教育硕士英语翻译

Unit 1 Text1 What’s the Big Idea?

Nokia sponsors a wide range of educational, cultural and other activities. One of the most unusual

activities was the sponsoring of “Future Histories”, a collection of stories by prominent writers of

science fiction .Why should a telecommunications company become involved with literature? It could

be called “research”.

诺基亚公司举办了一系列有关教育文化的的意义活动。其中最不寻常的一项活动是举办“未来的历史”，由科幻小说作家们收集的小说故事系列。为什么一个通讯公司变得与文学有牵涉，它就是所谓的“科学研究”。

Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as

dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts.

Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the

heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real

when it is imagined or when it is physically created?

科学和文学传统上就相互敌对。文学作家认为：科学家们是一群愚蠢的生物，他们总是破坏人类伟大的想象取乐。科学家则认为：文人作家们是轻浮的，没有尊循事实依据，两者相猜疑的中心交点在于：到底是谁拥有真理事实，是先有想像后来成成真呢？还是实际设计出变成真的？

Science fiction is the one area where these tow opposing groups have met and exchanged ideas . As

its name suggests, science fiction is literature which predicts the technology of the future and the effect

this will have on human society .Over the years many of their speculations have been remarkably

accurate. Space travel, communications satellites, nuclear power, robotics, cloning and mobile

telephony have all appeared in books before they appeared in reality.

科幻小说是两大对立集团相互邂逅并交流思想的公共领域。顾名思义，科学小学是预测未来科技和如何影响人类社会的文学作品。近年来，许多想象推测早己变成了现实，如太空旅行，通讯卫星，原子核能，机器人，克隆技术和移动电话，它们都是先出现在作品中然后才变成现实的。

Yet sometimes the writers have got it wrong. Nobody predicted the emergence of personal

computers, for instance. And contact with alien beings from other planets still seems a long way off,

despite being a common subject of science fiction.

有时，科幻作家们也会搞错。从来没有人能预言个人电脑的出现，反之，尽管外星人早己成为科幻作品的描述对象，但到现在，与外星人的联系还有很长一段距离要走。

Over the years, the time between the prediction of new technology in science fiction and its actual

discovery has become shorter. It took 100years before the moon landings predicted by the French

writer Jules Verne actually took place. The idea of robots first emerged in the 1920s. The first robots

were built in the in the 1940s, predicted that communication satellites

would circle the globe by the year 2000. These arrived 30 years before they were due.

近年来，在科幻小说中新技术的预言和它变为现实，两者之间的时间在缩短。法国科幻小说家儒勒•凡尔纳预言的人类登月，整整用了100年才变成现实。机器人的设想，再现在19世纪20年代，70年代就真正建成了。十九世纪小说家科拉克预言，到2000年才能实现卫星通讯，结果提前30年，这一设想就实现了。

Richard Dawkins, a British scientist, recently stated that scientific discovery revealed the beauty

and complexity of nature in a way that the human imagination could never do.

英国科学家，理查德•道克温斯最近声名：科学发现能够展示大自然的美和复杂性，相反人类的想像则做不到。

Yet this is not the end of the road for science fiction. Many of the developments it has predicted are

used for communication and we are now in what is called the “information age”. And the people who

have to do the work complain of “information overload”.

然而这并不是科幻小说的粉途末路，它所预言的很多发展正用信息交流，我们正在所谓的“信息时代”，西方国家超过三分之一的人口受聘于信息科技产业。世界上的领导人倡导“知识型社会”的建立。人们尽管抱怨“信息负担过重”但还必须从事这一行业。

In the middle of all this, there is a real need for people with vision. The future of business

communication depends on the ability to imagine new realities and then produce products and services

for them. In “Future Histories”, one story deals with an investor who constantly travels in search of

new opportunities in high technology. He backs a company which produces intelligent robots, capable

of learning new tasks from their environment. One day, he notices that the robots have stopped working.

Eventually, he realizes that they are asking themselves a question which has never occurred to him.

Why are we doing this? Writers in the information age have moved from predicting scientific

discoveries of the future. Now they speculate about the effect of the revolution of communication on

human society. In a world dominated by business and technology, there is still an important role to be

played by people who can answer the question – what’s the big idea?

在所有问题中，人们具有想像力是必须的。未来的商业交流主要依赖于把幻想变为现实的能力。能力具备了，才能生产出更多的产品和享有更多的服务，在“未来的历史”中，讲述了一个投资人的故事，他经常奔波于探寻高科技带来的新机遇。

他主办了一家公司，主要生产智能机器人，这种机器人能够根据它所处环境而学习处理各种任务。有一天，他发现，机器人停止工作了，最后，他才认识到：机器人们请教一个他以前从未发生过的问题。信息时代的作家们已不再预言未来的科学发现，我们该怎样应对这一问题呢？于是人们就着手开始估测交际变革对人类的影响，在商业和技术占统治地位的社会中，人们仍需要扮演的一个重要角色，那就是回答：“什么是最大的主意呢？”

P10英译汉

Science fiction is a literary genre developed in the 20th century in which the fiction writer addresses

how scientific discoveries, technological developments, and future events and societal changes affect

human beings. The description of these influences may be a careful and informed extrapolation of

scientific facts and principles. Or it may range into farfetched areas flatly contradictory of such facts

and principles.

科学幻想小说是20世纪发展起来的一种文学体裁，科幻小学作家在其作品中描述科学发现，技术进步以及未来的事件和社会变化如何影响人类，对这些影响的描写，可能是对科学事实和原理的一种细致而有根据的推断，或是描写与这些事实和原理完全矛盾的令人难以置信的一些领域。

P10汉译英

Science fiction was made possible only by the rise of modern science itself, notably the great

revolutions in astronomy and physics. Science fiction proper began toward the end of the 19thcentury

with the scientific romances of Jules Verne, whose science was rather on the level of invention.

由于现代科学的兴起，特别是天文学和物理学的巨大变革，科学幻想小说的出现才成为可能。真正的科幻小说始于19世纪末儒勒·凡尔纳的科学幻想浪漫故事，不过，凡尔纳的科学只是停留在发明的水平上。

Text2

Casinos in Space

It was early morning in late August when explosions interrupted the sleepy silence on Briney 1, third

planet from the Vegan solar suns. Simultaneously, disaster shattered the morning ling on Briney 2, the

second inhabitable planet in the Briney System and sister planet to Briney 1.

深秋的一天清早，在Briney1星球上，突然，爆炸声打破了深沉的寂静。这是Vegan太阳系和第三个行星。与此同时，灾难也在Briney2星球的晨光中爆发。这是Briney系统中的第2个适宜于人类居住的星球，也是Briney1的姊妹星。

Reports of the two events slowly seeped from the Briney System to Earth with news that thousands

of innocent tourists died without warning when two Hilton Hotel Resort towers toppled within minutes

on the sister planets. Over 3000 tourists had died as the morning suns rose to bathe the lands in warmth,

and panic spread throuthout the Briney System.

有关两件事的报道慢慢地从Briney星系向地球传播。有消息说，数千无辜者在没有任何预警情况下死去，当时两姊妹星系上的希尔顿旅游胜地在几秒内夷为平地，3000多旅客死于晨光沐浴的大地上，同时，恐慌迅速传遍整个Briney星系。

The year was 2022. Gambling had been outlawed on every continent of the Earth by the year 2010.

Except for those isolated areas where occasionally an illegally run casino would appear, the Earth was

virtually casino free. And it was a very risky business proposition for those illegal entrepreneurs,

because when caught, they would end up on the penal planet in the Andromeda system, for life. It was

the death of casinos on Earth.

这一年是2022年，早在2010年，除了有的地方偶然出现非法赌博，那里是自由的，地球各个大洲都已宣布赌博为非法。非法企业家运作这一行业带有很大的风险，如果一旦被抓，他们将终生结束正常生活，囚禁在Adnromeda系统，因而赌场在地球上寿终正寝。

At about the time the World Congress eliminated all on-planet casino gambling, anyone with money

and nerve could safely travel from the Earth to the one hundred or so known habitable planets. It was

the first privately owned resort starship, funded by the billionaire descendants of the casino owners of

Las Vegas, the once-glittering Earth city in the Nevada desert.

在世界委员会消除地球上的所有赌博后，有钱且胆量大的人们便乘坐飞船安全的飞离地球，到其他己知适宜人类居住的星球，几年前，仅仅是装备完善的军用飞船才能够快速在在星际旅行。仅仅几年后，第一艘非军事飞船叫做拉斯维加斯在规安装（根据美国著名赌城命名），拉斯维加斯，位于内华达沙漠腹地，曾是引人注目的赌城，那里的百万富翁大赌头的子孙们投资兴建了第一艘私人拥有的观光飞船。

All was not lost for gamblers who could afford a trip on the deep-space resort liner, the Las Vegas,

built for vacationing throughout the known habitable planets of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

并不是所有的赌徒都能够支付得起太空旅行航程，拉斯维加斯，穿过我们太阳系中几处己知的适宜人类居住的星球建起通天之路。

Actually, deep space travel had been possible since the year 2015. It was a group of Michigan

scientists who invented the technology for traveling to distant stars, light years from Earth, using the

TSTAR space drive to move an object many times beyond the speed of light. It was first named the

TSPACE drive, but had to be changed because of the highly classified nature of the drive’s technology.

Any hint at the drive’s Capability, beyond its current use, had to be protected for security reasons. By

the year 2019, with certain government restrictions and supervision ,it was possible to use the new

TSTAR drive, for private use, in the starship Las Vegas.

实际上，太空旅行早在2015年已经变成可能，一群密歇根科学家，他们发明了旅行科学技术，能够达地球外数光年的遥远星球，利用TSTR太空航天器，能够超光速若干倍的速度运送物体，它最初命名为TSPACE航天器，而且根据它高精度的分类属性进行改进。*******************************************，在政府的限制和监管下，星际飞船拉斯维加斯为私人应用才变成可能。

It was their first time on the Las Vegas for this group of six .Barry Cohen and Elena Romanoff knew

that it was going to be the ultimate in vacations: even better than their honeymoon in Hawaii. They

convinced two other couples to join them without much coaxing since the trip was complimentary, not

to mention that they would be able to gamble between star systems on the luxurious starship, the Las

Vegas.

这是拉斯维加斯号的首次6人飞行，巴里·克林和埃琳娜·罗蔓沃夫深知：他们将腾空而起，到达

一个遥远的地方，这要比他们在夏威夷的度蜜月更刺激。因为这次旅程免费，所以，他们没有费多少口舌便动员其他两夫妇参与，也没有提及，他们将乘坐最豪华的飞船——拉斯维加斯到星际间去赌博。

“Are you guys ready?” Barry asked as their jet liner prepared for final approach to the Cape

Canaveral airport, in Florida. “you know, we’re so close to Disney World , you may want to change

your mind.” He directed the remark to Paul Erickson, knowing that he might be able to stir him up a bit.

Paul was the nervous type.

在佛罗里达州开普卡那沃罗尔机场，为航天发射的最后准备中，巴里问道：“你们都准备好了吗？你们应知道，我们类似到迪斯尼世界，现在改变注意还来得及”。他直接对保罗·埃雷无森说，因为他知道，保罗是那种比较有激情、神经质的那种人。

“Now, Barry, I greed to go and I’m here, ”Paul said in his defense, moving his body forward to meet

Barry eye to eye. His head, within inches of Barry’s face, revealed an oval face marked by a square

chin, black curly hair, dark and bushy eyebrows, and a small nose just barely capable of supporting his

gold-rimmed eyeglasses.

“现在，我同意去，我不是在这儿吗？”保罗反击道：他移了一下身子同巴里二目相对。他的头同巴里的脸不到1英尺。保罗长着一张圆脸，方下颏，黑卷发，浓浓的眉毛，小鼻子上方架着一副金边眼镜。

“Just checking, Paul,” Barry said, then glancing over at Mark Simonson with a big grin. “Because

once we’re up in the Las Vegas, you won’t be able to change your mind.” Mark looked up and returned

the grin. His hair was light-brown and thinning, with some strand dangling over the top of his gold

wire-rimmed eyeglasses. As he smiled, he brushed his hair back where it belonged.

“那就好好检查一下吧，保罗”然后咧嘴笑着看了马克·西门森一眼，“因为我们一旦进入拉斯维加斯号，那时就不允许改变注意了！”马克看了，同样咧嘴笑了，马克的头发浅棕色，细长，许多缕垂在金边眼镜上方，当他微笑时，他习惯性把头发捋往身后。

“It’s what we have all decided on, ”Jane Erickson said, in Paul’s defense. “We’re going if we have to

be tied down and gagged.” Jane had long ,thick, black hair down to her shoulders and a hint of gray

streaks, which were noticeably visible at first glance.

“That’s the spirit,” Mark said.

“Come on guys, that’s enough,” Susan Simonson interjected. ”We are all going on this trip. It was

decided a while ago. So let’s stop razzing Paul. Please?”

“那是我们共同的决定”简·埃雷克森对保罗回击道，“我们要去，因而必须努力和保持缄默，”简一头秀发，密密地，后垂在肩，打着弯弯的卷儿，一眼看去，尤其引人注目。“那是我们的精神所在”马克补充说。 “好了，伙计们，够了！”苏珊·西蒙森打断话头，“我们要去远行，它难道是临时之计吗？不要再戏弄保罗了，好吗？

“I’m surprised at you, Barry,” Jane said. The passenger jet was almost at the gate and people were

readying their hand luggage for disembarking.” We’re all going, and we’re all going to have a great

time. Enough said”

“It was just a joke,” Barry said. “I’m sorry, Paul. Hope you weren’t offended? ”

“Don’t worry about it,” Paul returned. “I can take a joke or two, and I was not offended.” He looked a

bit hurt even though he hadn’t expressed it.

“我太惊喜了，巴里”简说，“旅行器引擎都已在发射塔前了，人们在为登机而准备随身携带的行李”。 “我们要动身了，我们将迎来一个难忘的时刻”埃诺说到。 “仅仅是个玩笑”巴里说：“对不起，保罗，请别当心”。 “不用担心”保罗回答说：“我也会开一两个笑话，我不会还击的”尽管他未再现出，但还是有点受到了伤害。

Barry quickly took notice of Paul and said, “No I insist on apologizing. I’m sorry, Paul.” Barry had

thick light-brown hair and a medium build. He seemed to be in a good mood most of the time, and

usually had a smile on his face or sometimes it was grin. That was a quality everyone liked about

Barry.

Just then, the flight attendant announced, “Passengers, the aircraft is at the gate and disembarking

will commence in a few minutes.”

巴里迅速看了保罗一眼说：“我真的向你道歉，我错了”。巴里一头浓浓的浅棕色头发，并且修剪得适中，多数时间，他心情很好，脸上常常挂着微笑，偶尔也咧嘴大笑，因而大家都与他相处友好。这时，飞船服务员宣布：“乘客们，飞行器己在发射仓，几分钟内就要起飞。”

“Great. We made it,” Barry said. “Hope you guys are ready?”

Everyone was quiet as they moved along on the walk way to an area where their luggage and a

limousine awaited them. In less than an hour, there would be no turning back, because they would be

leaving Earth behind.

“太好了，我们就等这一刻”巴里喊道：“希望伙计们都做好准备。” 每个人静静的沿着走廊把行李放下，一辆三排座豪华轿车正在等他们，不到一小时，他们将把地球远远抛在身后，不再回来。

Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management

Management is a complex process. Through management. managers coordinate the work of people

with other resources. More formally, management is defined as the process of effectively and

efficiently using an organization’s resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning,

organizing, leading, and controlling. Successful management requires an understanding of how a firm

operates. Managers must comprehend the individual components if a firm’s activities in order to

complete their tasks properly. For example, a manager must understand how the company’s

products--goods or services –are produced, financed, and distributed.

管理工作是项复杂的过程，通过管理，管理者可以使人的工作与其他资源协调一致。说的正式点，管理工作就定义成一项有效性和高效性地利用公司资源，通过制定计划，组织管理，领导监督和控制运作等功能，更好地实现公司目标。成功的管理工作要求管理者必须对公司运作有深刻的理解，为了更好地完成任务，管理者必须综合平衡个人的胜任能力和公司的产销活动。打个比方说，管理者必须了解这个公司的产品（货物或服务）是怎样生产，注入资金，怎样分配和销售的。

Effectiveness and efficiency are particularly crucial aspects of management. Effectiveness means

that the right things are done to provide a product of value. Efficiency indicates that resources are used

wisely and are not wasted. A successful company is one that is both effective and efficient.

高效性和有效性是管理工作尤为重要的两个方面，高效性意味着正确利用某物使之产值最大化，

有效性是指明智地利用某物，不能浪费，成功的公司同时具备有效的和高效的这两个属性。

An effective manager makes certain that employees work on tasks for which they are well trained

and competent. An efficient manager constantly monitors how resources are used in order to minimize

waste. The resources available to a manager are human, financial, physical, and informational.

