学术综合英语翻译A,D

学术综合英语翻译A,D

1. Through language we can share experiences, formulate

values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.

通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。

2、In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often

makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.

实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别优秀演说和空洞演说的关键所在。

3. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and

can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.

假设的例子描述想象中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。4. Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying

your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain

them so they are meaningful to your audience.

只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。

5. There are four basic methods of delivering a speech:

reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text,

speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously or

impromptu.

演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的演说。

6. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is

responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of

human activity.

无论是工业还是传统形式的能源供应，在人类破坏环境的过程中均占有很大比重。

7. Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and

in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change.

在所有环境问题中，对人类威胁最大且在许多方面又最让人类无计可施的是全球气候变化。

8. The only other external cost that might match the

devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing

or aggravating large-scale military conflict.

其他唯一能够同全球气候变化所造成的灾难性影响相提并论的外化成本是引发并加剧大规模军事冲突的风险。

9. He’s the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror

when you’re speeding down the highway.

他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。

10. The full driving record of every licensed driver there was

made available to

them, warts and all, giving the researchers a huge database

of more than 10 million licensed drivers.

他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录，这样他们就有了一个良莠俱存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。

11. “What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the

month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and

that suggests there’s a protective effect of having a ticket.”

“我们发现出严重事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少，这说明罚单有保护作用。”

12. They also found that the “relative risk reduction

associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent

among subgroups of licensed drivers,” ...他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的，”……

researchers also addressed the commonly held belief

that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent

because so many people are killed during police chases.

研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的看法：交通罚单引起的交通事故比

防止的多，因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。

labeling of “women’s language” as “powerless

language” refl ects the view of women’s behavior through the

lens of men’s.

视“女性的语言”为“低微无能者的语言”反映出男性看女性行为的角度。

15. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by

experts as well as nonexperts, by which women’s ways of

thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.

这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解为无能的表现。

16. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief

comment in a newspaper article.

一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有歧义的存在。

17. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs;

what remains constant is that the women’s style is negatively

valuated– seen as lower in status than the men’s.

关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性。

18. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data

in two separate papers– which also happened to appear in the

two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and

Nature – the jig was up.

当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中---而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊《科学》与《自然》杂志上时---把戏被戳穿了。

19. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend

to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.

科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，并且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、

必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律。

20. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer

review,in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field,

is not meant to catch cheats. 《科学》杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的办法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并非旨在抓骗子。

21. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades

of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but

Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially

getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other

publications.

在专业期刊上发表论文赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足“不发表就完蛋”的迫切需要。但是，在《科学》和《自然》杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你的发表的论文可能会被《纽约时报》及其他报刊报道。

22. It also no doubt reflects the increasing and sometimes

excessive emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments

on publication measures, such as the typical ratesof citation of

journals.

这同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引用率之类。

23. Political decisions, such as the ratification of the Kyoto

Protocol by the Government of Canada, will undoubtedly impact

how, and at what price, we consume fossil fuels.

政治上的决策，如加拿大政府批准《京都议定书》，无疑会影响我们消费化石燃料的方式和价格。

24. But as the world’s thirst for oil increases, particularly

from emerging economies such as China, it is questionable if

known resources can meet additional demand, which will lead to

increased pricing.

但是由于全世界对石油需求强劲，特别是一些新兴的经济体－－如中国－－更是

如此，已探明的资源能否满足新增的需求还是个未知数，而这也将会推动油价进一步上涨。

25. The intent of these meetings was to explain the current

energy situation in Prince Edward Island and seek input as to how

the province should incorporate renewable sources into the

future energy mix.

举办这些咨询会的初衷就是向公众说明爱德华王子岛的能源现状以及就如何将可再生资源纳入未来的能源组合听取公众意见。

26. Participants at last year’s public consultation sessions

were informed that Prince Edward Island is the only province in

Canada without substantial resources of hydroelectric power,

fossil fuels or nuclear energy.

去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也无化石燃料，更无核能。

1、当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。

Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of

all, get well prepared for , you should make your major

points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well

organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and

your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes

you prepared beforehand. From time to time. you should look at

your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your

audience, and on the other hand. you will be able to go on with

your speech more smoothly.

