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2024年1月17日发(作者：伦勃朗打光位置)

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern

computer industry in motion.

晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命

2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor,

whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.

存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管

3 There hase been a never ending series of new op amps released each

year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved

to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog

applications by anybody.

从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can

accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power

hungry.

它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core

material of the inductor in the form of flux.

在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面

6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple

oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.

频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。

7 The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and

inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater.

时钟和上升沿时间越快，将增强电容和电感耦合效应，从而导致串扰问题越严重

8 What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention

of the integrated circuit, which is a group of transistors

manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together

internally , without extra wiring.

使得现代处理器能够制造的因素是集成电路的发明，集成电路是一组制造在单块材料上的晶体管，他们在芯片内部相互连接而不需要外部连线。

9 It can function as a line driver , comparator ,amplifier, level

shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver,

current source, voltage source, and etc.

它能用于线性驱动器，比较器，放大器，电平转换器，振荡器，滤波器，信号调理，电磁驱动器，电流，电压源等。

10 If we were to now digitally filter this sampled signal, we could

remove approximately 3/4 of the noise, increasing the signal to noise

ratio by a factor of 4 or 6dB.

如果我们用数字滤波方法处理采样信号，我们能去除大约3/4的噪音，把信噪比提高4到6分贝。

1、Many of the products and services in modern society are based upon

the work of electrical engineers and computer scientists. The

tremendous reduction over the last decade in the cost of digital

electronic devices has led to an explosive growth in the use of

computers and computation. At the same time, out increased

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understanding of computer science has made possible the development

of new software systems of increased power, sophistication, and

flexibility.

现在社会的许多产品和服务都是建立在电器工程师和计算机科学家的工作基础之。在过去几十年中，数字电子器件成本的大幅下降已经带来了计算机应用迅猛的增长。与此同时，人们对计算机科学认识的提高是的开发新的更强大，更复杂，更灵活的软件成为可能。

2、It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR) for an op amp,

so let's start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is

an defined as the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the smallest

output voltage the DAC can produce.

由于很难定义运算放大器的“动态范围”（DR），因此先给“数模转换器”（DAC）的动态范围下定义。 DAC的动态范围就是起最大输出电压和最小输出电压之比。

3、The available spectrum bandwidth is shared in number of ways by

various wireless radio links. The way in which this is done is

referred to as a multiple access are basically four

principle schemes. These are frequency division multiple

access(FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA), code division

multiple access(CDMA), and space division multiple access(SDMA)

不同的无限射频链路以不同的方式公用频谱带宽。这些共用方式称为“多址模式”“频分多址”（FDMA）、“时分多址”（TDMA）、“码分多址”（CDMA)和“空分多址”（SDMA)是四种主要的多址模式。

4、Use of custom gate array logic, application specific integrated

circuits(ASICs),ball grid arrays (BGAs), multichip modules(MCMs)

and digital devices operating in the subnanosecond range present new

and challenging opportunities for EMC engineers.

定制门阵陈列逻辑、专用集成电路、秋栅阵列、多芯片模块和呀纳米数字器件的使用为电磁兼容工程师提供了新的挑战性机遇。

5、Some digital logic IC and their and their analog counterplots(analog/digital

converters,for example) are standard parts, or standard IC. You can select

standard IC from catalogs and data books and buy them from distributors.

Systems manufacturers and designers can use the same standard part in a variety

of different microelectrionic systems( systems that use microelectronic or IC)有些数字逻辑集成电路和模拟电路（如模数转换器）是标准器件或者标准集成点路。可以从产品目录和数据手册当中选择标准集成电路，从经销商处购买。系统制造商和设计人员可以在各种不同的微电子系统（“微电子系统”是指应用微电子技术和集成电路的系统）中使用相同的标准器件。

1、In November 1971, Intel introduced the world's first commercial

microprocessor, the 4004, invented by three Intel engineers. Primitive by

today's standards, it contained a mere 2300 transistors and performed about

6000calculations in a second. Today, the microprocessor is the most complex

mass-produced product ever, with millions of transistors performing hundreds

of millions of calculations each second.