Managerial success is determined principally by the degree to which mangers coordinate these

resources and then use them wisely to offer customers products they want. Achieving this type of

success in today’s complex and global business environment is challenging. In part ,mangers must

show employees how to welcome and adapt to constant change while helping them make extraordinary

contribution.

高效的管理者要确保雇员努力工作，接受良好培训，能够胜任工作任务，高效管理者经常监督：怎样利用资源，使浪费最小化。对管理者来说，有效资源是指人力资源；财政资源，物质财产资源和信息资源，管理是否成功，主要取决于管理者如何协调这些资源，明智运用资源，为顾客们提供他们所想要的产品。在现今日益复杂化和全球化的商业环境中，要做到成功管理是非常有挑战性的，有时，管理者有必要向雇员讲明，如何接受和适应经常变换的环境，使他们做出突出贡献。

Human resources. The one critical resource in all organizations is human resources. Human

resources are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives The

challenge to managers is to motivate each person to work as effectively and efficiently as possible.

Mangers must also make sure that human resources have the resources they need to be productive.

人力资源，它是所有公司中最为关键的一个资源，人力资源是指人们通过自身努力和管理者的管理工作达到相关目标。对管理者最大的挑战是激励每个人尽可能有效和高效地工作，管理者也必须确保每个人都具备他们进行生产所必备的其他资源。（也就是劳动者和劳动资料紧密结合）

Financial resources. Financial resources are the monetary resources required to support a firm’s

current and future activities .These resources are used to acquire and maintain the company’s human,

physical, and informational resources.

资金资源：资金资源是支撑一个公司的当前和未来生产活动的财力资源，它常常被用来满足和维持公司的人力、物产和信息资源。

For profit companies acquire financial resources through investments made by stockholders, funds

borrowed from banks and other financial institutions, and retained earnings. For governmental agencies,

financial resources are provided by a local, state, and /or federal government’s taxing authority.

Donations serve as the source of financial resources for charitable organizations. churches, and other

nonprofit firms.

为了利润，公司要求财力资源来支持，这些财力资金由股东投资、银行贷款、其他金融机构或自己的所挣所得构成。对于政府主办的机构公司来说，资金来源主要由地方、州或者是联邦政府的税收机关提供。捐献是慈善机构、教堂和其它非营利机构的主要资金来源。

Physical resources. A third type of resources which mangers use to accomplish objectives is known

as physical resources. These include raw materials, land, buildings, furniture and office equipment,

computers, machinery(including robots), and physical inventories. Clearly, physical resources are

important to a firm’s success. However, because a firm with adequate financial resources can buy the

best physical equipment, educated human resources may be more important than physical resources.

物产资源：管理者用于完成各种目标的第3个资源是物产资源，它包含原材料、土地、建筑物、家具和办公设施、计算机、机器（包括机器人）和各种货物库存。很明显，物产资源对一个公司的成功动作非常重要。当然，如果一个公司有足够的财力，可以购买最上乘的物品装备，雇用受过良好培训的人力资源，那要比物产资源更重要。

Informational resources. Informational resources are data that have been analyzed and converted into

forms that help managers make effective decisions. To be useful, informational resources must be

correct, timely, concise, and comprehensive. Examples of these resources include budgets, sales

forecasts, economic forecasts, analyses of in-house training programs, and a host of other documents

that help managers make decisions.

信息资源：信息资源是经过分析和转换的数据，它能帮助管理者进行有效决策。为了更实用，信息资源必须正确、及时、简要、广泛全面。信息资源的实例包括财政预算、市场预测，经济前景预测、公司内部培训计划分析，和其他的帮助管理者决策的文献材料。

In today’s complex global markets, the skillful use of informational resources is necessary for a

company’s success. Organizational resources are often closely related. For example, the effective and

efficient use of financial markets. Sophisticated computer systems may be needed to convert data into

useful information. Human resources can achieve maximum productivity only when they have access

to appropriate types of physical resources. The challenge to managers is to reorganize the overlap

among resources while valuing the importance of each.

在现今复杂化全球化的市场上，信息资源的有效利用对一个公司的成功是必须的，各种资源常常是密切相关的。例如，财力资源的有效和高效利用受人力资源对国际财经市场的理解的影响。复杂的计算机系统可以用作把数据转换成为有用的信息，只有当人力资源与物质资源的正确类型相

匹配时，才能实现产出最大化，对管理者的挑战就是评估各种资源的重要性时重新组合，去提重叠部分。

P23 英译汉

Managerial economics is the study of the application of economic principles of decision making in

business firms or in other management units. The basic concepts are derived mainly from

microeconomic theory, which studies the behavior of individual consumers, firms, and industries, but

new tools of analysis have been added. Statistical methods, for example, are becoming increasingly

important in estimating current and future demand for products.

管理经济学研究将经济学原理运用于企业公司或其他管理部门的决策之中。其基本概念主要来自在研究个人消费者，公司和待业的经济行为的微观经济学，但加进了新的分析方法。例如：各种统计方法在估计产品当前和今后的需求中己日渐重要。

P24汉译英

Good management is a vital element in achieving personal and social objectives. Good management

can create high quality and high productivity, minimize conflicts and maximize cooperation, all of

which lead to lead to an improving economy which lays an excellent foundation for personal

development and social progress.

好的管理是实现个人和社会目标的不可缺少的内容。好的管理可以创造高质量的工作和高生产率，可以把冲突减至最低程度和最大限度地促进合作，所有这引起会使经济不断改善，而这又为个人发展和社会进步打下很好的基础。

Text2 Culture and International Business

The success or failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise

their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the

individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common

factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if

a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying

technical expertise in a different culture.

国外公司的成功与否取决于它的员工能不能在新地方高效地发挥自己的聪明技巧，取决于在新的文化氛围中的两种能力：一是与工作有关系的工作能力，一是个人的工作责任心。有一个共同的因素经常导致国际商务的失败，那就是一个人在国内商务环境中取得了成功，那么他（她）同样地把这种工作技能运作于不同的文化。

Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an

inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or

professional incompetence. At home ,US businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of

knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed

information on values, attitudes, and buying preference of US consumers; middle-and upper-level

mangers are well versed in the intricacies of their organization’s culture; and labor negotiators must be

highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North American turn to

the international arena; they are often only willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow

workers with a dearth of information that at home would be unimaginable.

调查结果显示：海外商务公司失败的原因，并不是专业能力不胜任，而是对国外思维行为模式的不理解和不适应。在国内，美国商人用大量的知识来武装他们的雇员，消费者和商业背景。市场调研也提供了美国消费顾客的价值观、心态和购买倾向等许多详细的信息，中高水平的管理者非常精通他们错综复杂的企业文化，非常敏感劳资双方关系和激励谈判桌上的另一方伙伴。但是当北美商人们转向国际商业大舞台时，他们仅仅愿意关注顾客、雇员、和工作同事，对其他了解不多，这在国内是简直难以想像的。

The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when US

corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are

downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terms of money,

reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries,

they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally

effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.

有关国际商务的文件资料记载了一些美国公司在国际商务环境中运作的失败案例。这些公司有的显得很好笑，有些显得很尴尬，在这样或那样的某种程度上，他们的声誉和钱财损失惨重。举例来说，美国公司在其它国家外销产品时，他们常常这样臆测：这些市场营销策略或口号在克里夫兰非常有效，那么在世界上其他的地方也肯定同样奏效，当文化内容背景改变了，一系列问题也就出现了。

Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and

management, and it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time,

effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance…The world is changing

faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an

increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural

variable influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members

of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed

understanding.

由于对文化内容背景的不注意，导致了市场营销和管理方面的重大失误，也严重影响到国际商务会谈协商的成功，时间、努力，声誉甚至是合同都因为文化背景的缺乏而丢失。世界的变化要比我们预测快得多。假如美国商人要迎接日渐紧密的互相依存的世界带来的挑战，那么他们就需要很好的理解不同的文化如何影响国际商务企业。要想取得更好的理解，在不同的文化和国际商业界成员之间的健康和谈对话是很重要的一步。

Text 3 Is Information an Exception?

Information, the content of education, differs in some ways from other commodities produced and

distributed by markets. Some commentators are thus led to wonder if markets unaided by government

would ensure an adequate supply. We call this viewpoint education exceptionalism because it implies

education is an exception to the rules that apply to most other goods and services. Daniel Bell, for

example, has written, “Information is not a commodity, at least not in the way the term is used in

neoclassical economics or understood in industrial society. Industrial commodities are produced in

discrete, identifiable units, exchanged and sold, consumed and used up, like a loaf of bread or an

automobile. One buys the product from a seller and takes physical possession of it; the exchange is

governed by legal rules of contract. Information, or knowledge, even when it is sold, remains with the

producer. It is a collective good in that once it has been created, it is by its nature available to all.”

Bell goes on to remark that “it is a challenge for economic theory to design a socially optimal policy

of investment in knowledge (including how much money should be spent for basic research; what

allocations should be made for education, and for what fields; in what areas of health do we obtain ‘the

better returns'; and so on )and to determine how to ‘price' information and knowledge to users.”

The creators of new and valuable information respond to incentives, just as do the producers of more

tangible products. If the property rights of the producers of information are unprotected, less will be

produced and we would all be wores off. Moreover, the value of some kinds of information exists

largely, or entirely, in the fact that their owners buy the right to act on them or announce them first, as

in the case of patentable manufacturing processes and breaking news, In these cases, information is

indeed consumed the first time it is acquired or broadcast. It is worth far less to people who acquire or

rebroadcast it later.

How much information is bought and sold, rather than given away for free? The tip of the iceberg is

the information technology industry. Advances in computing and data transmission technologies have

made it possible to capture, store, manipulate, and transport unprecedented amounts of data at

unprecedented speeds. In 1999, software programs worth $157 billion were bought and sold in the

United States, and another $800 billion in hardware and services related to that software was purchased.

To this could be added some part of the $30 billion spent on research and development by the

pharmaceutical industry in 2001. Add biotech, engineering, much of law, management, and the

broadcasting industries, and you begin to see that many industries are turning information into discrete,

identifiable units, enabling it to be exchanged and sold with rights to its use governed by legal rules of

contract.

Not all information is exchanged in formal markets, and Bell addresses correctly the part that is not.

We benefit immensely from information we do not pay (at least not directly)to acquire Great literature

and music, for example, are public goods, in the way such goods are usually defined by economists.

Governments collect and process enormous quantities of data in the course of providing services (such

as national defense),regulating commercial activities, collecting taxes. And performing other functions.

That information is properly considered a public good, and as Bell says, deliberate decisions are

required about how much to invest , how to prioritize spending, and how to price it.

Because the quantity of information being produced is enormous and much of it is not destroyed

when it is consumed, we perceive it to be free. But even in many of these cases, economic

transactions—choices made in the face of scarcity—occur. We acquire new information through

experience, observation, or study, trading time, convenience, risk, and sometimes money for what we

gain. More common than pay-per-view television, for example, is free television, but viewers still pay a

price, measured in the time spent viewing commercials. For both pay-per-view and free television, the

viewer buys a television set and often a cable or satellite connection from competing producers, and

those producers compete with the producers of information delivered by newspaper, radio, magazines,

seminars, and so forth. Bell’s observations underscore why the production and distribution of

information are inherently economic activities. The production of information requires investment and

the organization of capital and human resources, all of which take place in capitalist institutions and in

competition with those seeking to reduce other goods and services. Because of its ubiquitous nature,

much information is distributed spontaneously without the formal trappings of exchange, but especially

valuable information is bought and sold under terms of agreements that, although often explicit are

sometimes implicit, Either kind if transaction takes place in markets, even though those markets may

not resemble those in which more common commodities are traded.

Unit 3 Text1 Enjoy the Great Outdoors

Few countries have such a varied and tempting outdoors as the USA. There is every kind of climate

except tropical; Arctic in Alaska, Mediterranean in southern California, temperate in the northwest and

northeast, subtropical in Florida, desert in Arizona and New Mexico. Death Valley, California, has the

most consistently high summer temperature in the world It sometimes persists at 132°F.

很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。除热带气候外，各种气候都具备。阿拉斯加的极地气候，加利福尼州北部的地中海式气候，东北部和西北部的温带气候，佛罗里达州的亚热带气候，亚里桑那州和新墨西哥州的沙漠气候。加利福尼亚的死亡之谷，在夏季始终保持着全世界的最高温度，有时高达132华氏度。

As for the landscape, it is enormously varied and spectacular. In the west there are the Rocky

Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, with their snow-capped peaks, and in the east the wild,

forest-covered Appalachians, whose highest summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is an abundance of

waterfall, gentle rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or vast like the Great Lakes, Lake Superior is

the largest freshwater lake in the world and the waves which break on its shores are like the waves of

the sea. In winter and in spring, campers, are tempted by the clear skies and dazzling multi-colored

rocks of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Even the bleak splendor of Death Valley attracts many

winter visitors.

至于山水，那可是多种多样，引人入胜，颇为壮观。西部有落基山脉和内华达山脉，那里白雪皑皑；在东部，有森林覆盖的阿拉巴契山脉，它的最高峰近7000英尺。这儿有丰富的瀑布群和涓涓小河，既有祥和宁静的小湖泊，也有像GREAT LAKES那样的大湖，这里有世界上最大的淡水湖—--苏必利尔湖。那里的波浪像大海波涛一样汹涌澎湃。冬春季节，亚里桑那、科罗拉多、和新墨西哥州和洁静滑雪和眼花缭乱的多彩岩石吸引了大批宿营人。

Everything worth seeing in the USA is accessible to campers, picnickers and vacationers. Freeways,

highways, unpaved secondary roads lead you to places from where you can push off into the wilderness.

Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost!

在美国最值得一瞧的是宿营人、野炊人和度假人的便利。高速路、高等公路、未铺油的二等公路四通八达，从你动身之处一直到野外。在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！

The unique contributions of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National

Parks and State Parks. They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are

also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of

trees .Wherever you go ,you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables and

benches, garbage cans and restrooms.

美国为野外活动爱好者们所作的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园，及州立公园，这些公园布局漂亮，体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地，这些营地，或隐匿在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里，几乎能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。

Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles, called campers. There are many

different kinds, from the extremely luxurious to the convertible pick-up truck. There are monster

campers with every imaginable luxury, from deep freezes and microwave ovens, to plush carpets and

color television sets. They can accommodate four people comfortably, and they do not necessarily

belong to rich people.

有很多美国人，不管老少，更愿自己开车野营。车型多种多样，有特别豪华奢侈的，也有可折叠的轻型皮卡，许多野营者豪华程度难以想像，深色的冰箱，微波炉，长绒地毯到彩电，可以很舒服给四个人提供宿膳。但这并不仅仅是富人的专利。

Some retired couples put a large part of their savings into these “homes on wheels” and spend half

the year roaming the country. It satisfies a craving for the great open spaces that some of them still

have in their advanced years, and it is at the same time a cheap way to live. If the price of gas goes up

any further, they will simply roam less far.

许多老夫妇把他们大部分积蓄花费在“车轮子上的家”，一年中的大半时间在国内游历，在他们的有生之年仍然心醉于渴望到开阔的地方，并且这也是一种省钱的生活方式，如果汽油价格上扬，他们就将减少游历。

Even the smallest camper cannot negotiate the steeper and more tortuous roads which lead far into

the wilderness. So the adventurous often strap bicycles or motorbikes to the front of their campers.

Then they are free to follow the smallest tracks up the mountains, across the deserts or into the forests.

即使是行装最简的野营者也不能够穿过陡峭险峻、蜿蜒曲折的通往野外的山间小路，这时野营者常常把他们的自行车或摩托车捆在野营地前面，然后一身轻松地穿过山间小路，穿过沙漠或森林。

Others travel the country in four-wheel-drive vehicles. They may carry with them canoes or rafts, in

which they travel down rivers controlled by the National Park Service. These rivers flow through

wildernesses. The adventures can camp on the riverbanks, but they are forbidden to go inland. They

cannot hunt, but they are allowed to fish. Some of these rivers twist and rush down narrow canyons, or

deep rocky valleys thick with forests. Rangers patrol the waters from time to time. But you travel the

rivers at your own risk.

还有其他借助于四驱车旅行全国的游历者，四驱车上装着独木舟或竹筏子，下水划船游历。这些小溪由国家公园服务处管理。通往野外，这些探险者可在小河边宿营，但禁止进入内陆腹地。不准打猎，可以钓鱼，许多小河蜿蜒曲折，水流湍急，从深谷中或从森林茂密的深壑中流出。有时，偶尔与护林员相遇，沿河顠游，自担风险。

Horseback riding is a favorite but more expensive sport, and there are dude ranches in Texas and

other border states where you can stay-at a price-and live the life of a cowboy or cowgirl. Other

outdoor adventures can be snowshoeing through the flat forests of Michigan, snow-mobiling anywhere,

skiing in the Rockies and in Alasks, surfing, water-skiing and hunting. And there are many other things

besides, that you can do in the American “great outdoors.”

