584雷达，在战争中发挥了重要作用。

然而，雷达技术的发展并没有停止。随着计算机技术的进步，雷达系统的处理能力和数据处理能力也得到了大幅提升。现代雷达系统不仅能够提供高精度的目标跟踪和识别能力，还具备强大的抗干扰和隐身探测能力。此外，雷达技术也被广泛应用于气象、海洋、地质勘探等领域，成为了一种重要的探测和监测手段。

值得一提的是，雷达技术在不断向着微波和毫米波频段发展，以应对越来越复杂的战场环境和隐身技术。然而，雷达技术的发展也面临着一些挑战，例如天气干扰、隐身技术等。因此，未来的雷达技术需要不断创新和改进，以应对不断变化的战争和非战争环境。

在20世纪40年代后期，动目标显示技术的出现使得雷达能够在复杂的杂波环境下侦测目标。为了实现高性能的动目标显示雷达，功率、高频前向波管等器件得到了研制。50年代，高速喷气式飞机的出现推动了雷达性能的进一步提高。60年

代又出现了低空突防飞机、中远程和军用卫星，这些都促进了雷达技术的快速发展。电子计算机、微处理器、大规模数字集成电路等新技术的应用，不仅提高了雷达的性能，还使其体积和重量减小，可靠性增强。

中国的雷达技术在50年代初才开始发展，但现在已经装备了军队。中国研制的雷达包括防空用的二坐标和三坐标警戒引导雷达、地-空制导雷达、远程初始段靶场测量雷达和再入段靶场测量与回收雷达。大型雷达还用于观测中国和其他国家发射的人造卫星。在民用方面，雷达已广泛应用于远洋轮船的导航和防撞、飞机场的航行管制以及气象预报等领域。中国研制的机载合成孔径雷达已能够获得大面积清晰的测绘地图。新一代雷达采用计算机或微处理器，并应用了中、大规模集成电路的数字式信息处理技术，频率已扩展至毫米波段。

雷达技术的出现源于二战期间英国和德国的交战。当时，英国急需一种能够探测空中金属物体的技术来帮助搜寻德国飞机。雷达技术在二战期间得到了广泛应用，包括地对空、空对地（搜索）轰炸、XXX（截击）火控和敌我识别等功能。

二战以后，雷达技术不断发展，出现了单脉冲角度跟踪、脉冲多普勒信号处理、合成孔径和脉冲压缩的高分辨率、结合敌我识别的组合系统、结合计算机的自动火控系统、地形回避和地形跟随、无源或有源的相位阵列、频率捷变、多目标探测与跟踪等新的雷达体制。

雷达技术的发展不断拓展其内涵和研究内容。如今，雷达的探测手段已经不再局限于雷达本身，而是与红外光、紫外光、激光和其他光学探测手段相互融合，共同发挥作用。

当代雷达的多功能能力使得战场指挥员可以在各种搜索/跟踪模式下对目标进行扫描，并对干扰误差进行自动修正。大多数的控制功能都是在系统内部完成的，这使得雷达成为了未来战场上的信息指挥中心。

自动目标识别技术可以使武器系统最大限度地发挥作用。空中预警机和JSTARS等综合雷达系统具有战场敌我识别能力，已经成为了未来战场上不可或缺的信息指挥中心。

雷达的起源可以追溯到二战期间。当时，英国急需一种能探测空中金属物体的雷达技术，以帮助搜寻德国飞机。二战期

间，雷达技术已经发展出了地对空、空对地（搜索）轰炸、XXX（截击）火控、敌我识别等功能。

二战以后，雷达技术不断发展，出现了单脉冲角度跟踪、脉冲多普勒信号处理、合成孔径和脉冲压缩的高分辨率、结合敌我识别的组合系统、结合计算机的自动火控系统、地形回避和地形跟随、无源或有源的相位阵列、频率捷变、多目标探测与跟踪等新的雷达体制。

雷达的原理类似于人类的眼睛和耳朵，但信息载体是无线电波。无论是可见光还是无线电波，本质上都是电磁波，在真空中传播的速度都是光速C。雷达设备的发射机通过天线向某一方向射出电磁波能量，物体反射碰到的电磁波被雷达天线接收，送至接收设备进行处理，提取有关该物体的某些信息，如目标物体至雷达的距离、距离变化率或径向速度、方位、高度等。

测量距离的方法是通过测量发射脉冲与回波脉冲之间的时间差来实现的。由于电磁波以光速传播，因此可以根据时间差来计算目标的精确距离。

测量目标方位的方法是利用天线的尖锐方位波束来进行测量。同时，可以利用仰角波束来测量目标的仰角，根据仰角和距离可以计算出目标的高度。

测量速度的方法是利用多普勒效应原理。当雷达与目标之间存在相对运动时，雷达接收到的目标回波频率会与雷达发射频率不同，两者的差值称为多普勒频率。从多普勒频率中可以提取出雷达与目标之间的距离变化率等信息。

雷达具有全天候、全天时的特点，能够探测远距离目标，不受雾、云和雨的影响，具有一定的穿透能力。因此，雷达不仅在军事上是必不可少的电子装备，还广泛应用于社会经济发展和科学研究中。

不同波长的电磁波在雷达中有不同的应用。最早使用的电磁波波长为23cm，被定义为L波段；后来使用波长为10cm的电磁波，被定义为S波段；在此基础上，出现了波长为5cm的雷达，被称为C波段。德国人选择波长为1.5cm的电磁波，被称为K波段。

不同波段的雷达在不同的应用领域中发挥着重要的作用，例如探测地面形状、洪水监测、海冰监测、土壤湿度调查、森林资源清查、地质调查等。