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mla科研论文写作规范中文版

篇一:MLA科研论文写作规范

Rubric ofthe Course Paper for “American Literature”

关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则

The thesis is written in English, including the citation.(全文用英文书写,包括引用文献。)

What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it

out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins

of your thesis to one-inch(2.54 centimeters)on all sides. The

paper should be double-space typed. There is one space

between every English words. There is no space between the

words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。)

How to Create a Header?如何编辑页眉?Create a header

in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family

name, followed by a space with the page number; number all

pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and

flush with

the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是1.27厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。)

How to deal with the first page?第一页格式的处理。In the

upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your

number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and

the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day

month year.”: i.e. 29 December 2011(without comma

between each word and the month should not be

abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011)

How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered

and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is

not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark

or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or

a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the

text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while

italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新

罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.”或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。

How to write an outline?如何写提纲?((You are not

required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample

of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook

for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A,

B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3);

F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).)

(如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the

main sections(B-level)用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开:如标题左对齐,词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in

“Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC

MEANING OF

NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题Symblic Meaning of the Forest

8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch.

Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky.

段第一句缩进半英寸(1.75厘米),用Tab键。 (每一

How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an

introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing

ideas and a par

agraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。)

How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the

author or the

introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的故事情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the

introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story

you study. It is an

introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the

context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why

you are writing and why your topic is

important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the

position you will develop and support throughout the paper.

The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。)

How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the

Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write

about how your paper is organized. This can help your

reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。)

篇二:MLA论文文本规范

论文格式要求

1.论文全文采用小四号Times New Roman(12号)字体:论文题目采用小二号 Times New Roman;中文题目采用小2号宋体。一级标题(章标题)采用16号Times New Roman,

分别冠以I、II、III、IV、V等序号;二级标题(节标题)14号,分别冠以1.1, 1.2、2.1, 2.2、等序号;三级标题(节以下标题)均采用12号,分别冠以1.1.1、2.1.1等序号。所有标题加黑。

2. 论文正文采用段首缩进5个字符,单面打印;2倍行距。正文第一页加论文题目。

3.正文(包括附录和参考文献)页码标注格式为阿拉伯数字1 2 3….页码标注在页面底部居中。论文封面不标注页码。

4.论文采用A4复印纸单面打印。上、下、右边距为25mm;左边距为30mm,其中10mm供装订。

5.论文装订次序为论文封面、论文主体(body),参考文献、附录(若有)。论文页码从正文开始。

示例1:MLA格式参考文献著录及引述格式

第一部分:正文内引述(In-text Citation: MLA Style)

[The formatting generally follows the latest Modern

Language Association (MLA) style, including parenthetical

references.*Parenthetical documentation means that in the

text, only the author’s surname and the page number is

given in parentheses following the quotation or any

reference to another source. If the author’s name is given in

the introductory statement to the quotation, only the page

number is given in parentheses at (MLA一般不用脚注)

The Works Cited page contains the full name of the author,

the title of the book, etc. Internet sites frequently do not have

page numbers, so that only the name of the author or web

site is given in parentheses. Footnotes are used sparingly,

and only to give additional information not suitable to

include in the text.] (Julia Diterman) Ⅰ. MLA格式文内摘录一般用括号加注法:

1. 括号内(作者姓氏+引文页码),如果引文中已经给出作者姓名,只需括号加注内页码即可。例如:

e.g In studying the influence of Latin American, African

and Asian music on modern American composers, music

historians tend to discuss such figures as Aaron Copland,

George Gershwin, Hey Cowell, Alan Hovhaness, and John

Cage (Brindle; Griffiths 104-39; Hitchcock 173-98这里同时引用不同作者的多篇文献)

e.g Brian Taves suggests some interesting conclusions

regarding philosophy and politics of the adventure film

(153-54, 171).

e.g Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her

odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain 33).

e.g Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her

odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”

(不规范)

e.g Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her

odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”

(不规范)

2. 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:

MLA: (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)

3. 两个作者时可以用 & 连接,两个以上时可用 ,隔开. 如:

e.g According to educational psychologists, raising children

is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs,

& Smith 410).

4. 引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:

e.g It was apparent that the American health care system

needed “to be fixed and

perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

5. 引用无作者文献:引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:

e.g An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his

poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).

6.引用非直接文献(indirect source)论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:

e.g Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an

“extraordinary man” (qtd. in

Boswell 2: 450).

Ⅱ 引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况:一种是作者的姓

氏在正文中没有出现,如:

(摘自:复旦大学英语语言专业学位论文规范)

e.g Charlottes and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not

only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing

(Taylor).

另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注,如:

e.g Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were

polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their

sources of inspiration for writing.

Ⅲ 超过四行的文内摘引语,另起一段,首行在原文基础上再缩进五个字符。行间距按1.5倍打印。

Lengthy quoted passages (more than four lines) are

single-spaced and indented from the left margin.(some time

from both margins) five paces. The first line is indented an

additional five spaces when it marks the beginning of a

paragraph.

Ⅳ 把句号或逗号放在引号内(Place the period and the

comma within the quotation marks:)

E.g. “Jenny,” he said, “let’s have lunch.”

也有例外: e.g. The author states: “Time alone reveals the

just(471)”.

当摘引用于强调事件本身时,破折号 —, 问号?和感叹号!一般置于引号内;当用于强调整个句子时,置于引号外。

e.g Gordon answered, “No way !”

e.g Stop whistling “All Do is Dream of you” !