骑马旅行是时兴但花费较贵的运动，在得克萨斯州有旅游大牧场。你可以停在与它边界毗连的地方（相当贵的）做一回牛仔们的生活。其他的户外探险运动，到密歇根密林，穿雪鞋旅行，在各州的雪上开车旅行，在洛基山脉和阿拉斯加的划雪，冲浪、划水、和狩猎。你可以做美国人“伟大的户外活动者”可作的许多的其他事情。

P39英译汉

The unique contribution of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National

Parks and State Parks, They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are

also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of

trees. Wherever you go, you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables,

benches, garbage cans and restrooms.

美国为野外活动爱好者们所做的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园及州立公园，这些公园布局漂亮，体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地。这些营地，或在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里几乎总能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。

P40 汉译英

Few countries have such a varied and tempting “Outdoors” as the USA. It has different kinds of

climate and a spectacular landscape. Freeways and highways lead you to any places where there are

things worth seeing Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles called “campers”.

Some retired couples put a large part of their saving into such “home on the wheels” and spend half of

the year roaming the country, enjoying the great outdoors.

很少国家能像美国这样有如此多样诱人的野外旅游资源。 美国气候多样，风景秀丽，公路四通八达，人们可以驱车前往任何值得观光的地方。许多美国人，无论老幼，都喜欢开野营车外出野营。有些老年退休夫妇将他们很大一部分的储蓄存款用来购买这种“车上家园”。他们每年花半年时间漫游美国，享受野外的绚丽风光。

Text 2 Bull Fighting

Bull fighting is not a sport. It is a tragedy, and it symbolizes the struggle between man and the beasts.

There are usually six bulls to a fight. A fight is called a corrida de toros. Fighting bulls are bred like

race horses, some of the oldest breeding establishments being several hundred years old. A good bull is

worth about $2000. They are bred for speed, strength and viciousness. In other words. A good fighting

bull is an absolutely incorrigible bad bull.

斗牛不仅仅是一项运动，它是一项策略。代表了人与兽之间的争斗。常常是一人对六牛，斗牛的勇士被称之为斗牛士。斗牛像赛马一样，经过训练，很多古老的斗牛训练基地已有几百年历史，一头上好的斗牛大约值2000美元，它们被用作进行速度、力量和难以驾驭的烈性训练。换句话说，一头上乘斗牛绝对不可能是任性蹩脚的病牛。

But fighting is an exceedingly dangerous occupation. In the sixteen fights I saw there were only

two in which no one was badly hurt. On the other hand it is very remunerative. A popular espada gets

$5000 for his afternoon’s work. An unpopular espada, though, may not get $500. Both run the same

risks. It is a good deal like Grand Opera for the really great matadors, except they run the chance of

being killed very time, they cannot hit high C.

但是，斗牛是一项极其危险的职业。在我看过的16场战斗中，仅仅有两例没有受到致命损伤。从另一个角度，斗牛业收入非常丰厚。一个受欢迎的斗牛士每个下午收入5000美元，不熟练的斗牛士，尽管冒着同样风险，收入却不到500美元。对伟大的斗牛士来说，它是一道像恢宏盛大的歌剧一样的大餐，除非机会不佳被牛踩死，否则的话他们会获C类高分。

No one at any time in the fight can approach the bull except directly from the front. That is where the

danger comes. There are also all sorts of complicated passes that must be done with the cape, each

requiring as much technique as a champion billiard player. And underneath it all is the necessity for

playing the old tragedy in the absolutely custom bound, law-laid-down way. It must all be done

gracefully, seemingly effortless and always with dignity. The worst criticism the Spaniards very make

of a bullfighter is that his work is “vulgar.”

在战斗中，除非直接站在斗牛前面，没有人能在任何时候靠近斗牛，在斗牛正前方，随时都有危险来临，用红斗蓬完成各种复杂的步骤，每次都像台球手冠军一样需要完美臻熟的技巧。在斗牛过程中，每一步都需要发挥纯熟的策略，严格按照约定俗成，放倒斗牛的规则方法。击败斗牛必须优雅美观，表面看来轻松容易，并且要显得雍容高贵。对斗牛士最挑剔的批评就是他的斗牛工作“粗野平庸”。

The tree absolute acts of the tragedy are first the entry of the bull when the picadors receive the shock

of his attacks and attempt to protect their horses with their lances. Then the horses go out and the

second act is the planting of the banderillos. This is one of the most interesting and difficult part but

among the easiest for a new bullfight fan to appreciate in technique. The banderillos are three-foot,

gaily colored darts with a small fish hook prong in the end. The man who is going to plant them walks

out into the arena alone with the bull. His lifts the bandrillos at arm’s length and points them toward the

bull. Then he calls “Toro! Toro!” The bull charges and the banderillero rises to his toes, bends in a

curve forward and just as the bull is about to hit him drops the darts into the bull’s hump just behind his

horns.

斗牛策略三部曲的第一步是斗牛的入场，这时，斗牛士助手扰动来自斗牛的进攻，并且用长矛保护好他们的所骑之马，然后，骑马斗牛士离场。第二步是短茅枪的植入，这是最刺激和最困难的一步，在这一步骤中，斗牛士粉丝们最易欣赏到斗牛技巧，植入的短茅是一个三足、尾部带有鱼钩的灰色标枪。这时斗牛人单独同斗牛在舞台中，他把短茅举起有一臂高，直指对面的斗牛。然后他高喊道：“斗牛，斗牛” ，当斗牛向他猛冲时，他抬起手把箭茅植入斗牛角后肉峰中。

They must go in evenly, one on each side. They must not be shoved, or thrown or stuck in from the

side. This is the first time the bull has been completely baffled, there is the prick of darts that he cannot

escape and there are no horses for him to charge into. But he charges the man again and again and each

time he gets a pair of the long banderillos that hang from his hump by their tiny barbs and flop like

porcupine quills.

斗牛士们必须走动均匀，每人在一边，他们必须不能让牛撞击，被摔倒或被牛角戮伤，这是斗牛第一次完全受挫，肩上带刺的短茅枪摆脱不掉，并且没有骑马斗牛士被袭击，因而它一次又一次向斗牛士猛冲，但每冲一次，它都被一副带刺的短茅钩在肉峰中，最后，它像豪猪一样，砰地摔倒在地。

Last is the death of the bull, which is in the hands of the matador who has had charge of the bull

since his first attack. Each matador has two bulls in the afternoon. The death of the bull is most formal

and can only be brought about in one way, directly from the front by the matador who must receive the

bull in full charge and kill him with a sword thrust between the shoulders just back of the neck and

between the horns. Before killing the bull, he must first do a series of passes with the muleta, a piece of

red cloth he carries about the size of large napkin. With he muleta the torero must show his complete

mastery of the bull, must made the bull miss him again and again by inches, before he is allowed to kill

him, It is in this phase that most of the fatal accidents occur.

最后一步是斗牛之死，自从斗牛第一次攻击以来便一直在斗牛士的掌控之下，每个斗牛士下午都有两头斗牛去战斗，斗牛之死大多是非常正常的。但是斗牛之死只能由一种方法引起，那就是由斗牛士直接从前方刺入，全在斗牛士的掌控之下，把箭茅插在颈部后背两肩之间和两角之间。在杀死斗牛之前，他必须首先要做一系列躲闪，用红布遮掩着，他手里拿着一方巾大小的红布。在红布的帮助下，徒步斗牛士必须完全支配斗牛，并且使斗牛一次又一次扑空，在斗牛被杀死前的这一阶段，致命事故最易发生。

The word “toreador” is obsolete Spanish and is never used. The torero is usually called an espada or

swordsman. He must be proficient in all three acts of the fight. In the first act, he uses the cape and

does veronicas

And protects the picadors by taking the bull out and away from them when they are spilled to the

ground. In the second act, he plants the banderillos. In the third act, he masters the muleta and kills

him.

“斗牛士”这个词是旧时西班牙的产物，现在已经不用，徒步斗牛士常常被称作“espada”或武士，他必须精通战斗三部曲，在第一步中，他双腿和脚保持静止，同时将所持红斗蓬徐徐转离攻击之牛，并且当骑马斗牛士翻落在地时保护好他们。第二步，他植入短茅，第三步，他舞动红斗蓬并且杀死斗牛。

Few toreros excel in all three departments. Some, like young Chicuelo, are unapproachable in their

cape work. Others like the late Joselito are wonderful banderilleros. Only a few are great killers. Most

of the greatest killers are gypsies.

很少有斗牛士在这三部中都表现优秀，也有一些像Chicuelo一样的在他们红斗蓬生涯中是无与伦比的，其他的像晚一些的Joselito也是些神奇的短茅枪植入手。仅仅一小部分斗牛士是伟大的杀手，这其中的绝大部分是吉仆赛人。

Unit 4 Text1 Animal Life

EXCERPT A

The world’s first litter of cloned pigs is raising hope that pigs might soon serve as organ donors for

humans. In March, the Scottish company PPL Therapeutics, a spin-off of the research institute that

cloned Dolly the lamb, announced the birth of five piglets cloned from an adult pig cell. Scientists had

previously cloned cows and goats, but pigs have been the focus of transplant research because they are

more physiologically similar to humans.

世界上第一窝克隆猪燃起了人们的希望，不久克隆猪就可以作为人类器官的捐献者。三月份，苏

格兰PPL医疗研究所，曾经克隆过多利羊的研究所的一个子公司。他们宣布：取自成年猪细胞的5只克隆猪诞生。科学家先前曾克隆过牛和山羊，但是克隆猪成为移植的焦点，是因为猪在生理上与人类差不多。

The hope is that by combining cloning with genetic engineering. scientists will be able to create a

population of pigs whose organs do not trigger a rejection when transplanted into humans. Although the

five piglets were not genetically engineered, PPL has grown pig cells in the lab and successfully

knocked out one gene responsible for initiating rejection. The next step is to remove some of the other

major genes involved, and then clone these genetically modified cells.

燃起的希望是在于使克隆技术与基因工程两者相结合。科学家们能够制造出一定数量的克隆猪，当移植给人类时，它们的器官不再引发排斥反应。尽管那五只小猪崽并未进行过基因设计，但PPL已经在实验室培植了猪细胞并且成功淘汰了引发排斥反应的一个基因，下一步就是去掉其它有关的主要基因，然后再用基因转换细胞克隆猪。

EXCERPT B

Marine iguanas living in the Galapagos Islands can do something that was once thought to be

impossible for adult vertebrates. They can change their body length, growing or shrinking by as much

as 20 percent.

生活在加拉帕戈斯群岛的海边大晰蜴能够做出一度被认为是成年脊椎动物不可能作出的事情。他们能够改变身体长度，能够伸长或收缩大约20%多。

Scientists who observed their changes over the course of 18 years say that larger lizards shrank more

than smaller ones, and females shrank more than comparably sized mates. Periods of greatest shrinkage

coincided with EL Nino events, when food supplies were diminished. Lizards that shrank more during

these periods survived longer than their larger peers.

观察研究这种变化达18年之久的科学家说：大点的蜥蜴收缩幅度比小点儿的要大，同尺寸大小的雌性要比雄性收缩幅度大。身体收缩最大值与厄尔尼诺现象的出现相一致。厄尔尼诺发生时，食物供应下降，身体收缩更大一点的要比它们的同类生存得更长。

Since marine iguanas can live more than 28 years, and EL Nino recur at roughly 3-to-7-year

intervals, “adult iguanas can switch between growth and shrinkage several times over the course of

their lives, ”says Martin Wikelski of the University of Illinois, who conducted the research with

Corinna Thorn of the University of Wurzbury in Germany. “For animals on the margin between life and

death, shrinkage increases the chances for survival,” Wikelski s exercise less during EL

Nino periods, and have elevated corticosterone levels that are indicative of stress. “If we can

understand the mechanism for bone shrinkage and regrowth in lizards, the knowledge might someday

be applied to reverse the debilitating conditions in humans, ”Wikelski says.

“由于海边蜥蜴能够生存长达28年，厄尔尼诺则每隔3—7年一次，那么成年蜥蜴在它们生命历程中要收缩和伸长好几次。”伊利诺州立大学的马丁·威尔斯基教授说，他同时与德国伍兹伯利大学的科琳娜·索恩展开研究，“对于动物来说，处在生与死的边缘时刻，身体收缩能增加它们生存的

机会，”威克尔斯教授说。在厄尔尼诺期间，晣蜴们减少活动，同时，肾上腺升高表明了它们的焦虑。“如果我们能够弄明白大晣蜴骨骼收缩和重新生长结构原理，这些知识或许某一天对人类脆弱的状况有所帮助”威克尔斯基说。

EXCERPT C

People often experience tress as a result of events in their lives. Stress is a physical condition that

results from real or expected problems. People may experience tress when they lose a job or feel

threatened. Common signs include heart rate, higher blood pressure and muscle tension.

人们在日常生活中必然要经历焦虑，焦虑是来自于真实棘手的问题或渴望达到的问题的一种身体不建康的状况。当人们丢失工作或受到威胁时，便感到焦虑，共同的特征那就是心脏跳动加快，血压升高，肌肉高度紧张。

American agriculture experts say farm animals also may experience stress. Animals may experience

stress after giving birth or for other reasons. They say stress may affect meat quality, milk production

and the general health of farm animals.

美国农业专家指出：家畜们也会同时经历焦虑，家畜生产后或其他原因易患焦虑症，他们说，焦虑会影响家畜的肉质，奶产量和健康。

Experts say stress in animals is more difficult to identify. Farmers can look for signs such as lower

than expected body weight and increased risk of disease. Ted Elsasser is a scientist at the United States

Agricultural Research Service. He is studying possible signs of stress on animals. He says changed

proteins called nitrated proteins may serve as an early warning system for the problem.

专家指出：动物的焦虑难以识别，农户们可以寻找一些征兆，如体重比预想的要轻，生病的风险几率增加等。特德·埃尔萨瑟，他是美国农科所的科学家，他的研究方向就是动物焦虑的征兆，他说，改变了的蛋白质即硝化蛋白对预防该问题有很大帮助。

Currently, farmers use antibiotics to treat stress in animals. However, repeated use of antibiotics can

lead to bacteria that resist the drugs. Mister Elsasser is studying another method. He found that Vitamin

E may protect farm animals against the harmful effects of stress.

一般情况下，农夫们用抗生素来治疗动物的焦虑，然而，抗生素的反复使用会导致细菌的抗药性，埃尔萨瑟先生正在研究另一种方法。他发现，维生素E能够使动物免于焦虑的伤害。

In an experiment, he gave Vitamin E to six young cows. He then injected the animals with a

harmful substance taken from the cell walls of bacteria. This toxin causes the defense system of the

animals to react as if an infection were present. The scientist injected six other calves with only the

toxin. Four other cows did not receive the toxin or the Vitamin E. All of the animals that received the

toxin had lower levels of a natural growth substance in their liver and blood, compared with the

untreated calves. However, the calves that were given Vitamin E and the toxin had higher levels of the

growth factor than those that received only the toxin. The calves given Vitamin E helps support growth

rates and may prevent some infections. Hew says being able to prevent infections linked to stress could

lead to lower medical costs and healthier farm animals.

他做了个实验：给六头小牛注入维生素E，同时也从细菌中提取有毒物质给这6头小牛注入，毒素一旦被注入，便引发了动物免疫系统开始反应。他又给其他六头小牛仅仅注入毒素，四头小牛仅注入维生素E。比起不注入毒素的小牛，所有注入毒素的这些动物在它们的肝脏和血液中自然生长物质水平很低。但是那些既注入维生素E又注入毒素的小牛比起那些仅注入毒素的要生长得快一些。那些注入维E的小牛能够从有害物质的影响中迅速恢复。埃尔萨瑟部长说：用维生素E可以加速生长和防止染病。也能够预防与焦虑有关的各种传染病，减少医药开支，增强动物健康。

EXCERPT D

A tiny mutation in a gene common to mammals may have changed the destiny of humanity. The

gene, fox-P2—identified by British researchers two years ago—could have been the switch that lit up

art, culture and social hehaviour in Homo sapiens 50 000 years age.

普通基因的微小变化最终导致了人类的重大变化。两年前由英国科学家证实的Fox-P2基因，拨动了5万前古人类的艺术、文化和重大社会行为的变化。

Richard Klein, an anthropologist at Stanford University in California, said that early modern humans

100 000 years ago were confined to Africa and seemed no different from their now-extinct cousins

Home Neanderthalensis and Homo Erectus in Europe and Asia. Then, 50 000 years ago, behaviour

altered dramatically: “There was a biological change, a genetic mutation of some kind that promoted

the fully modern ability to create and innovate.” “When you look at the archaeological record before 50

000 years age, it is remarkable are no geographically delineated groups of artifacts.

Suddenly, modern-looking people began to behave in a modern say, producing art and

jewellery …manufacturing styles and different cultures.” Anthropologists have argued for years about

this. Some researchers say population increase triggered creativity.