1971年11月，英特尔公司的三位工程师发明了世界上受骗商用未处理器4004.以今天的标准看，4004是比较简单的。它仅包含2300个晶体管，在一秒内可执行约60000次运算。今天微处理器是最复杂的大量生产产品。它第 2 页共 11 页

包含几百万个晶体管，一秒中可完成数亿次运算。

2、The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp. And the maximum

output voltage swing equals VOUTMAX. This output voltage swing is defined

as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH) minus the

minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve (VOL).VOH and VOL ate

easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet.

这个“动态范围”的定义也可以用于运算放大器，器最大输出电压摆幅为VOUTMAX输出电压摆幅定义为运算放大器能达到的最大输出电压减去嘴子输出电压。从运放集成电路数据手册中，可以很容易获得VOL和VOH

3、 A resistor at high frequency acts like a series combination of inductance

with the resistor in parallel with a capacitor. A capacitor at high frequency acts

like an inductor and resistor in series combination with the capacitor plates.

工作在高频的电阻表现为电感和并联的电阻、电容之间的级联。工作在高频的电容表现为电感、电阻和电容的级联。

4、The area served by mobile phone systems is divided into small areas known

as cells. Each cell contains a base station that communication with mobiles in

the cell by transmitting and receiving signals on radio links. The transmission

from the base station to a mobile is typically referred to as downstream,

forwardlink, or downlink. The corresponding terms for the transmission from a

mobile to the base are upstream reverse-link, and uplink. Each bade station is

associated with a mobile to the base ate upstream. Reverse-link, and uplink.

Each base station is associated with a mobile switching center(MSC) that

connects calls to and from the base to mobiles in other cells and the public

switched telephone network.

移动电话系统的服务区划分为一个个“蜂窝”小区。每隔“蜂窝”小区都有一座基站；通过在无线链路上发送、接受信号，基站和“蜂窝”内移动用户通信。基站向移动用户发送信号称作“前向链路”或“下行链路”。移动用户向基站发送信号称作“反向链路”或“上行链路”。每个基站都要和“移动交换中心”联络，而MSC的作用是把来往于基站的呼叫和其他蜂窝的移动用户、公共交换电话网连接起来。

5、 An ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a chip that is custom

designed for a specific application rather than a general-purpose chip such as a

microprocessor. The use of ASICs improves performance over general-purpose

CPUs. Because ASIC are "hardwired" to do a specific job and do not incur the

overhead of fetching and interpreting stored instructions. An ASIC chip

performs an electronic operation as fast as it is possible to do so, providing, of

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course, that the circuit design is efficiently constructed

“专用集成电路”不是微处理器这样的通用芯片，而是一种为特殊用途设计的定制芯片。和通用CPU相比，使用专用集成电路可以提高性能。因为专用集成电路是使用硬连线完胜距离工作的，并不需要为取指令和解释指令付出开销。专用集成电路芯片能够以尽可能快的速度完成一项电子操作；当然，器电路设计应该具有搞笑的结构。

1、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information

from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal

amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing

relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is

extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的存在在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或相对幅度）、频率（或频谱成分、相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些信息。

2、The term octave means a factor of two in frequency. On the piano, one octave

comprises eight white keys, accounting for the name(octo is Latin for eight). In

other word, the piano's frequency doubles after every seven white keys, and the

entire keyboard spans a little over seven octaves. The range of human hearing is

generally quoted as 20Hz to 20KHz, corresponding to about 1/2xoctave to the

left, and two octaves to the right of the piano keyboard.

Octave ("八度音阶”或“倍频程”是指频率上的两倍关系。在钢琴上，一个“八度音阶”包括八个白的琴键，这就是octave 得名的原因（在拉丁文中，octo代表“八”）换句话说，每隔七个白色琴键之后，钢琴的频率就加倍，而整个键盘跨越了七个多一点的“八度音阶”。通常认为人类听了范围在20Hz到20KHz之间，这两个频率分别对应与钢琴键盘左边约1/2“八度”处的频率和钢琴键盘右边两个“八度”处的频率。

3、The three-dimensional world is imaged by the lens of the human eye onto the

retina, which is populated with photoreceptor cells that respond to light having

wavelengths in the range of about 400nm to 700nm. In an imaging system, we

build a camera having a lens and a photosensitive device, to mimic how the

world is perceived by vision.