2、以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素互相交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%,而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%,甚至更多。

It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these

factors to the monetary costs of energy supply in part because

factors not related to the environment are often entwined with

environmental ones. For example, construction delays have been

caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of

engineering, management and quality control. Nevertheless, in

the US environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs

of supplying petroleum products by at least 25 percent during

the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal

and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.

3、美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶器，观察40名志愿者分别在手持手机通话驾驶、酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有3名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢车速。此外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%，而刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。

Using a driving simulator, some UE researchers studied the

driving of 40 people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell

phone, others navigated while drunk, and others drove with

no such distractions or impairments. The results showed that

there were three accidents in which the drivers were talking on

cell phones--- all of them involving a rear-ending. The research

has found that those talking on the cell phone while driving are

more sluggish. In addition, talking on the cell phone can reduce

reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 19 percent in

terms of picking up speed after braking.

4、Deborah Tannen在她的畅销书《你就是不明白》中指出：虽然美国男孩和女孩在一起玩，但大多数时间他们都是在各自的性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。Tannen和其他这方面的研究人员发现，男孩（比如8至12岁的男孩）虽然在室外而不是室内玩耍，而且他们是在有等级结构的大组中玩耍。这帮男孩子中通常会有一个孩子头，他告诉别的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号施令和让其他男孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他们的玩伴那里获得更高或更重要的地位.

In her best-selling book You Just Don’t Understand ,

Deborah Tannen points out that, although American boys and

girls often play together, they spend most of their time playing

in same-sex groups. She also points out that boys and girls do

play some games together, but their favorite games are very

often quite different, Tannen and other researchers on this topic

have found that young boys, say ages 8 through 12, tend to play

outside the house rather than in the house, and they play in large

groups that are hierarchically structured. A group of boys

generally has a leader who tells the other boys what to do and

how to do it. It is by giving orders and making the other boys

play by the rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant

status in their play group.

5、影响因子是美国ISI（科学信息研究所）的JCR(期刊引证报告）中的一项数据。影响因子自从20世纪60年代创立以来为计量学的发展带来了一系列革命性的改变，受到了越来越多的关注和追捧，从发展中国家到发达国家，从研究基金的分配、学术水平的评价到个人的谋职、晋升，人们正在把影响因子从一个科学计量指标提高到了评判学术造诣的代名词。但是同时我们也不能忽略一个事实，那就是在目

前的学术界，关于影响因子的效用还有很多问题有待解决。

The Impact Factor is data from the JCR(Journal Citation

Report) issued by the American ISI(Institute for Scientific

Information). Since its formation in the 1960s, it has caused a

series of revolutionary changes to the progress of metrology.

Both in developing and developed countries, more and more

people are concerned about the Impact Factor. It plays an

important role in the allocation of research funds, evaluation of

the academic level, recruitment and promotion, etc. Instead of

being a scientific measure index, it has become a representative

of one’s scientific attainments. But at the same time we should

not overlook the fact that in present academia there are still

many problems about the Impact Factor that need to be solved.

6、就满足全球对石油需求的增长而言，世界石油资源量充足，并且在可预见的时间能石油供应不会达到峰值。而且，尽管全球上游投资规模加大，但是因为更多的资本将会投入到成本低、效益高的欧佩克国家，所以上游产业所面临的挑战与过去相比，没有什么明显差异。从长期来看，世界石油需求的增量主要将由欧佩克提供。然而，世界石油需求的不确定性和非欧佩克国家的石油供给使得对欧佩克的石油需求在一个较大范围内波动。这使制定及时、有效的在欧佩克国家投资计划变得更加复杂，因此也增加了投资风险。

In meeting the future growth of world oil demand, oil

resources are sufficient and oil supply will not reach its peak

within the foreseeable future. Moreover, despite the growing size

of the global upstream investment, the challenges that the

upstream sector faces will not be markedly different from those

of the past, as capital will be increasingly used more efficiently in

lower-cost OPEC countries. Over the longer term, OPEC will be

relied upon to supply most of the incremental increases in

demand for barrels. However, the uncertainties over future oil

demand and non-OPEC supply result in a broad range of demand

levels for OPEC oil. This complicates the planning for appropriate

and timely investments in OPEC countries and, consequently,

increases the risks associated with investment.