加利福尼来斯坦福大学的古人类研究学家理查德·克莱因指出：早在10万前，生活在非洲的早期现代人类已被证实为与欧亚两洲的尼安德特人和直立人没有太大的区别，然而5万年前，人类的生活行为发生了梦幻般地改变。“这是一种生物体的改变，某种基因突变导致现代人类具有了创新和改革的能力”，“当你查寻一下5万年前古人类的记录，它有着惊人的共同特征，不存在典型的地域特征”，突然间，类人猿们开始以现代行为方式开始生活，产生了艺术、和珍宝……各种多样的表演形式和不同的文化 ”。多年来，古生物学家一直为之辩论，也有许多研究者说是人口的增长触发了改革的创新。

英译汉

Basically, all the nervous elements which underlie the experience of pain by human beings are to be

found in all mammalian vertebrates at least; this is hardly surprising as pain is response to a potentially

harmful stimulus and is therefore of great biological importance for survival. Is there any reason, then,

for supposing that animals, though equipped with all the necessary neurological structures, do not

experience pain? Such a view would seem to presuppose a profound qualitative difference in the

mental life of animals and men.

一般而言，参与人体痛觉经历的神经组织至少在哺乳动物身上都可以找到，这并不令人惊讶，因为疼痛是对潜在的危险刺激物的反应，从而具有使动物衍息生存下去的生物学意义。那么，在动物拥有所有必要的神经结构的情况下，人们有什么理由认为它们不能感觉疼痛？那种认为动物不能感受疼痛的看法似乎认定动物与人类的精神生活中存在质的区别。

汉译英

Animals are more lie us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, they show

affection, excitement and love. All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years-and such

results are beginning to change how we view animals. Scientists obtained those reaction of animal

through careful observation and laboratory testing. It is still uncertain If such reactions could degrade

the meat quality of farm animals.

近年来科学家的发现使我们开始改变对动物的看法。原来动物与人类的相似之处比我们想象的要多得多。它们也能感受痛苦，体验压力，表达情感、兴奋和爱。科学家通过对动物的认真观察或检测获得它们的这些情感反应。现在尚不清楚家畜的这些反应是否会对其肉的品质生产影响。

Unit 5 Text1 Lincoln in History

The annals of the past contain few accounts of truly good men. Historians are more used to

analyzing a mixture of ingredients, good and bad intentions, success and failure, high endeavors

threatened by flaws in execution, and to balance out the sums ending with a careful plus or minus.

过去的历史记载中真正的伟人为数不多。历史学家更多的采用综合因素分析，动机的好与坏，成功或失败，努力尝试的程度，在执行过程中被缺点错误的干扰威胁等，然后略加酌减，综合平衡，得出结论。

Lincoln is rare in providing much for history to ponder and reflect on but little to dispute with

except in the shortcomings in the execution of his policies. He is the rarer for his absolute success

through four years of bitter politics and bloody warfare.

林肯是少有的能够经得起历史的考验与反馈，但争议很少的伟人。在政策实施中的缺点小错除外。在四年的艰苦卓绝的政治生涯和血腥战争中，他是非常罕见的绝对的成功者

He sought power, without pretending otherwise, and exercised it to the full. But he is singular, perhaps

unique in history, in that he was never corrupted by power. His ambition was tied not to personal gain

but to a pair of succeeding and complementary principles; to restore a nation dedicated to the

proposition that “all men are created equal” and to ensure that a union so recovered was purged of the

great contradiction which had lain at the heart of its constitution.

他寻求权力，没有自吹自擂，然后全面运用，他是卓绝的，也可以说在历史上是独一无二的。他没有因拥有权力而腐败。他的雄心抱负所系，并不是个人所得，而是成功完成相配套的系列方针政策，重建国家，献身于“所有人天生平等”的美好事业，剔除存在各组织机构内的各种矛盾，确保整个国家战线统一。

His loyalty to government by consent required that he could only achieve his aims if his fellow

citizens agreed with him and could be held to their purpose through the darkest hours. In that art of

persuasion, he was a consummate politician, subtly and ruthlessly working the levers of parties and

politicians to achieve a balance between the fractions and factions of competing groups and ideas,

whose particular interests threatened to destroy the precarious patriotism which sustained the army. He

listened, avoided argument, kept his counsel, and then he made his decisions from which he could not

diverge.

他忠诚于美国人民选出和支持的政府。经过他的选民同意，他不仅能实现自己的目标，而且能够完成他们共同的决心打算，度过最困难黑暗的时光。就说服艺术而论，他是一位高明的政治家，细致、无情面地工作在各种党派和政要之间，使各种琐碎繁杂的工作、各党派之间达成一种默契平衡。对于那些理想观点，尤其是来自军队，受危险的爱国主义威胁的观点，他认真倾听，避开争吵，保持自己的决策不偏离常规。

His skills in reconciling oppositions and commanding their respect grew from his apprenticeship in

the little rural communities where he had learned to make his way though the full diversity of the world,

and from his long reflective self-observation in times of depression, which gave him the same

sympathetic insight into the character of others that he had into himself. As the war continued and the

casualty figures grew, the found a convinced agnostic faith that there was some divine purpose in the

affairs of men, though he could not define or confine the deity within any Christian confession. A man

must observe the ebb and flow of events and act on what he can discern in the tides. He had no faith

that man could deflect God from his course.

他调解反对者的娴熟技巧，博得了他们的尊重。这从他在乡下小社区当学徒开始。他也学会了通过世界多样性的来改变自己的处世方法，在情绪落消沉的日子，学会了自我反思。这样，别人的性格就以同情欣赏的态度进入了他的内心。随着战争的继续和伤亡人员的增加，他发现了人们中以占卜为目的前途渺茫的无聊信仰。基督教派内部，他虽不能够规定或限制神性。一个人必须观察世事盛衰，并在时代潮流中根据自己的观察而有年作为。他的信仰理念是一个人不可能使自己的历程与上天偏离。

Lincoln’s humility about his own capabilities saved him from jealous rivalries or disputes; he saw

sincerity even in the views of his bitterest critics and in the rebel leaders. He infuriated his supporters

and enemies alike by his apparent dithering when decisive action was needed, but he turned their

strictures into constructive advice from which, in the end, the evolved his decision. He had had to teach

himself the job of being president in the most challenging moment in the nation’s history and as he

learned so he commanded more and more personal respect. He died with the noblest part of the great

task achieved-the end of slavery. The very near religious veneration in which he was held at his death

grew rapidly in the dark days of reconstruction when the new government attempted to complete the

job by defining a meaning for freedom and equality which now include all Americans.

林肯谦让虚心的才能使他在傲慢的竞争对手和尖锐的争议中保全了自己，他看上去真诚亲切，即使是最挑剔的指责者和反对党领导人也这样认为。他十分生气的是他的支持者和仇敌一样，当关键时候来临时，显得非常明显的慌乱紧张，犹豫不决，但他仍就把他们的指责苛求转换成建设性建议。最后，逐渐形成自已的决策。在国家历史上最有挑战性的时刻，他必须教会自己适应总统工作。他做到了，并且赢得了越来越多的个人声望。当最神圣伟大的任务----奴隶制度的终结---刚刚完成，他就走了。他去世后，人们对他虔诚的崇拜仍在继续。在国内统一战争的黑暗日子里，当时新政府试图完成包括所有美国人在内的自由平等的工作。

The legend as it grew obscured the real man but the core of the story is true and achievements of the

greatest President remain unchallenged and untarnished. He ensured the survival of “the last best hope

of earth”-popular government and the rule of the law. Without Lincoln’s presidency, the fortunes of all

other nations “so convinced in liberty” would have been at risk and the rest of the free world would

have been left on its own to face the dark forces which ravaged the globe in the twentieth century.

人物传记逐渐模糊暗淡了这位伟人。但这个故事的核心是真实可考的，并且他作为最伟大的总统所取得的成就仍然不容挑战，不容玷污。他深信：“全球最美好的希望”----民众政府和法制社会将继续，不会消亡。没有林肯总统的管理，二十世纪，“笃信自由”的其他民族还将面临风险，自由世界的其他国家仍就面对蹂躏全球的黑暗势力。

P71英译汉

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and

so dedicated, can long endure. We have met on a great ballet-field of that war. We have come to

dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives so that the

nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow- this ground. The

brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add

or detract. The world will little note, nor ling remember what we say here, but it can never forget what

they did here.

目前我们正在进行一场伟大的国内战争，我们的国家或任何一个有着同样理想与目标的国家能否长久存在，这场战争就是一次考验。我们在这场战争的一个伟大的战场上相聚。我们来到这里，将这战场的一小块土地奉献给那些为国家生存而英勇捐躯的人们，作为他们最后的安息之地。我们这样做是完全恰当的，完全应该的。

然而，从更深一层的意义上来说，我们没有能力奉献这块土地，没有能力使这块土地变得神圣。因为曾在这里进行过斗争的那些活着和已经死去的勇士们，已经使这块土地变得如此圣洁，我们微薄的力量已不能再对它有所改变，我们今天在这时说的话，世人不会注意，也不会长久记住，但这些英雄的业绩，人们将永记不忘。

P72汉译英

His working day started in his office before breakfast and was followed by reading papers, signing

documents and seeing ministers, After a light lunch, he might ride, or drive with his wife, perhaps

visiting a soldiers’ hospital or a camp. After supper he might return for another three hours in his office

or walk along without a guard with a long grey shawl round his shoulders, to see what telegrams were

coming in to the War Department, returning home around midnight.

他的工作日从早饭之前就在办公室开始了，然后读报纸，签署文件，会见部长。用过简单的午饭后他可能骑马出去，或驾马车与夫人一起出去，也许去一个士兵医院，或一个军营，晚饭后他可能会回到办公室再工作三个小时，或者披上一条灰色的长围巾，不带卫兵独自出去散步，到作战部去看看有什么电报，回到家时通常是午夜了。

Text 2 Musical Tribute Honors Martin Luther King Jr

More than 300 singers from the Washington area, as well as dance troupe from West Africa.,

gathered recently to perform in the Choral Arts Society of Washington’s 15th annual Choral Tribute to

Dr Martin Luther King, Jr For one night only, the sold out concert at the John F. Kennedy Center for

the Performance Arts featured traditional music as well as the world premier of a new work; all part of

a long- standing Washington tradition celebrating the birthday and legacy of the slain civil rights leader

who promoted peace through non-violence.

来自华盛顿地区的300多名歌手，还有来自西非的著名舞蹈团，最近在华盛顿交响合唱艺术团举行15届年度交响演唱会。为小马丁·卢瑟国王博士献礼。仅仅一晚上，肯尼迪艺术表演中心满座音乐会提供经典传统音乐，还有献礼工作的新表现形式的世界首演。和存在已久的华盛顿传统演唱，为这位已遇害的，想通过非暴力手段建立和平的公民平等权力领导人举行生日庆典。

“This is a humanitarian event. It’s an event that celebrates things that die all of us together. And

nothing says it better, everyone being the same, than music. Nothing says it better, ”explains Norman

Scribner, founder and director of the Choral Arts Society of Washington. One of the major symphony

choruses in the country.

“这是一件人道主义的大事，就是这一庆贺活动把我们联系在一起，每个人都一样，没有什么比音乐会更好的了，怎么说也没有比这更好的了，”诺曼·斯克雷伯纳解释道。他是华盛顿交响合唱艺术团的创始人和指挥者，国内一个著名的交响合唱艺术团。

“The tradition of concert for Martin Luther King’s birthday is that his legacy is so incredibly potent,

it really arches over the span of the 20th century,” he says. “He didn’t live over the entire 20thcentury.

But when you think of what happened in that century, we began to understand that all different factions

around the country had to live together. They not only had to, but should live together and could rejoice

and take joy in that. And this man has come out of the 20th century experience as being the primary

spokesman for this cause.”

“为马丁·卢瑟国王生日举行的传统音乐会是他留下的遗产，是如此的强有力，简直令人难以置信。它真正架起了横跨20世纪的长桥。”他说：“国王他自己的生命没有超过整个世纪，但当你考虑这一个世纪发生了什么事件时，你就开始明白为什么国内各种宗派集团必须要和平相处生活，不仅仅是必须，而且要欢乐欣喜的生活，马丁·卢瑟就揭示了20世纪的这种趋势体验，并成为这一事业的主要代言人。”

In addition to the individual performances by several Washington area choirs, Mr. Scribner says he

is excited about how they all come together to sing at the world premier of a specially commissioned

work. This year, it is an a cappella piece entitled Truth Pressed to Earth (Shall Rise) by Ysaye M.

Barnwell, composer and singer in the internationally-acclaimed a cappella group, Sweet Honey in the

Rock.

除了几个华盛顿地区的演唱团单独表演以外，斯克雷伯纳先生说，他非常兴奋的是他们能够走到一块，进行一项特别特别委托工作的世界首演。这一年，题目为“Truth Pressed to Earth”合唱曲上演，作曲者、演唱者--塞也·M·巴恩沃尔，她供职于世界知名的合唱团“甜蜜蜜摇滚乐团”。

“And it’s all from the writings of Martin Luther King,” explains Mr. Scribner.” She went into a

thorough investigation of all of his words with the idea of trying to find out which of his words would

be relevant to today’s world. Had he lived, which of the things that he said back, prior to 1968 when he

was killed, would he be saying now? And she’s made a fabulous text selection and made a fabulous

musical selection which will go into the standard repertory. I’m sure that tonight it’s being sung for the

very first time.”

“并且，它们全部来自马丁·卢瑟国王的著作”斯克雷伯纳解释说“她对国王说过的话进行了彻底调查，她想找出哪些话与当今世界有关。如果国王还在世，他以前说过的哪些事情，特别早于1968前他被害的那些，现在的话他该如何说？并且她已完成了难以置信的文章精选和非常好的音乐精品，并且全部写进剧目，我相信，它会成为首唱乐曲”。

In addition to Ysaye Barnwell’s new work, the Choral Arts Society’s Tribute to Martin Luther King

included a newsreel of Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. There was dancing by KanKouran West

African Dance Company; and choral director Norman Scribner also invited the audience to participate

in some traditional spiritual songs. Mr Scribner, the son of a Methodist minister, says the Martin Luther

King Birthday Concert strikes a personal chord with him.

除了塞也·巴恩沃尔的新作品，马丁·卢瑟国王荣誉交响合唱会包括一个新闻短片----国王的“我有一个梦”演讲。有西非坎库化舞蹈艺术团的舞蹈表演。总导演诺曼·斯克雷伯纳，他是循道宗信徒的儿子，说道：马丁·卢瑟国王的生日演唱会敲响了每一个人的内心和弦。

“And I do view everything in life through a spiritual lens and this concert is as close to spiritual

things as you can get,” he says. “We do big things for the Christian Mass the Latin Mass and the story

of the Passion Story of Christ and Handel’s Messiah, and all these wonderful big religious works. But

in the message of Martin Luther King, you’re talking about something which affects everyone at the

most basic grassroots level. And for me. I get very emotionally wrapped up in it. I get emotionally

wrapped up in other music as well, but this one I just can’t resist. It’s visceral thing every year I cry at

the end, very single solitary year.” Norman Scribner, music director of the Choral Arts Society of

Washington, spoke at the horal Tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the John Kennedy Center for

the Performing Arts.

“我终生都是通过自己的心灵透镜看待任何事情，并且这音乐会是你最易接近的精神乐事。”他说，“我们做了一些事，是为广大基督教大众，拉丁系大众，基督教爱心故事，罕得尔《弥赛亚》，以及精彩的宗教作品。在马丁·卢瑟国王的祝词中，你们可探讨一些在最基础层面如何影响每一个人，对我来说，我将全身心完成它，同样，我也全身投入完成其它的音乐，但这一次，我实在有点不能自持，每年终了，我忍不住落泪，这是发自肺腑的事情。”诺曼斯克雷伯纳，华盛顿交响合唱艺术团的导演，在肯尼迪艺术表演中心举行的小马丁·卢瑟国王献礼合唱会如是说。

Unit 6 Text1 Schools Wise up to Ways of High-tech Cheats

George Mason University instructor Anne Marchant calls them “patchwork plagiarists”—the

students who copy and paste together passages from articles they’ve found on the Internet, then turn in

the work as their own. She catches at least one such student every semester in their computer-science

class, she said. She even discovered such plagiarism in her computer ethics course. “Certainly, cheating

is persavise,” Marchant said. “It’s usually deadly obvious. The introduction will be written in broken

English; then it will have this flawlessly written, almost doctoral-quality body, then a conclusion that

goes back to broken English.”