通过人眼成像系统，三维世界成像在视网膜上。视网膜上遍布着光接受细胞，这些细胞对400~700nm的光有反应。在成像系统当中，我们用镜头和光敏器件组成照相机来模拟人类视觉观察世界的方式。

4、Hardware means machinery and equipment (CPU, disks, tapes, modem,

cables, etc.). In operation, a computer is both hardware and software. One is

useless without the other. The hardware design specifies the commands it can

follow, and the instructions tell it what to do.

"硬件”就是机器和设备（如处理器，磁盘，磁带，调制解调器和电缆等）。

计算机在运行时需要硬件，也需要软件，没有了哪一个都不行。硬件设计制定可计算机能够遵循的指令，而指令告诉计算机该做什么。

5、The term"wave"can be defined as a pattern of varying quantitative value that

repeats over some interval of time. Waves are common in nature : sound waves,

brain waves, ocean waves, light waves, voltage waves, and many more. All are

periodically repeating phenomena. Signal sources are usually concerned with

producing electrical(typically voltage) waves that repeat in a controllable

manner.

"波”可以被定义为每隔一段时间重复出现的、由变化树枝构成的曲线。在自然界中，波是很常见的——如声波、脑电波、海浪、光波和电压波形等——这都是周期性出现的现象。信号源通常产生重复出现可控的电气波形。

第 4 页共 11 页

1、Another requirement for signal processing is to compress the frequency

content of the signal(without losing significant information )then format and

transmit the information at lower data rates, thereby achieving a reduction in

required channel bandwidth. High speed ,modems and adaptive pulse code

modulation systems (ADPCM)make extensive use of date reduction algorithms,

as do digital mobile radio systems, MPEG recording and playback, and High

Definition Television (HDTV)

信号处理还可以满足以下需求：在不损失重要信息的前提下，对信号的频率成分进行压缩、赋予新的格式并以低数据率进行传输，从而减小可用带宽。和数字移动射频系统、MPEG录放设备和高清晰度电视一样，在告诉调制解调器和“子适应差分脉冲调制系统”ADPCM中也大量使用数据压缩算法。

2、In computing, a display is described by the count of pixels across the width

and height of the image. Conventional television would be denoted 633*483,

which indicates 483 picture lines. But any display system involves some

scanning overhead, so the total number of lines in the raster of conventional

video is necessarily greater than 483

在计算机领域，显示器用图像宽、高方向上的像素进行描述。常规电视表示644*483，这以为这483条图像线。不过，显示系统都包含一些用于扫描的开销；因此，常规视频扫描的总线数一定大于483

3、Firmware is a category of memory chips that hold their content without

electrical power and include ROM,PROM, EPROM and EEPROM technologies.

Firmware becomes"hard software"when holding program code.

固件是无需电源而能保存内容的存储芯片，包括ROM、PROM、EPROM和EEPROM。在存储了程序代码之后，过肩就成为一种硬的软件。

4、Waveforms have many characteristic but their key properties pertain to

amplitude, frequency, and phase. The amplitude, frequency, and phase

characteristic of waveform are the building blocks a signal source use to

optimize waveforms for almost any application.

“数字多用表”是一种用来测量电学量（电压、电流、电阻）的仪表。“数字多用表”的用途广泛、形状多样、尺寸各异。“模拟多用表”在音质刻度上移动指针来现实结果。虽然指针移动有利于显示渐进的变化，但精确度却不如数字显示。“数字多用表”在数字液晶读出器或者发光二极管读出器上现实精确的测量结果。

5、An oscilloscope is a test instrument that displays electronic signals (waves

and pulses) on a screen. It creates its own time base against which signals can

be measured.

“示波器”是一种在屏幕上显示电信好（波形和脉冲）的测量仪器。“示波器”能够产生“时基”用来进行信号测量

1、differential signals are those that use two commentary paths carrying

copies of the same signal in equal and opposite polarity (relative to

ground).

差分信号是指使用两路互补通道的信号。两路互补通道分别以正反极性传输同一个信号。

2、A real-time system is a computer system that response to input signals

fast enough to keep an operation moving at its required speed.

“实时系统”是这样一种计算机系统：它能够对输入信号快速响应来维持所需的处理速度

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3、The JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group) is used for compressing

continuous-tone still pictures. JPEG was developed by photographic

experts working under the joint auspices of ITU, ISO and IEC.