例如:

第二部分:参考文献著录 Works cited or Bibliography

MLA格式(Documenting List of Sources: MLA Style)

正文引用文献须按MLA要求,著录在Works Cited或者Bibliography之下,在正文最后一章结束后另页开始,页码与正文相连。文献著录必须按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,不得以正文中出现的先后编码排序,不得使用阿拉伯数字。每一条目中的各项内容都必须按MLA规定的次序和格式编

排。

参考文献的字体与正文相同,条目间距为1.5倍行间距,另行缩进5个字符间距。 Ⅰ.每个参考文献一般有三个部分组成,依次是:作者姓,逗号,名,黑点,书名(斜体,如有副标题加冒号,文章名用引号),黑点,出版地,冒号,出版商,出版年。

e.g Feldman, Paula R. ed. British Women Poets of the

Romantic Era. Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins UP, 1997.

(Note: In a MLA style, always give the author’s name as it

appears on the title page. Never abbreviate a name given

in full. Only use initials if the title page does.以书名上所给名字为准 )

Borroff, Marie. trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

New York: Norton, 1967.

Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. Analyzing Casual

Conversation. London: Cassell,

1997. (Note: Reverse the first author’s name only,当有两个作者是,只把第一位作者的姓,名倒置)

Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference

Deficits in Right-Brain

Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.

Gilman, Sander, et al.(两个以上作者) Hysteria beyond

Freund. Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1993. (Note: When there are more than

three names, name only the first and add et al., or give all

names in full in the order in which they appear on the tile

page.)

Ⅱ引用各类文献中的文章

1.书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)

Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses:

The Corrected Text, by

Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June

1988: 32-39.

2. 收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)

Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of:

Masculinity, Femininity,

and the Thriller.” Gender, Gee and Narrative Pleasure. Ed.

Derek

Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

3.杂志中的文章

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New

Republic 16 Sept. 1981:

29-32.

4.百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New

Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

5研究报告

Flower, Linda. The Role of Task Representation in

Reading to Write. Technical

Report No. 6. Berkeley: Center for the Study of Writing at

U of

California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon U, 1987.

6翻译的书籍(Translated book)

Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan.

New York: Norton,

1977.

7.硕博士论文(Dissertation)

Hubert, Hey Allan. “The Development of English Studies

in

Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges.” Diss. U of

British

Columbia, 1988.

8.学术会议上的报告(Conference paper)

篇三:MLA格式

关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则

Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature”

1. The thesis is written in English, including the

citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。)

are some essential standard of a MLA paper?

(MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and

print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the

margins of your thesis to one-inch(2.54 centimeters)on all

sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one

space between every English words. There is no space

between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。)

to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a

header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your

family name, followed by a space with the page number;

number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,

4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number

on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是1.27厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。)

to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In

the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name;

your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course;

and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as

“day month year.”: i.e. 29 December 2011(without comma

between each word and the month should not be

abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011)

to write a title? (如何写标题?)The title is centered

and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is

not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark

or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or

a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the

text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while

italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism

in “Young Good Man Brown.”或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。

to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not

required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写

提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample

of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook

for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A,

B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3);

F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等;

E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).)

7.(如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the

main sections(B-level) 用不同的字

体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题Symbolic Meaning of the Forest

to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch.

Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab key. (每一段第一句

缩进半英寸(1.75厘米),用Tab键。

many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an

introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing

ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。)

to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of

the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的故事情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the

introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story

you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing.

It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your

readers why you are writing and why your topic is

important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the

position you will develop and support throughout the paper.

The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。)

to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the

Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write

about how your paper is organized. This can help your

reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。)

are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four

elements: A transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief

wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing

paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases

or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together.

You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence

and several other sentences of instances to support it, and

the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while

transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。)

to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文

献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the

period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page

number with no comma in between. i.e. “A lone woman is

troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s

afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on

to quote the same work, put the

page number in a bracket only. i.e. “She’s a blessed angel on

earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and

follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。

14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than

four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are

double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do

not use quotation marks. The citation information (the

author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(2.54厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。

you delete words from the original quote, insert an

ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each

one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有

空格的小圆点)。

a source has more than three authors, use the first

author’s surname followed by “et al.” i.e. (Barker et al. 23)

(如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al. 再空格加页码)

17. Citation from a website:

A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the

author's surname after the

B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another

source. ie.( author's surname).

C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened

title.(The first word of the title with a quotation

Automatically)

sion wrap up what you have discussed in your

paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not

indented. (结尾部分总结论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。)

to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use

endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the

rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the

endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but

before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and

indent each entry 0.5 inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即1.75厘米。

to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式)

The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited

in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online

resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog,

e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件,日记等)

The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title

Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If

there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited.

List the entries in the alphabetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。

MLA now requires all sources to have a publication

marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after

the citation. Online sources have the marker of Web.

CD-ROM, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-ROM,

E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志. 比如,书籍后用Print., 网络信息用Web ,光盘用CD-ROM,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。)

If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can

infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in

brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。

Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs

in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before

the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s

publication marker. butors' names. Title of

Resource. The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last

edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年.

Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. MLA

Formatting and Style Guide. The Purdue OWL. Purdue U

Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010.

Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓,名. “文章标题.”论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出

版年代. 起始页码.Print.

Lawrence,D.H. The Rocking Horse Winner. The Norton

Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. l. 5th. ed. New

York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print.

-------------------

注意:

1.现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。

2.现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。

3.现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。

以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。

1. 独著

姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.

Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New

York: The New American Library, .

2. 两至三名作者

姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.

Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds

of American Literary Thought. New York:

Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., .

Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright.

Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American

Way. New York: Dell, .

3. 四名或以上作者

姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.

Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of

Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New

York: Basic, .

4. 机构作者

机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual

of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed.

Washington:

.

5. 匿名作者

书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.

The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New

York Times Books, 1980. Print.

6. 同一作者两本以上著作

以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。

American Psychological Association,

Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of

Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, .


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