乔治梅森大学讲师安妮·马钱特所谓的“拼凑剽窃者”----是指学生从因特网上找到文章，经过复制、粘贴，然后把它当作自己的作业上交，她每个学期在她的计算机课上至少抓住一名这样的学生，她说，甚至在计算机道德教育课上也发现这样的“剽窃者”。“当然，作弊是太多太滥了”马钱特说：“非常明显，作业开头介绍写得非常蹩角，它的主体写得没有任何错误，几乎是博士水平的，结论又回到它的蹩角英语。”

Teachers and administrators at several Washington-area colleges agree that cheating is on the

rise—because the computer has made cheating so easy. High-tech offenses include using information

from the Internet without proper attribution, buying term papers from online paper mills, and sharing

answers and course work via e-mail or diskette. Dozens of Websites are dedicated to helping students

cheat more easily and successfully.

华盛顿地区的几所大学中的教师们和管理者都认为，作弊行为在上升----因为计算机使作弊变得容易，高科技犯罪包括使用因特网上的信息而没有注明出处，在线购买学期论文，通过伊妹儿或光盘共享答案或课文。不少站点致力于帮助学生作弊，使之变得容易和成功。

Professors are using the computer to fight back --launching Internet searches to find the source of

purloined materials and installing software that detects similarities in students’ papers.

教授们使用计算机进行反击----利用因特网搜寻去查找材料来源，并且安装软件探测学生们相似

的论文。

The computer has made cheats out of students who otherwise would never have considered such

trickery, some educator say. At Virginia Tech, the number of cheating complaints made to the school’s

Honor Court rose from 136 during the 1996~1997 school year to 280 last year. Most of the cases

involved computer-aided cheating, said Leon Geyer, a Virginia Tech professor and an adviser to the

school’s student-run undergraduate honor system.

要不是学生作弊的话，计算机就不会把它算作是诡计花招。许多教育者说，在弗吉尼亚工学院，提供给由学生组成的道德法庭的作弊申诉，从1996—1997学年的136起，到去年已是280起，大多数的申诉事件与利用计算机作弊有关，里昂·盖耶说，他是弗吉尼亚工学院教授和由学校未毕业的学生运作的荣誉法庭顾问。

Last spring, for example, dozens of students in different sections of one computer-science course

were caught electronically sharing work on an end-of-year assignment, In another case, four students in

one science class turned in the same paper. The students hadn’t copied off each other or shared their

work—they had all surfed the Web looking for a research paper to steal and, coincidentally, had chosen

the same one.

例如，去年春天，一些学生在学习计算机课不同的音节时被抓住了，他们通过电子共享做年终作业。在另一个事例中，科学课上4个学生上交了同样的论文，他们并没有互相抄袭或共享----他们都到网上冲浪寻找论文，碰巧得很，他们选择的竞是同一篇论文。

Penalties for offenses such as plagiarism and sharing answers tend to be harsh. And they should be,

said Virginia Tech’s Geyer. “It matters whether the guy who built the bridge cheated his way through

engineering school,” he said. “I’d worry about that.” But Geyer said he does believe in giving cheats a

second chance. At Virginia Tech, the typical punishment for a first-time offender is a double-weighted

zero—which often results in a failing grade for the course—enrolment in an ethics class and 50 hours

of on-campus community service., A student who completes his punishment can have the offense

removed from his record.

对违反者如剽窃或共享答案等的处罚相当严厉，这是应该的。弗吉尼亚工学院的盖耶说，“重要的是这些小伙子们建立起了作弊的桥梁，遍及整个工程学院”他说，“我对些非常担心”。但盖耶也说应该给作弊者第二次机会，在弗吉尼亚工学院，典型的初犯惩罚是双零分----那样常常导致这门课程的降级----并在道德教育课上登记注册，和50个小时的校园社区服务。一个学生只有完成了这些惩罚，才能取消记录。

Sam Miller, an assistant to the vice president for student affairs at the University of Virginia, where

the mandatory penalty for cheating is expulsion, acknowledges that school officials might be getting

relatively few cheating complaints from teachers because they are reluctant to subject students to such

strong punishment. Miller serves on an Internet abuse response team that looks into computer-related

misbehavior at the university. The team handles about three cases a day, compared with about five

cases a month three years ago, he said, But most of them involve floods of junk e-mail harassment,

rather than students copying from the Internet or from each other.

萨姆·米勒，是弗吉尼亚大学学生事务部事副部长助理，这个大学的强制惩罚是开除，他承认，学校行政人员很少从老师那里得到有关的作弊抱怨，是因为老师们不愿意看到学生遭受如此严厉的惩罚，米勒供职于因特网滥用反应调查队伍，主要是调查大学内与计算机有关的不规行为，这个队伍每天处理3起事件，相对于3年前每月处理5起，他说，大多数是与垃圾邮件骚扰泛滥有关，而不是学生从网上或相互间复制文件。

The Internet offers a wealth of resources for prospective cheats. In addition to the Websites that offer

thousands of research papers and book reports, there are sites where students can submit math

homework problems to a resident math whiz and online message boards where students with very

specific needs can help each other.

因特网为潜在的作弊提供了丰富的资源，另外还有很多站点提供数千种研究论文和读书报告，有许多站点，学生可以把自己的数学家庭作业提交给驻留网上的数学天才或在线电子公告板，那儿有特别需要的学生可以互相帮助。

Among the recent messages posted at one such site was a student’s plea for a three-paragraph

description of a favorite animal—“using lots of adjectives, please.” Another student asked for help in

interpreting “The Second Coming,” by Yeats, which brought this reply:” I just completed an essay for

English 102 on it. Nailed the meaning quite well. If interested, I can email you the whole thing.”

最近，出现在一个站点上的是学生的恳求，需要一个3张纸的最喜爱动物的描写----“要多用形容词”。另一个学生寻找解释“The second coming by yeats”是什么？下面也有回复，“我刚刚完成了英语102页上小短文，解释得相当好，如果你感兴趣，我可以用伊妹儿把整个事情发给你。”

Ironically , the same technology that is making it easier for students to cheat is making it easier for

professors to catch them.

具有讽刺意味的是，使学生作弊变得很容易的技术，同样，也使教授们逮住他们变得很容易。

P85 英译汉

Although ethics has always been viewed as a branch of philosophy, its all-embracing practical nature

pinks it with manly other areas of study, including anthropology, biology, economics, history, politics,

sociology, and theology. Yet, ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of

factual knowledge in the way that the sciences and other branches of inquiry are. Rather, it has to do

with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical

moral problems.

虽然人们总把伦理学看作是哲学的一个分支，但伦理学包罗万象的实践的本质使它与其他许多学科领域联系起来，这些学科包括人类学、生物学、经济学、历史学、政治学、社会学和神学。然而，伦理学又与这些学科不同，因为它不像科学和其他学问那样涉及实在的知识，而是涉及确定规范理论的本质以及将这些原则应用于实际的道德问题。

P86汉译英

It is important for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy- a capacity to understand the

minds and feelings of other people. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not of what is

wrong, but of the immaturity of his students. It is essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and

morally honest. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths and limitations, and will

have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided.

重要的是教师要有真正的同情心，能对他人表示理解。同时教师还要宽容，不是宽容学生的错误，而是宽容他们的不成熟。教师必须在知识上和道德上诚实，这是至关重要的。教师要明白自己智力上的优势和局限，要认真考虑并待定指导自己一生的道德准则。

Text 2 Plagiarism

What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation

marks and without a citation to the true author. In the most serious cases, a significant fraction of the

entire work was written by someone else: the plagiarist removed the true author name. And fractioned

the plagiarist’s name. Perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for credit in

a class or as part of the requirements for a degree.

什么是剽窃者？往小处说，它可能是一两个句子的引用，但没有引号，也没有对原创作者的引用。说得严重点，那就是整个作品的重要片断都是别人写的，剽窃者把真实作者的名字去掉，写上剽窃者自己的名字，或许对原文作一些调整。然后就当作作业提交，为了挣得学分，或作为取得学位的一个必备部分。

When using another person’s words, to avoid plagiarism one must always do both of the following

(1)provide a citation, either in the text or in a footnote, and (2)either enclose their words inside

quotation marks or put their words in a block of indented, single-spaced text. I define these two things

as indicia of a quotation . Plagiarism is the act of quoting material without including the indicia of a

quotation. Note that the intent of a plagiarist is irrelevant. The act of quotation material without

including the indicia of a quotation is sufficient to convict someone of plagiarism. It is no defense for

the plagiarist to say “I forgot” or “ It is only a rough draft” or “I did not know it was plagiarism.”

当用另一个人的话时，要避免剽窃，一个人必须做到以下两点：（1）提供一个引用，或在正文或在页脚。（2）既可把他们的话放在引号内，也可把他们的话首行缩进，成为单独的文本。我认为这两种情况都可作为引用的标记。剽窃者是这样一种行为----引用材料但没有引用标记。做不做首行缩进对剽窃者来说是无关紧要的，引用别人的材料没有添加引用标记，这一点行为就足以证明某人是剽窃者，剽窃者往往找借口还击，“我忘了，”“它是个草稿”“我真不知道这就是剽窃”。

Some colleges have expanded the definition of plagiarism to include copying ideas without

providing a citation to the original source. I argue that such deliberate copying is misconduct that

should be treated separately from plagiarism. Perhaps the authorities that include ideas in their

definition of plagiarism really intended to say that a close paraphrase of another author’s work is

plagiarism. Paraphrasing without a citation is plagiarism. Suppose one reads a book by Smith and

encounters the short sentence: If the solution turns pink, it is worthless, and should be discarded.

When the liquid becomes light red, it is spoiled, and should be poured down the sink.

许多大学把剽窃者的定义延伸为：包括复制原意而没有提供对来源的引用。我极力认为像这样的故意的复制行为是一种不同于剽窃者的不规范行为。也许是管理当局把包括原意定义为剽窃者的真正意图就是说，对原作者相似的解释就是剽窃。意译而没有引用也是剽窃。假如一个读史密斯的书碰到这样的短句：“如果溶液变成粉红，就没有了，应丢弃。”我认为对这个句子这样的意译就是剽窃者。“当溶液变得微微发红，它补破坏了，应该倒掉”。

Note that most of the words have been changed, yet the sentence—in a very real way—has been

copied, As will be noted later in this essay, copying, even with “original” alterations, can be copyright

infringement. That is why I believe that such copying is also plagiarism. However, to prove this kind of

plagiarism, one needs to prove that the alleged plagiarist had the work in mind—if not actually next to

the computer or typewriter keyboard—when he/she paraphrased it.

虽然大多数的词语已经变了，但这个句子真正的原意还是复制的，以后写这样的短文，复制甚至是“原创”改变，都可能遇到侵犯版权的麻烦。这也正说明了为什么我把上述复制认定为剽窃者，然而，要证实这类剽窃，就需要证实他/她在解释文章时只要有这个意思即算作是剽窃（而不是等用计算机或打字机打在键盘上才去证实。）

The proper way to avoid such plagiarism is to cite the source in the text, or in a footnote, as in: Smith

[citation/footnote number]has reported that when the liquid becomes light red, it is spoiled, and should

be poured down the sink.

No quotation marks are needed ,because these are not Smith’s exact words, but only a paraphrase.

But a citation to Smith is still required.

Note that the short sentence y Smith is just a terse, contrived example for this essay, not an actual

instance from plagiarized text. In most cases of this type of plagiarism, many sentences—probably

whole paragraphs—will have been paraphrased.

要避免这种剽窃的正确方法是在文章中或脚注中作引用，比如：史密斯【3】报告，当液体微微发红，它被破坏了，应该倒掉。不加引号也可，因为这不是史密斯的原话。虽然是意译，但对史密斯的引用仍然是必须的。写下史密斯的这几个短句子仅仅是为这篇文章设计筹划的简短例子，并不是真实剽窃者的文章，在大多数剽窃案例中，很多句子（可能是一整段）都是经过意译的。

One might wish to concisely summarize a long passage--a direct quotation would be too long.

Hence, one paraphrases the original author. One can properly write one paragraph that summarizes a

book, published paper, opinion of a court, etc. using a paraphrase of the publication, with just one

citation to that source at either the beginning or end of one’s paragraph. The context makes it clear to

the reader that one is describing someone else’s publication. One should be careful not to include one’s

original thoughts in a paragraph that is summarizing another person’s thoughts, as such mixing could

mislead the reader about the scope of one’s work.

有人希望简明扼要总结一篇长文章----直接引用太长，那么他就可以对原作者的意译，正确地总结写一段（即一本书，已发表论文，法院鉴定书等）的总结.使用这些作品的意译需要一个引用，或放在该段开头，或放在末尾。这些内容让读者很明白，那就是某人某作品的描述。一个人应该注意的是，在一段文章内不能把自己的原创思想和对别人思想的总结混合在一起，因为这种混合对读者弄清该作品的范围是一种误导。

Note that the amount of citations is a matter of style. Some scholarly journals, particularly law

reviews, sometimes have a footnote for each consecutive sentence, maybe even two footnotes attached

at different places in one sentence. In such writing, a printed page can easily contain more space

devoted to fine-print footnotes than to text. If most of these footnotes are Id. The footnotes seem

excessive to me. If these copious footnotes are to different sources, the page can be difficult to read, as

full understanding may require the reader to consider all of the citations. Such copious footnotes are

sometimes seen as scholarship run amok. I emphasize that the appropriate style varies among different

intellectual disciplines professors of law tend to use more footnotes than either physicists or electrical

engineers.

写下大量的引用是件麻烦事。一些学术性杂志，尤其是法律评论，每一个连续句子就有一个脚注，甚至有两个脚注附在一个句子不同的地方。都这样写的话，打印纸用于写脚注的地方要比正文多。如果每一个脚注都有ID号，那么脚注也太过分了。如果不同的材料含有大量的脚注，那么这些文章就太难读了。要想全部了解的话，就要考虑所有引用，如此多的大量脚注有时被看作是“学术引用狂”。我强调的是，不同的学科要有正确的引用方式，法学教授使用脚注要比物理学家、电子机械师多。

In my view, a proper paraphrase can even use a few isolated words from the original source without

including quotation marks. When concisely summarizing a long passage, one also wants to summarize

accurately, so using the identical-but isolated-words may be appropriate. In the above example, one

might use Smith’s word “pink” without quotation marks in the paraphrase. However, it is always

essential to both (1)write text that makes clear that one is summarizing another’s work and (2) cite the

original source somewhere within the paragraph.

我的观点是，正确的释义可以从原创文章使用少量相关词语而不用引号，当简单明了总结一篇长文时，又想正确总结，用上相同的词语（与之相关）是恰当的。在上面的例子中，做意译时可以使用史密斯的词语“pink”而不用引号，要做到如下两点很重要（1）写文章内容时要写清楚，它是在对别人作品的总结，（2）在段落的某处引用原创素材。

On the other hand, a string of several consecutive words copied verbatim from a source generally

requires quotation marks. In making such judgments. One might consider the originality of the words.

A common obtained a writ of habeas corpus” in law, or “three degrees of freedom” in

physics )is less deserving of quotation marks than genuinely original expression since there may be few

conventional alternatives for accurately expressing the same idea or fact.

另一方面，一连串的对原创作的逐字复制一般来说应用引号，在如下的判定中，应考虑这些词的来源（例“法律方面获得人身保护权传票”，物理上“自由落体三定律”）…………

These fine points may be dangerous for students, who would be well advised to use too many direct

quotations, rather than paraphrasing. Again, I say that the actual rules that apply to a student are given

in the regulations of the student’s college, or in instructions from the student’s professor but not my

personal opinions in this essay.

这五点可能对学生们来说是危险的，谁都被忠告为较多地直接引用，而不是意译，我再说一遍，这些规则适用于这样的学生，学校中的学生守则准许或在教授的指导下施用，那些情况不适合我在该文的观点。

Unit 7 Text1 How We Listen to Music

We all listen to music according to our separate capacities. But for the sake of analysis, the whole

listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so to speak. In a

certain sense we all listen to music on three separate planes. For lack of a better terminology , one

might name these:(1)the sensuous plane,(2)the expressive plane, (3)the sheerly musical plane.

我们根据各自的能力来听音乐，打个比方来说，如果我们把音乐分成不同的部分，整个听的过程就变得很清楚了。也可以这么说，在某种程度上，我们听音乐分为三个不同的层次，因找不到更好的术语，可这样命名（1）感官层面（2）表义层面（3）纯音乐层面。

The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself.

That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without chinking, without

considering it in any way. One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly

bathes in the sound .A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered by the mere sound

appeal of the music.

最简单的听音乐方式就是听乐声给我们带来纯粹的愉悦，这是感官层面。在这个层面上我们听音乐不用思考，不用考虑，任何事情。打开收音机，一边忙别的事情一边心不在焉地沐浴在乐声中，这种心不在焉但有吸引力的心身状态是由音乐的感染力引起的。

Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force. This appeal to every normal human

being is self-evident. The sensuous plane is an important one in music, a very important one, but it does

not constitute the whole story.