JPEG(联合图像专家组）用来对连续色调静止图像进行压缩。JPEG是由ITU、ISO和IEC共同支持的图像专家开发出来的。

4、The noise is an extraneous signal that invades an electrical

can come from strong electrical or magnetic signals in

nearby lines, from poorly fitting electrical contacts, and from power line

spikes.

“噪声”是一种侵入到电气传输中的无关信号。“噪声”来源可能是附近电线的强电磁信号、匹配欠佳的电气连接和电力线尖锋信号。

5、Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home

and business systems. Its domain can only increase as time proceeds.

Thus , DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists

and engineers

数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。

6、Rise and fall time are measures of the time it takes the signal edge to

make a transition from on state to another. In modern digital circuitry,

these values are usually several nanoseconds.

“上升时间”和下降时间是指信号边沿进行状态转换所用的时间。在现代数字电路中，器数值通常是几个纳秒。

7、Real-Time Operation System is an operating system designed for use

in a real-tome computer system.

“实时操作系统”是专为“实时计算机系统”设计的操作系统。

8、As high-speed digital systems become more complex, it is becoming

increasingly difficult to mange timings and signal integrity

随着高速数字系统变得越来越复杂，时序和信号完整性的实现也越来越困难。

9、 In digital designs the occurrence of crosstalk is very widespread.

Crosstalk will whenever the electromagnetic fields from different

structures interact

在数字系统中，串扰是非常普遍的。在芯片上、印制电路版上、芯片封装第 6 页共 11 页

上和连接电缆上都可以出现串扰。

10、These are several reasons to use Flash memory instead of a hard

disk: Flash memory allows faster access. It is noiseless, lighter and

smaller in size and has no moving parts.

不用硬盘而采用闪存的理由有好几个：闪存的存取速度更快、不产生噪声、重量更轻、尺寸更小、而且没有活动的部件

1、Microprocessors ate the brains of your personal computer. Here on

this tiny silicon chip are millions of switches and pathways that help your

computer make important decisions and perform helpful tasks. And

microprocessors don't just think for computers-you might find a processor

in many other everyday items like your telephone or car.

微处理器是个人计算机的神经中枢。在这个小小的硅片上集成了数以百万的开关和数据通路，它们帮助计算机做出重要的决定和完成有意义的任务。但微处理器不是只为计算机而设计的。人们可以在电话、汽车等许多日常物品中发现处理器。

2、The Chebyshev equal ripple filter distributes the roll-off across the

whole passband. It introduces more ripples in the passband but provides

a sharper roll-off in the transition region. This type of filter has poorer

transient and step responses due to its higher Q values in the stages of

the tilter

切比雪服等波纹滤波器的频域滚降分布在整个通带范围内。其通带内波纹较多、而过渡区的滚降比较陡峭。引起在滤波过程中的Q值较高，切比雪服等波纹滤波器的暂态响应和阶跃响应较差。

3、SPICE( Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a

program widely used to simulate the performance of analog electronic

systems and mixed mode analog and digital systems. SPICE solves sets

of non-linear differential equations in the frequency domain, steady state

and time domain and can simulate the behaviour of transistor and gate

designs.

SPICE（侧重集成电路的仿真程序）是一个广泛用于模拟电路混合电路仿真的程序。 SPICE解决了多组建立在频域、稳态和时域的非线性方程，从而能够对晶体管和门电路的设计行为进行模拟

4、In TDMA and FDMA systems a frequency channel used in a cell is not

used in adjacent cells to prevent co-channel interference. In a CDMA

system it is possible to use the same frequency channel in adjacent cells

and thus increase the system capacity

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在TDMA和FDMA系统中，为了防止信道间干扰，某个蜂窝小区使用感动额频道不会被临近蜂窝小区使用。在CDMA系统中，可以在临近蜂窝小区中使用相同频率，从而增加了系统容量。

5、A soft core is a block of logic for a particular function that is designed

to be implemented in a programmable logic chip (PLD)or on a

programmable section of a microcontroller chip or system on a chip

(Sock).depending on the vendor, the logic can come as schematic ,netlist

of HDL code. Soft cores may be implemented with hard cores on a chip.

“软核”是在可变成逻辑芯片上或在微控器、片上系统的可编程部分实现的。根据生产商的不同，逻辑功能可能以原理图、网表或者硬件描述语言代码的形式提供。软核可以用芯片上的硬核来实现。