是的，音乐声的感染力是强有力的，并且是原始的力量，这种感染力对每一个正常的人来说是不言而喻的。感官层面在音乐中是很重要的一个层面。非常重要，但并不是整个故事的全部构成。

Three is , however, such a thing as becoming more sensitive to the different kinds of sound stuff as

used by various composers. For all composers do not use that sound stuff in the same way. Don’t get

the idea that the value of music is commensurate with its sensuous appeal or that the loveliest sounding

music is made by the greatest composer. If that were so. Ravel would be a greater creator than

Beethoven. The point is that the sound element varies with each composer, that his usage of sound

forms an integral part of his style and must be taken into account when listening. The listener can see,

therefore, that a more conscious approach is valuable even on this primary plane of listening.

然而，不同的发音材料被不同的作曲家所用时就变得更加有感染力。所有的作曲者不可能按同一种方式组织材料。不要以为音乐的价值就与它的感官感染力相称，不要以为最美丽动听的音乐就是由伟大的作曲家创造的。如果你认为以上二观点可能的话，那么拉维尔是比贝多芬还要伟大的创作者。这一点是说声音成份不同，每一位作曲者不同，那么他音乐风格的统一的一部分----音乐形式的利用也不同，当听音乐时所有这一些必须考虑在内。

The secondary plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. My own belief is

that all music has an expressive power, some more and some less, but all music has a certain meaning

behind the notes and that that meaning behind the notes constitutes, after all, what the piece is saying,

what the piece is about, This whole problem can be stated quite simply by asking, “Is there a meaning

to music?” My answer to that would be. “Yes” And “Can you state in so many words what the meaning

is ?”My answer to that would be, “No.” Therein lies the difficulty.

音乐存在的第二层面就是我所谓的表义层面。我认为所有的音乐都有表现力，有的强些，有的弱些。但所有的音乐在每个词和每个词结构里面都蕴含有一定的意义。毕竟，这一支曲子说了些什么？这一支曲子是关于什么的？整个问题可通过问答来陈述“音乐里面含有意思吗？”我的答案是“有”，“你能够用词语把它的意思陈述出来吗？”我的答案将是“不能”，这对我来说的确有困难。

Simple-minded souls will never be satisfied with the answer to the second of these question. They

always want music to have a meaning, and the more concrete it is the better they like it. The more the

music reminds them of a train, a storm, a funeral, or any other familiar conception, the more expressive

it appears to be to them. This popular idea of music’s meaning stimulated and abetted by the usual run

of music commentator should be discouraged wherever and whenever it is met.

头脑简单的人们会对第二问题的答案很不满意，他们认为音乐一定有意思，并且意思越具体，他们就越喜欢它。这些音乐会令他们想像出火车，暴风雨，葬礼等或其他相类似概念。越富有表现力，对他们越有吸引力。这种比较流行的意义音乐的观念被音乐评论家刺激并煽动着，无论在哪儿，无论在什么时候，这种观点都受激励。

Music expresses, at different moments, serenity or exuberance, regret or triumph, fury or delight. It

expresses each of these moods, and many others, in a numberless variety of subtle shadings and

differences, It may even express a state of meaning for which there exists no adequate word in any

language. In that case, musicians often like to say that it has only a purely musical meaning.

音乐在不同时刻表达不同内容，或平静或情感充沛激扬，或悔恨或成功，或愤怒或高兴。它都能够表达出每一种不同的情绪。音乐中包含有数不清种类的细微差别和不同。它能表达出的思想状

态，甚至任何语言中都没有足够的词语来描述。在这种情况下，就是音乐家们常常说的纯音乐意义状态。

While listening, each listener feels for himself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, the same

thing to you each time you return to it.

当听音乐时，一整段音乐，每一位听众都听到不同的表达主题，有时是相似的。如果它是一部经典大作，你别认为每次重复听的时候，它的意思会一样。

Themes or pieces need not express only one emotion, of course. Take such a theme as the first main

one of the Ninth Symphony, for example. It is clearly made up of different elements. It does not say

only one thing.

Now, perhaps the reader will know better what I mean when I say that music does have an expressive

meaning but that we cannot say in so many words what that meaning is.

一段音乐主题不仅仅表达一种情感。当然，拿第九交响乐为例来说，除了正主题外，很明显，它有不同的主题部分构成。它也不仅仅阐明一个事情。

现在，读者或许能够较好的理解：为什么我说音乐能够表意，但是我们却没有足够的词语把它的意义描述出来

The third plane on which music exists is the sheerly musical plane, Besides the pleasurable sound of

music and the expressive feeling that it gives off ,music does exist in terms of notes themselves and of

their manipulation. Most listeners are not sufficiently conscious of this third plane.

音乐存在的第三层面就是它的纯音乐层面，除了令人愉悦的乐声和它发出的表达意义外，音乐还以音符音调以及对音符音调熟练地使用等方式存在，大多数听众对这个层面缺乏足够的意识。

It is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly musical plane. After all,

an actual musical material is being used. The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his

awareness of the musical material and what happens to it . He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the

harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. But above all he must, in order to follow the

line of the composer’s thought, know something of the principles of musical form. Listening to all of

these elements is listening on the sheerly musical plane.

对我们大多数人来说对纯音乐层面变得敏感是非常重要的，毕竟，真正音乐就用到它。明智的听众必须作好准备，提升自己对音乐素材的意识和它的发展趋势。他必须会唱旋律、节奏、和声，有意识的欣赏音色。为了能够跟的上创作者思想的主线，首当其冲的是，要懂音乐形式的规律，按以上各因素去听音乐是纯音乐层次上的欣赏。

I have split up mechanically the three hypothetical, separate planes on which we listen merely for the

sake of greater clarity , Actually, we never listen on only one or the other of the three planes What we

do is to correlate them-listening in all three ways at the same time. It takes no mental effort, for we do

it instinctively.

我机械地把听音乐分成三个假设的互相分隔的层面，是为了把它分析得更清楚，实际上，我们决

不会只有在三个层面的某一个层面听音乐，我们本能地同时在三个层面上听音乐。

In a sense, the ideal listener is both inside and outside the music at the same moment, judging it and

enjoying it, wishing it would go one way and watching it go another—almost like the composer at the

moment he composes it; because in order to write his music, the composer must also be inside and

outside his music, carried away by it and yet coldly critical of it. A subjective attitude is implied in both

creating and listening to music.

一句话，明智的听众同时能够穿进音乐，又能穿出音乐，评判它，欣赏它，……就像作曲家创作的时刻，为了写好音乐，作曲家必须深入到音乐里面，然后再跳出来，一方面，要陶醉于它，一方面又冷静地评判它，那才是创作音乐和欣赏音乐的主观态度。

What the listener should strive for, then is a more active kind of listening ,Whether you listen to Mozart

or Duke Ellington, you can deepen your understanding of music only by being a more conscious and

aware listener-not someone who is just listening, but someone who is listening for something.

听众首先要做到积极主动地听音乐，听莫扎特的也好，听迪克·埃令顿的也好，只要你成为一个有意识的听众，你就会加深对音乐的理解----一个人不仅仅是要听，而是要听出点什么。

P100 英译汉

As a devoted participant in the college annual song contest for the past two years ,it has come to my

attention that competitiveness and the desire to win have overthrown the school spirit and overall

togetherness that the event was designed to generate. When classes are so bent on winning that they

actually resort to spying on their rivals in hopes they can turn their opponents in on some technicality,

things in my opinion, have gone just a bit too far, Is it really worth winning if it means deliberately

damaging your competition to do it?

在过去的两年中，我一直是一年一度校园歌咏比赛的积极参加者。我注意到，竞争和想取胜的欲望违背了我们的学校精神，违背了学校通过比赛达到全校同学共同参与的初衷。如果某个年级取胜心切，不惜采取刺探的手法将别人的技巧“偷”到手，我以为这种做法已经有些过分了。倘若这样做就意味着比赛原则遭到破坏，那么即使赢了又有什么意义呢？

P100 汉译英

Let’s suppose there are three hypothetical, separate planes on which we listen to music. The first plane

is sensuous. It is the plane on which we listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself and we

hear music without thinking, without considering it any way. This is the simplest way of listening to

music. The second is the expressive plane. On this plane we listen not only for the pleasure of the

musical sound but also for the understanding of what the piece of music is saying. All music has a

theme. But while listening, each listener feels for himself the specific expressive quality of the theme.

The third plane on which music exists is the sheerly musical plane. When we listen to music we must

be prepared to increase our awareness of the melodies. The rhythms, the harmonies etc. Actually, we

never listen on only one or the other of the three planes. What we do is to instinctively listen in all three

ways at the same time.

让我们假设人们听音乐有三个层面。第一个是感官层面。在这个层面上，听音乐的方法最简单。听音乐不用思考，纯粹为了消遣听音乐美妙的声音。第二个是表意层面。我们听音乐不仅听悦耳的声音，还要了解音乐所表达的意思。每支乐曲都有它的主题，但是，不同的人对同样的音乐有不同的感悟。最后一个是纯音乐层面。我们听音乐时，应该注意音乐的旋律、节奏、和声等。其实，我们决不会只在这三个层面的某一个层面上听音乐。我们本能地同时在三个层面上听音乐。

Text 2 Why the Stars of Rock Who Sing of Their Pain Might Actually

Mean It?

为什么摇滚歌星不能真正表达他们歌唱时的痛苦

Forget alcohol and drug abuse. Rock stars now face a new hazard—voice abuse, prompting safe

singing as the preoccupation of modern performers. After last week’s announcement that Genesis

singer Phil Collins might give up touring because live shows are wrecking his voice, doctors are

counseling stars about the do’s and don’ts of voice care.

忘掉酒精和滥用药品吧！摇滚歌星们面临新的危险----滥用嗓子。提供安全的嗓声是现代歌手们应全身心注意的事。《创世纪》歌手菲勒·考林斯在上一周宣布，他很可能放弃巡回演唱。因为现场演出破坏了他的嗓音。医生们建议嗓音护理应该做哪些事，应该不做哪些事。

“Pop singers facing trouble should be more selective about their work, should not smoked and should

avoid smoky atmospheres,” said Mr. Davies, consultant laryngologist at the Middlesex Hospital,

London, who numbers many pop and rock stars among his clients.

“流行歌手们面临困难时应该谨慎选择工作，不要吸烟，尽量避免烟雾环境”戴卫斯先生说，他是伦敦蔓得尔塞斯医院的咽喉专家顾问，他的客户中有许多流行歌星和摇滚歌星。

“They should also rest their voice after a show instead of spending hours straining it at parties or

chatting with fans. They should never take aspirin because that thins the blood and, if the singer coughs,

this can result in bruising of the vocal chords,” he added.

“他们演出后应让嗓子休息，而不是花费数小时竭尽全力参加集会，同粉丝们聊天。他们不应该使用阿斯匹林，因为那样会稀释血液。如果歌手们咳嗽的话，那会损伤声带。”他补充道。

Phil Collins, 41, who started a grueling three-month 52-date tour of the US and Europe in May and

who counts Princess Diana among his fans, has admitted to using steroid. “Phil Collins is too

experienced a singer to fall into that trap. Some singers do rely on steroids, which are easily obtainable

on the Continent. They are useful occasionally if a singer’s vocal chords are inflamed and he has to go

on stage that night. But they should not be taken regularly because they lead to a thinning of the voice

muscle in the long term.”

菲尔·考林斯，41岁，他五月份在欧美开始了连续52场精疲力竭的演出。他的歌迷包括黛娜王妃在内。他坦白承认，每次演唱前他都用类固醇来提高自己的嗓音。但戴卫斯给国家剧院和皇家莎士比亚公司提建议，考林斯的毛病可能是类固醇导致。“菲乐·考林斯经历太多而掉入歌手们的陷阱，很多歌手都信赖类固醇。这类药在欧洲大陆很容易就能买到。当歌手们声带红肿时常常很有效，但长久使用将会导致声带肌肉的细瘦。”

“Phil Collins’s problem is more likely to be over-use of his voice when younger. Most pop singer suffer

from three things: lack of training, over-use and abuse of the voice. They have difficult lives. When

they go on tour they do a vast number of concerts, sing in smoke-laden places and then go off to the

next gig in an air-conditioned bus or on a plane, both of which have low humidity, which is damaging

to the vocal chords. They are expected to do three-month tours, which no opera singers would ever

consider doing. They abuse their voice by forcing it, so as to be heard over the background noise. ”

菲尔·考林斯的问题，就是年青时过多使用嗓子所致。大多数歌手会遭到三个问题，缺乏训练，过度使用，滥用嗓子。他们生活大多较困难，当他们巡回演出时他们要出演大量的音乐会，演唱地点充满烟雾，演唱一结束又要在空调车或飞机上准备下一场演出。车上或飞机上湿度都很低，这对嗓子有害。他们希望连续三个月做巡回演出。歌剧演员不会这样考虑，他们强迫自己的嗓子使劲发音，以便在背景糟乱的环境中能够听清。

Mr. Davies, who is chairman of the British Association from the Performing Arts Medicine, says rock

and pop singers must also learn to warm up voices before a show and warm down afterwards. So

whereas late parties and cigarettes used to be de rigueur for pop and rock stars, now a gentle warm-up

before and straight home to cocoa and bed afterwards is recommended. So worried is the Association

about the problems of singers and musicians that it is setting up a telephone hotline to give advice to

those needing help away from home on tour.

戴卫斯，他是英国演员艺术护理协会的主席，他建议摇滚和流行歌星在出演前必须热身，演出后学会放松，对流行歌手摇滚歌手来说，每场晚会和烟雾环境难以避免，推荐的做法是演出前进行柔和的热身，演完后径直回家，喝杯饮料，然后上床睡觉，对于歌手和音乐家最关心的问题，协会成立了电话热线，给予需要帮助的歌手提出建议，不论在家还是在巡演

It is also making training videos for GPs, one on musicians’ problems, such as repetitive strain injury

and one on the voice. It has run nine training sessions for doctors in the last two years. It has 300

doctors on its books and is setting up 12 specialist centers round the country where there are

consultants with performing arts experience.

协会还为一般从事者制作了训练牒片，一部分是关于音乐人的问题，比如反复强制使用造成的伤害，一部分是关于乐声的。在最近两年来，协会还搞了9期医生培训，全国范围内有300多医生登

记在册，成立了12个专家中心，对演艺人经历的问题进行诊治。

“It is impossible for musicians or performing artists to discuss their problems with a colleague or friend

in the profession, because once it is known that anyone has a ‘problem’, their professional life is often

finished. They are no longer booked by agents or fixer,” said Mr. Davies.

“音乐人和演艺人士不可能与专业圈内的同事或朋友讨论他们自己面临的问题，因为一旦发现某人有问题，那么他的专业寿命也就结束了。将没有经纪人和中间人再同他们签约了”戴卫斯说。

Other singing stars have suffered from serious voice problems. Elton John and Lulu have had polyps

removed from their vocal chords, and Tom Jones had problems including laryngitis and had to have his

tonsils removed. Equity the actors’ and singers’ union, is also worried about the problem. Singer

Miriam Stockley, vice-chair of the Concert and Session Singers’ Committee. said:” What people forget

is the amount of noise that you have to sing above.”

其他一些歌手也遭遇严重的声音问题，埃尔顿·琼和露露切除了声带上的息肉，汤姆·琼有喉炎问题被迫切除扁桃体。演员及歌唱家联合组织对这个问题非常担心。歌手米里亚姆·斯科特莱，他也是音乐和歌手委员会的副主席，说：“唱歌人必须压过影迷制造的大量噪音，常常什么都忘记了。”

Unit 8 Text1 A Romance That War Cannot Silence

There’s not a single false gesture in Frances Itani’s “Deafening.” Despite its subjects-war, romance,

disability-it’s a story of careful, measured emotion, bleached of all sentimentality. The publisher has

poisoned the novel as a debut in America, but Canadians have been reading Itani for decades, and every

page of this story betrays the hands of a mature writer.

弗朗思·伊塔妮的作品“聋哑”中并不是仅有哑语，虽然它的主题是战争、浪漫和残疾。但它是一个细腻，多情，被感伤漂洗了的凄美故事。尽管加拿大人读伊塔妮的作品已几十年了，但出版商还是把她的这部小说定位在美洲首发，并且这部小说每一章页都有有违于这位成熟作家的以前的写作手法。

The heroine, Granis O’Neill, was robbed of her hearing at the age of 5 in the early 20th century. Itani

narrates her life in a voice filled with the rhythm of the deaf girl’s thoughts and sensibilities, a

technique that submerges us in Grania’s silent but vivid world, a place “divided into things that move

and things that don’t move.”

故事的女主人公格兰丽亚·欧·内尔，生活在20世纪早期，她五岁时丧失了听力。伊塔妮描述了一个充满聋哑女孩思想情感节奏的生动的故事。她的这种写作手法给我们再现了格兰丽亚静默但形象的内心世界。

Her parents are too burdened by guilt and too involved in difficulty in hopes for a miracle to work with

their daughter’s obvious intelligence, but her grandmother remains determined to teach Grania to read.

The process involves studying simple pictures and words, feeling her grandmother’s throat, and

attending to the slight fluttering of others’ lips. Every everywhere, there are traps and tricks, puns and

homonyms, silent k’s and g’s, and, worst of all, mustaches that hide speakers’ words.

她的父母负担太重，虽肩负着艰难困苦，但他们还是希望在自己聪明的女儿身上再现奇迹。她的祖母拿定决心教她读书。最初学习过程是学习简单图片和单词，让她手触外祖母喉咙，同时要注意观察别人嘴唇的轻微振动。学习过程中处处是陷阱和诡计，很多双关词和同音异形词，清辅音g`s和k`s也难以分辨。更为糟糕的是说话者的大胡子使她分不清说话者的词语。

But “nothing will stop Grania,” Itani writes. “when she is alone she stands on tiptoe on the stoop at the

back, behind the laundry, and she watches her reflected mouth in the narrow window. She takes a bite.

She studies each word separately. She holds her voice as close to herself as she can. It is like pressing a

pillow against her chest, the way the boy in the picture presses the book to his sailor suit.”

“但什么也难不倒格兰丽亚”伊塔妮写道，“当她独自一人时，她踮着脚尖背对走廊站着，那后面是洗衣店。在狭窄的走廊过道上观察反射回的自己的嘴唇，她一点一滴地，分别学习每一个词。她尽可能使声音，紧紧接近自己，就像把一个枕头紧紧靠在胸前，也像挂图上的小男孩一样，紧紧把书靠近他的海军兰外衣。”

Showing Grania pull herself into the world of language so deliberately, Itani reinvests words with a

power most of us have forgotten. But she controls that power with quiet, remarkable effect.

为了展示格兰丽亚如此熟练地进入语言世界，伊塔妮重新启用了一大部分我们早已忘却的词，并赋予它强大的生命力。她用词清丽，却有意想不到的效果。

After a brief period in a public classroom being alternately ignored or pitied, Grania is sent away to a

progressive school for the deaf, where she cries for two weeks and then resolves never to cry again.

The training is difficult, but Grania’s grandmother provided a good foundation. “Her hands, to her

surprise, and jerkily at first, begin to send ideas out, ”Itani writes. “Her face and body punctuate; her

eyes receive. She is falling into, She is entering a new world. She is joining the larger conversation for

hands. ”

她在公共学校里待了一段时间，在那儿受到漠视或怜悯同情。格兰丽亚被送进一所高级聋校，她整整哭闹了两周，她下决心不再哭闹了，这儿的训练相当艰苦，但她祖母小时候给她提供了一个好的基础。“令她自己都惊讶的是，她的手，开始时生硬拗口，但逐渐就传递出信息来”伊塔妮写道。“她用脸和身体点标点，她的双眼获取信息，她全身投入了，她进入了一个手语会话的新的世界。”

Soon after she graduates, Grania meets Jim Lloyd, a hearing man. I can’t remember ever feeling so

greedy for more details from novel. Grania and Jim develop an intimacy intensified by their struggle to

communicate, and Itani’s discipline as a narrator makes their courtship all the more striking. “She

wanted to talk. The room was dark unless there was a moon, but she did not need the moon. She closed

her eyes and raised the fingers of her left hand to his lips. Though at first he was astonished, he

understood and began to speak. His careful words fell onto her fingertips and she whispered back and

they conversed like this, side by side.”

她毕业后不久，格兰丽亚遇到吉姆·劳德，一个听力正常的男人，我当时只管贪婪的阅读，已记不清小说的详细细节。格兰丽亚和吉姆通过顽强的沟通，发展加深了两人的亲昵行为。伊塔妮用叙述者手法使得他们的婚恋变得更加振憾人心。“她想交谈，房子里一片黑暗，没有月光，但她不需要月光，她闭上眼睛，抬起左手指放在他的唇边，虽然吉姆开始很吃惊，他明白了，并开始交谈，他清晰的话语流进了她的手指，并且她低声耳语，就这样，他们一遍又一遍交谈着。”

Married only two weeks, Jim is sent to France as a stretcher-bearer, and the novel splits into two very

different stories: One remains with Grania, and the other follows Jim into the deep ditches of Europe.

Their experiences couldn’t be more different. Itani constructs a striking juxtaposition between Grania’s

small, silent world and the chaos of battle that her husband endures.

婚后仅仅两周，吉姆征召法国前线，作了一名担架兵。整个小说分为两个不同的故事线索。一条线索仍然伴随着格兰丽亚，另一条线索跟随吉姆深入战场内部。他们各自的经历是不同的。伊塔妮创建了一种并行结构，一方面是格兰丽亚那小小的，静秘的内部世界。另一方面是她丈夫经历的喧闹的战斗场面。

But the author also hears the resonance between these two experiences :Jim’s survival often depends on

his ability to exercise the same attention as Grania to slight movements around him, and in the roar of

shells and gunfire, his men resort to impromptu sign language. Back home, Grania battles the influenza

epidemic that will eventually kill more people than World War I killed.

作者也从两方面重要经历中得到共鸣，吉姆能够活下来主要依赖他练就的敏感能力，正如格兰丽亚围绕着他一样。在枪林弹雨中，他和他的战友们的联系借助于临时的手语。在后方，格兰丽亚同流行感冒展开了斗争。流行感冒致死的人命总数要比第一次世界大战死去的人还要多。

What’s particularly remarkable about this novel is that Itani’s quiet, measured style, which seems so

effective for describing the simple details of domestic life, becomes thoroughly stunning when

employed in her descriptions of war. From Jim’s initial burst of patriotic enthusiasm, through stages of

blinding terror and sickness ,he trudges on for years in a world “no one would believe.” These

anecdotes of continuous chaos, blood, and waste serve as a serous reminder of the nature of battle

before technology allowed us to pretend that the process of killing could be precise and objective.

这部小说特别引人注目之处是作者伊塔妮平静和慎重的写作风格。这种风格用描绘家庭生活的简朴琐碎十分有效。没想到用于战争时会变如此震憾人心。从最初爱国激情的迸发到后来的目不暇接的恐惧和疾病等种种磨难，吉姆多年来艰难在一个“人人都难以置信的世界”里挣扎着。当现代科技使我们盲目认为战争中的杀戮可以是精准的，并且非随意实施的时候，这些关于连绵不断的混乱，流血和荒芜的记事认真地提醒我们不要忘记战争的残酷本质。

Grania, consumed like so many women at this time with the tasks of waiting, clings to a few letters that

manage to make it back to her, hoping guiltily that Jim, unlike so many others. Will survive.

Meanwhile, “Deafening” demonstrates a perfect ear for the tragic mingling of joy and grief at the

arrival of a wounded loved one. Grania’s brother-in-law, terribly disabled and shocked into silence, is a

frightening example of the alternatives to death in Europe.

格兰丽亚，像其他妇女一样，在等待的日子里消磨时光，反复读着给她寄回的来信，心里为吉姆做祈祷，希望他活着回来，同时，“聋哑”这部小说描述对他们经历的欢乐痛苦传奇般的倾听。格兰丽亚的最密切的亲人，她的小叔虽然没死，但遭受了苦痛的残疾，被震哑了，这是欧洲战场最令人惊吓的例子。

One of the novel’s most beautiful sections involves Grania’s efforts to help him emerge from the fog of

his pain. There are no miracles -- for her or her brother-in-law –but the qualities she developed as a

child, her fierce attention to language and the world around her, are not easily thwarted. It’s a delightful

irony and a true example of the power of affection when the one person in his life who can’t hear

finally makes him speak.

这部小说最美丽动人的部分就是格兰丽亚的努力帮助她小叔脱离了痛苦的迷茫。对她或她小叔来说，没有奇迹出现。但她童年时形成的能力，对语言和周围世界的强烈注意力。不是很容易挫败的。它也是一部悲喜剧，当一个人一生中再也听不到自己的声音时，它就是一个有影响感染力的真实榜样。

“Sorrow can be borne, ”Grania’s grandmother insists, and here’s enough in this moving story to

reassure us of that promise and point to something beyond endurance. Indeed, there are passages here

so beautiful that we cannot help straining to hear more.

“没有吃不了的苦”格兰丽亚的祖母认为，在这个动人的故事中，使我们足以确信这一俗语，并且超出了一个人的容忍程度。真的，这篇文章如此优美，我们都禁不住再听一遍了。

P116 英译汉

During the World War II, Catherine Jones worked as a nurse in the army. Like many other young

people, she was sent to the front line in Europe. Everyday she had many patients to attend to, giving

them injections and some others had been robbed of their sight and hearing. They had suffered so much

that those who were seriously wounded had to resort to painkillers. Despite all this, they were still

brave and optimistic, which moved Catherine so much, and which made her see the twilight of the

victory.

二战期间，凯瑟琳·琼斯在部队当护士。她和许多其他年轻人一样被派住欧洲前线。每天她要照顾许多伤员，为他们打针，处理伤口。有些士兵被夺去了手脚，而另外一些则被夺去了视力或听力。他们遭受巨大的痛苦，伤势严重的病人常常依赖止痛药。尽管这样，他们依然勇敢、乐观。这一切深深地打动着凯瑟琳，让她看到了胜利的曙光。

Deafening

… A deaf child will learn 300 to 500 words in a year if at all intelligent. First, the child is taught the

sounds and then how to combine them…

“Go to my room.” Mamo is pointing to the floor above. “Bring the package on my desk.” Grania

watches her grandmother’s lips. She understands, pushes aside the heavy curtain that keeps the wind

from blowing up the stairs, and runs up to the landing. She pauses long enough to glance through the

only window in the house that is shaped like a porthole, even though it’s at the back of the house and

looks over land, not water. She peers down into the backyard, sees the leaning fence, the paddock and,

over to the right, the drive sheds behind Father’s hotel. Far to the left, over the top of the houses on Mil

Street, she can see a rectangle of field that stretches in the opposite direction, towards the western edge

of town. A forked tree casts a long double shadow that has begun its corner-to corner afternoon slide

across the field. Remembering her errand, Grania pulls back, runs to Mamo’s room, finds the package

tied up in a square of blue cloth and carries it, wrapped, to the drawing room. Mamo pulls a low chair

over beside her rocker. Her rocker moves with her, out to the veranda, back to the drawing room, out to

the veranda again. “Sit here,” her lips say.

“到我的房间去”嬷嬷指着楼上的地板。“把行李放到我的桌子上。”格兰丽亚看着祖母的嘴唇，她明白了，掀起厚重的门帘，使风能够吹到楼梯上，她跑下楼梯，她中止了长长的一瞥，从房子仅有的像舱口的窗户往外看，即使是在房子的后墙向外看，看的都是平地，没有水。她凝视着后院，看到斜斜的篱笆，围场。在右边，是父亲旅馆的车库。左方远处，麦尔大街房子顶端远处，她看到一块矩形田地向反方向延伸，一直到这个城镇的西边缘。一棵分叉的老树拖着长长的树影斜穿过田野，因为记着自己的任务，格兰丽亚转回身，跑回嬷嬷的房间。她发现一块方形蓝布系在行李上，捆装得很好，嬷嬷拿了一把矮椅放在她的摇椅旁边，摇椅随着她的晃动，转向走廊，又回到客厅，又转向走廊，来回晃动。“坐下吧”她的嘴唇动了动。

Grania watches. Her fingers have already probed the package on the way down the stairs, and she

knows it is a book. At a nod from Mamo she unties the knot and folds back the cloth. The first thing

she sees on the cover is a word, a word picture. The word is made of yellow rope and winds its way

across the deck of a ship where a bearded captain steers and a barefoot boy sits on a rough bench

beside him. The boy is reading a book that is identical to the one in Grania’s hands-it has the same

cover. The sea and sky and sails in the background are soft blues and creams and browns. Grania

knows the rope letters because, after the scarlet fever, she relearned the alphabet with Mamo. The

yellow letters curve and twist in a six-letter shape.

格兰丽亚看了看，当她在下楼梯的路上，手指已探触到了行李，她知道那是一本书，经嬷嬷点头允许后，她解开扣节，卷起蓝布，首先看到的是封面是一个单词----是个配图的单词。这个词是由黄绳构成，弯弯曲曲绕过轮船的甲板，那儿一个大胡子船长掌舵，旁边坐着一个赤脚的小男孩。小男孩正读一本书，那本书和格兰丽亚手中的书一模一样，它们的封面相同。格兰丽亚知道由绳组成的单词，这黄色的字符是由曲折缠绕的6个字母形状。因为腥红热过后，她和嬷嬷重新学过这些字母。

“Sunday,” Mamo says. “The title of the book is Sunday, but you may keep the book in your room and

look at it any time you want. Every day, we will choose a page and you will learn the words under the

picture. Yes?” Eyebrows up. A question.

The book is for her. This she understands. Yes. Her fingers touch the cover but she has to be still or she

will make Mamo annoyed.

“星期日”嬷嬷说道，“这本书的题目是星期日，你可以把这本书放到你的卧室，随时都可以阅读，每天选一页，学会图画下的单词，听见了吗？”

这本书是给她的，这她懂，是的，她的手触动着封面，她必须这样，要不嬷嬷会生气的。

“There are many words in the book,” Mamo says, “so many words.” She taps her fingertips against the

cover.“Some day, you will know them all.” she speaks to herself in a low voice. “If you can say a word,

you can use it,” not knowing how much Grania has understood. “We will do this, word by word- until

your parents make up their minds to do something about your schooling. You’ve already lost one year,

and a valuable part of another.”

“书上有许多单词。”嬷嬷说“一些单词”她用手指轻敲着封面。“总有一天，你将全部认识，”她低声自语道。“如果你每说一个词，你要反复用它”也没弄清楚格兰丽亚是怎样理解的。“我们将这样做，一个词一个词的来做----只到你的父母下定决心送你去上学。你已经拉下了一年，那是一个非常重要的时期。”

Mamo’s finger points at the book and her eyes give the go-ahead flicker. Grania opens the stiff cover

and turns the blank sheet that follows. The word Sunday is on the inside, too, but this time its letters are

dark and made of twigs instead of yellow rope. The page that follows the twigs is in color.

嬷嬷的眼睛首先眨了眨，她用手指着书。格兰丽亚翻开僵硬的封面，接着打开下一空页，单词“星期天”也在里面，但这次它的字母是黑体，是由小嫩枝制成而不是再用小黄绳，接着下一页的小嫩枝是带了颜色。

A brown-and –white calf has stopped on a grassy path and is staring at a girl. The girl is approaching

from the opposite direction. She seems to be the same size and age as Grania; she might by seven or

eight. Only the back of her can be seen-blue dress, black stockings, black shoes. Her hat, flowers

tumbling from the crown, hangs downwards from one hand. A doll wearing a red dress hangs limply

from the other. The doll’s hair is as red as Grania’s. No one in the picture is moving. The calf looks too

startled to lift a hoof.

Grania points to two words beneath the picture and looks at Mamo’s mouth

“BOTH AFRAID,” Mamo reads.

The first sound erupts from grania’s lips. “BO” she says. “BO”

Mamo makes the TH shape with her tongue. “BO-TH.”

一头棕白相间的小牛在草坪小路上正盯着小女孩，这个小女孩从相反方向逐渐靠近它，这小女孩

大小，年龄看起来和格兰丽亚差不多，大该有七八岁，只能看到她的后背—蓝裙子，黑袜子，黑鞋。她的帽子，像皇冠上向外翻的鲜花，从一边向下垂着，另一只手里拿着一个穿红裙子的软软的布娃娃。这布娃娃头发与格兰丽亚一样，画上的任何物都不动，这小牛看起来受到惊吓而抬起一只蹄子。格兰丽亚指着图下面的两个单词，并仔细看嬷嬷的嘴。“BOTH AFRAID”嬷嬷读道，第一个音节从格兰丽亚的嘴唇发出“BO”她说“BO”嬷嬷用自己的舌音变成“TH”口形，“BOTH”

Grania tries over and over, watching Mamo’s lips. This is not so easy. She already knows AFRAID.

Afraid is what she is every night in the dark.

“Practice, ”Mamo tells her. She lifts herself out of the rocker, leaving behind the scent of Canada

Bouquet, the perfume she chose because of its name and because she chose this country and because of

the stench of the ship she left behind many years ago, and because Mr. Eaton sends the perfume from

his mail-order catalogue in tiny bottles that cost forty-one cents. The air moves quickly like a rag as she

walks away.

格兰丽亚试了一遍又一遍，观察着嬷嬷的嘴唇，太不易了。她已懂得“害怕”，每天晚上她在黑暗中的感觉就是害怕。

“练习吧”嬷嬷告诉说，她从摇椅上站了起来，留在向后提加拿大花束香味。…………

Grania breathes deeply, breathing in the sent. She sniffs the closed book and squeezes it to her as if it

might get away. Both and afraid roll together, thick and half-new on her tongue. She runs upstairs to the

room she shares with her older sister. Tress is stretched out reading her own book ,The Faeries.

Sometimes, Mamo and Tress read aloud to each other, after Tress walks home from school, Grania

watches their lips. But she doesn’t know the stories.

格兰丽亚深吸一口气，又呼出去，她嗅了嗅眼前的书，紧紧的抱住，好像它要飞了似的，“BOTH”和“AFRAID”这两个词在她的舌上含混不清的咕哝着。她跑到楼上，那是她和姐姐的寝室。Tress正埋头读《仙女的故事》，有时放学后，嬷嬷和Tress互相高声朗读，格兰丽亚观看她们的嘴唇，但她不懂这个故事。

“Say,” Grania says to Tress. She points to the words beneath the picture. “Say in my ear.” says. “You

won’t hear.

She shakes her head. “No”.

“Shout,” says Grania.

“You still won’t hear.

“Shout in my ear.” She narrows her voice so that Tress will understand that she is not going to go away.

She turns her head to the side and feels Tress’s cupped hands and two explosive puffs of air. Tress

listens as Grania practices, “BOTH AFRAID BOTH FRRAID BOTH AFRAID.”

“读！”，格兰丽亚对Tress说，她指着图下的单词，Tress扫了一眼这本新书，她知道这是嬷嬷给的礼物，“你会用吧”Tress说“你又听不见。”格兰丽亚摇摇头，说“高声吼读”，“你还是听不见呀”

“在我耳朵上高声读”，她提高了嗓音让Tress明白，她并不是要逃离，她把头扭躺这边去感受Tress用手罩在嘴上的发音和音节爆破声，当格兰丽亚练习时，她在边上听“BOTH AFRAID, BOTH

AFRAID, BOTH AFRAID”

“pretty good,” her mouth says. She shrugs and goes back to The Faeries. Supper, like all meals, is eaten

at the big oval table-the family-only table-in the private corner of the hotel dining room, next door. All

through the meal Grania thinks of the brown-and-white calf and the girl in the blue dress. She sees

them in her head when she walks along Main Street with Mamo in the early evening, and when she lies

in her bed later, eyes open in the dark. “Both afraid,” her voice says softly. She doesn’t want Tress,

across the room, to hear. A breeze blows through the window sash above her sister’s bed…

“好极了！”Tress脱口而出，她高兴地耸耸肩，继续读她的《仙女的故事》，晚餐时，像往常一样，在大圆桌上吃，这是他们家唯一的饭桌，放置卧室角上一个隐蔽角落。整个晚餐时间，格兰丽亚都在考虑棕白相间的小牛和那个穿蓝裙的小女孩。傍晚，她和嬷嬷在Main street大街散步时，又浮现出这些事，晚上，她躺在床上，在黑暗中瞪着双眼，“BOTH AFRAID”她的发音轻轻的，她不想让Tress听到，一阵柔曼的风吹过她们姐妹俩的窗户……

Unit 9 Text1 Generic Bad Movie Physics

Some insultingly stupid movie physics are so commonplace as to made it inefficient for us to rail about

individual instances. They have become visual cliché and do for movies what verbal cliché do for

literature. To avoid repetition, we have listed the following generic bad physics item.

一些粗制滥造的电影是非常普遍的，以至于我们抱怨指责某些个例时认为他们都非常无能。以影视而论，它们是视觉上的陈词滥调；以文学作品而论，它们是文字上的陈词滥调。为了避免重复，我们列出以下普遍性的败笔。

The secret agent fixes his steely gaze on the crowd across the street in a park seven stories below. He

methodically assembles his weapon. First he locks together the stock and barrel, then snaps his

telescopic sight into position. Last, he screws on an oversized silencer. He carefully selects a shiny 7.62

mm NATO round (chosen, no doubt, for its long range accuracy)and chambers it using the weapon’s

bolt action.

特务冷冷地盯着穿行在公园小路上的人群，他有条不紊地组装自己的武器，首先把枪托和枪管装到一起，迅速卡上瞄准星，最后拧紧消音器，他仔细选择了一些闪闪发光的7.62mm合乎北约标准的弹头，一拉枪栓，装弹入膛。

A dastardly terrorist wanders into view. The secret agent raises his weapon and coolly squeezes the

trigger. On the street below onlookers hear an innocuous “fut” sound. The secret agent steps back from

the window undetected, his assignment completed.

一个卑鄙的恐怖分子来回游逛进入了视线，特务举起武器，冷冷地触动了板机，大街上的观众听到了与人无损的“卟”一声，特务从窗台转回身，没有被任何人发现，他的任务完成了。

Unfortunately for the secret agent, he’s not so likely to go undetected. A 7.62 NATO round is

supersonic and would cause a miniature sonic boom even if the muzzle blast from the rifle was muffled.

Yes, the miniature sonic boom is not as easy to pinpoint as a muzzle blast, but it does produce a very

noticeable noise which can draw attention to a shooter.

不恰当的就是这个特务，他不可能不被发现，一支7.62mm北约标准的手枪是超音速的，即使射击声在消音的情况下，也能够发出微小的隆隆声，当然，它发出的微小隆隆声与射击声相比，是极小量，但它也能产生一种尤为引人注目的噪音，使人能注意到射击者。

Even silencing the muzzle blast to a mere “fut” is next to impossible. muzzle blast noise can exceed

150 decibels (measured at the shooter’s location)and is one of the loudest sounds humans are likely to

hear. Silencers, suppressors, or cans as they are sometimes called have to be precisely made using very

exacting technology to have any hope of quieting such a loud noise. Considering that the threshold of

pain is only 130 db, we’re actually glad Hollywood sound tracks don’t accurately reproduce the noise

of muzzle blasts. If they did, the only sound action movie fans would hear as they staggered out of the

theater would be the ringing in their ears.

射击声消音成微小的“卟”声直接不可能，射击声的噪音高于150分贝（站在射击者的位置测量），它可能是人能够听到的最大的声响了。消音器，消除器，它们有时被称作是利用高科技，制作精良，有望把噪音静到很低水平，但考虑到人的痛点域值是130分贝，我们才真正明白好莱坞音规并不是真正射击声的复制。假如他们是真正复制，仅仅这音响声足以使电影迷跑出电影院，因为这刺激耳朵了。

SWAT teams sometimes use silencers, not for stealth, but to insure that they will be able to hear if one

of the SWAT team members fires a shot inside the confined space of a room. Discharging a unsilenced

firearm in a room can cause temporary deafness.

特种武器及战术小组成员有时会用消音器，他们不仅仅是为了密秘行动，仅是为了确保：若小组内的一人开火，其他人在一个房子内能听到即可，假若枪支未进行消音，那么会引起暂时性耳聋。

Sound is a form of energy transfer and we could define loudness in terms of the energy per unit of time

or power output of the sound but it wouldn’t give the complete picture. Sound waves travel outward

like balloons expanding around their source. The sound’s power is distributed on the surface of the

wave which increases with the square of the distance from its source. In other words, the amount of

energy per unit of area in the wave declines rapidly as the wave moves away from the source. About

the same wave area contacts a person’s ear regardless of how far she or he is away from the source.

However, the area contains significantly less energy when the source is far away rather than up close.

This explains why the sound is not as loud.

声音是一种能量的转换，我们可以用单位时间上产生的声音能量或声能来标定声音的大小；但这仅描述了事情的一部分，声波向外传播就像许多气球从同一点向外飘散，声能沿着声波的表面分布，其区域随传播距离的平方而增加，换句话说，声波单位面积上的能量随着声波远离声源而减少，无论远近传到人耳中的声波区是相同的，但当我们距声源较远时，声波区的能量也就明显减少，所以我们听到的声音就比较小。

We love the “highly effective” makeshift silencers which movie characters cobble together on the spur

of the moment. These have been created with everything from pillows to potatoes. Our favorite is a

scene from On Deadly Ground where Steven Seagal “effectively” silences a semi-automatic handgun

by taping an empty 2 liter soft drink bottle to the end of the gun barrel and gets the usual “fut” sound.

At best, jury-rigged silencers are nearly worthless. At worst, they can partially block the gun barrel

causing it to overpressure and explode. We might add that unregistered silencers are also highly illegal,

even if they are relatively ineffective homemade creations.

我们因为喜爱这些“特效”而暂且不考虑电影主角是怎样制作的消音器的，也不用管它是由枕头或是土豆制成的，什么也不用考虑。很受我们欢迎的电影《极地雄风》，主人公史蒂文·西盖尔“高效率”制作了一部半自动手枪的消音设备。它是用2公升大小的软饮料空瓶扎在枪管的尾端，结果取得了寻常的“卟”声，往好处说，临时装备的消音器效果几乎不值一提。往坏处说的话，临时制作的消音器会阻滞枪管，能够引起爆炸。我们再加一句，这些未注册的消音器非常不合乎标准，即使充当家中娱乐玩具，效果也很差劲。

Since Hollywood isn’t overly concerned about loudness, then certainly it’s not going to obsess over

small details like decimal points. The speed of sound is roughly 300 m/s while the speed of light is 300

000 000 m/s (both numbers are accurate to one significant figure). Yet, moviemakers consistently think

the two speeds have decimal points in the same location. If an artillery shell explodes on a distant hill

the sound invariably arrives simultaneously with the image. Lightning typically coincides with thunder.

When a car careens off the edge of a cliff and smashes into the boulders below, we instantly hear the

explosion.

由于好莱坞不大关心声音的响度，当然它更不可能缠住像小数点这样的细节不放，声速是300

m/s，光速是30000000 m/s，然而，电影制作人认为，这两个速度一样，在远处小山上炮弹爆炸，声音和影像总是同时到达，闪电和雷声总是一致，当一辆大卡车冲出山崖边缘撞到下面的大石头上时，我们总是先听到爆炸声。

Perhaps we should just write this one off to dramatic license, but the truth is virtually everyone knows

about the time delay between images and sound. In a movie, if a minor mismatch between an event and

its sound causes a distraction, then dramatic license justifies eliminating it. Otherwise, why portray

anything falsely, especially when most people know and accept the truth. We have previously

mentioned that noises cannot be transmitted through the near vaccum of outer space because sound has

to be transmitted through matter. Why then does Hollywood persist in playing engine noises every time

a spacecraft passes by. Seeing a giant craft float silently past would be far more dramatic because it

would be unexpected in our earthbound lives.

大该是我们为了流畅地写出这件事而进行了艺术上的加工，但实际上每个人都知道，光影与声音之间有时间差，在一部电影中，声音和事件之间微小的不协调就能引起人们的分心，所以经常艺术性加工，摘除那些不恰当部分。要不然的话，事情描绘总是归于失败。尤其是大多数人都知道事实真相时。我们以前提到：声音不能在大气层外的真空中传播。因为声音传播要借助于物质，那什么好莱坞却坚持每次太空飞船经过时都有引擎的噪音，主要是因为看到一个巨大的飞船静静在空中飘浮，这也是我们在地球生活的人不太习惯的事情。

Arguably, the most dramatic scene in the 1968 movie 2001: A Space Odyssey occurs when the

computer HAL locks Dave out of the spaceship and Dave is forced to enter the ship in a dangerously

unorthodox manner. Even though Dave sets off explosive bolts, the scene is totally silent because there

is no air in outer space. Yet, the scene conveys a sense of utter desperation.

无可置疑的1968年制作的大片《2001太空漫游》，出现了这样的剧情，当计算机HAL把戴乌锁在了飞船外，戴乌采用了非传统的非常危险的方法进入了飞船。即使是戴乌引燃了大爆炸，这个情景也应是无声的，因为外空没有空气，然而这个情景却传递出完全错误的描述。

2001 is included in most lists of the top 100 movies of all times. It has an enduring quality, and cult

following because it got the physics of space travel essentially right. It’s not a particularly strong movie

in terms of plot, action, or pacing. Its best dialog comes from its most notable character, a computer

portrayed as a disembodied voice and unexpressive camera lens. Its ending is almost incomprehensible.

Still 2001 demonstrates that silence is strongly emotional.

《2001 太空漫游》是当时100部最畅销的电影之一，它品质的持久和影响力的至深主要是因为它描述的太空旅游基本是正确的，它在剧情、表演和步调等方面并不怎么尤其突出，它最好的剧情对白是两个尤为突出的角色，一个由计算机扮演的不知是哪里发出的虚渺的声音和毫无表情的冷漠的摄像镜头。它的结局是几乎不可理解的，《2001 太空漫游》出现的静默仍是很有心理震撼力的。

The 1970 movie Tora Tora Tora was nominated for four Academy Awards including the award for

sound. The movie was a marvel of special effects for its time and was vastly superior in historical

authenticity to the more recent movie Pearl Harbor Yet to modem viewers it has an annoying audio

distraction. The bullets make a fake noise sounding ricochet when they hit. In 1970 this was standard

practice but now sounds ridiculous. Movie makers would do well to take note of this fact. Movie

history itself shows that the public eventually does reject nonsense.

1970年美国战争片《虎虎虎》四次提名为奥斯卡奖，其中也包括声音奖。比起最近制作的战争片《珍珠港》来说，它简直是一部特效奇迹。并且在历史原作方面非常卓越。然而，现今观众很恼火的是它的音频杂乱，子弹射击反弹时是一种不真实假冒的声音。而在1970年时，这还是当时标准的惯例，现在看来是荒谬可笑的。电影制片人应很好的关注事实，电影它自身的历史发展也说明了公众最终还是拒绝废品。

P131 汉译英 Cutting sound intensity in half only reduces the relative loudness by merely 3 dB. This

would be barely noticeable. A good set of ear plugs typically reduces noise by about 30 dB and so,

would reduce a muzzle last from 150 to 120 dB, still a very loud noise. We estimate that the innocuous

“fut” sound made by a movie silencer is roughly 50 dB, a whipping noise reduction of 100 dB from the

dB level of a muzzle blast! In other words, a silencer has to reduce sound intensity of a muzzle blast by

a factor of 1010 to give such a low relative loudness. This can be done with a very well-designed and

precisely made silencer using subsonic ammunition. However, even commercially available silencers

are more likely to give a reduction for 30 to 40 dB similar to ear plugs than the incredible 100 dB

reduction frequently portrayed in movies.

把声音的强度降低一半，仅使声音的大小相对降低3分贝。这几乎很难察觉到。一付质量上乘的耳塞通常可降低噪音30分贝左右，这将使射击声从150分贝降到120分贝，仍然很响。我们估算影片中枪械消音器发出的那一点与人无损的“卟”声也不过50分贝。这就意味着射击噪声惊人地降低了足足100分贝。换句话说，消声器必须将射击声的强度以1010为因数进行消音才能达到如此低的分贝数。要做到这点，就必须使用设计完美，制作精准的消音器和亚音速的弹药。但现在市场上可以买到的消音器大多只能降噪30至40分贝，与带耳塞的效果相似，而非影片中经常描述的令人难以置信的100分贝。

Hollywood Visible Laserbeams

From security systems to space adventures, conveniently-visible laswrbeams are a common part of our

movie experience. Too bad they often don’t reflect reality. Multi-beamed laser security systems are a

frequent Hollywood plot device. Again and again movies feature tension-filled scenes in which

characters snake their way through mazes of laserbeams artistically arranged in random patterns by

professional security fools to entertain us by making would-be thieves do contortions. A simple

arrangement of closely-spaced parallel beams would be contortion-proof but certainly not as much fun.

从安全保卫系统到太空探险，方便的可见光束是影视经历中很平常的一部分，但太糟糕的是，它们没有反映出现实，彩色激光安全保卫系统是好莱坞常用的剧情设备。电影一次又一次呈现紧张的剧情，其中的角色阴险地借助于可见光的迷惑，利用专业安全设备工具，艺术性随便安排一个模型，来取乐于我们，使小偷束手就范。一束简单的封闭平行光束能够防止发散，但并不能用来取乐。

Unfortunately, the tension-filled fun requires visible beams. And anyone who’s used a typical re laser

pointer knows that visible laserbeams are as commonplace as the quintessential dimly-lit smoke-filled

room. Shine a pointer under normal conditions ,and you get a puny dot of light, not a visible beam

extending dramatically across the room. It’s only when the laserbeam hits a diffuse surface that its light

is scattered in all directions., some towards your eyes, allowing you to see the dot. The only way to

“see” a red laserpointer’s beam is to shine it through a cloud of smoke, chalk dust, mist, etc. in a

dimly-lit space. The small particles in the cloud act as tiny diffuse surfaces which scatter part of the

beam toward your eyes. Dust particles usually create a sparkling effect as they float through the beam.

Sunbeams and moonbeams are created in the same way. Technically, what you actually see are the

particles in the cloud, not the beam itself.

不恰当的是，这些充满紧张的笑料竟然需要可见光。用过红外线教鞭的人都知道，可见光很普遍，但必须是在朦胧的、充满烟雾的屋子才能看见。在正常状态下，打开教鞭，你能看到的仅是弱小的光点，并不是充满整个房间的可见的梦幻般的延射光束，只有当光束击打在扩散物的表面，它