公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN

Chapter 2课本第一章

An Era of Change改变的年代、时代

Introduction引言

There has been a transformation（转化、变革） in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.

在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。

This new paradigm poses（形成，造成） a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental

principles of traditional public administration.

这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。

These seven seeming verities（真理） have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。

Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估） their bureaucracies and demanded changes.

1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。

All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度） later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession

that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。

A new paradigm一个新的范例

There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for

public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。

Some argue that a paradigm is a large hurdle（障碍） to jump, requiring agreement among all a discipline’s(学科，纪律)

practitioners-a more or less permanent way of looking at the world

一些争论认为一个范例是一个要跨越的大障碍，需要所有学科的实践者的同意，或多或少是看待世界的暂时方法。

The basic paradigms for public sector management are those following from Ostrom’s(1989)argument that there are two

opposing forms of organization: bureaucracy and markets. 基本的公共管理部门的范例是这些遵循奥斯特罗姆的争论，即组织有两种对立的类型：官僚组织和市场组织。

To Behn,the traditional model of administration qualifies as a paradigm; as he continues, ‘certainly,those who support

traditional public administration would argue that they have a “discipline（学科、纪律）”, complete（完整的） with” theories,

laws, and generalisations”, that focus their research’ (Behn,2001,p.231).

对本来说，传统行政模型适合被看做一种范式。他继续说，当然，那些支持公共传统行政的人会争论说他们有纪律，带有完整的理论、法律和普遍原理，专注于他们的研究。

The public management paradigm has the very different underlying（潜在、含蓄、隐晦的） theoretical bases of economics

and private management. 公共管理里范式有着很不同的潜在的理论基础，即经济理论和私营部门理论。

However, it is not the case that at one point in time everyone in the discipline decided that the traditional public

administration paradigm had been superseded; it is more the case that paradigms change gradually. 然而，这不是说这个学科的所有学者都认为传统公共行政范例已经被取代，范例是逐渐改变的这样一个事实。

The emergence of a new approach 一种新方法的出现

By the beginning the 1990s,a new model of public sector management had emerged in most advanced countries and many

developing ones.在1990s初期，在大多数发达国家和很多发展中国家一个新的公共部门管理模型出现了。

In the United Kingdom there were reforms in the 1980s,such as the widesperad privatization of public enterprises and cuts to

other parts of the public sector during the Thatcher government.

在英国撒切尔执政时期，出现了改革，比如公共企业的民营化、精简公共部门。

In the United States,a key event was the publication（出版） in 1992 of Reinventing （彻底改造）Government by Osborne

and Gaebler (1992).在美国一个关键事件是Osborne and Gaebler 所写的《彻底改造政府》的出版。

International organizations,notably the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) and,to

a lesser extent（程度、范围） the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) became inerested in improving the

public management of their member and client nations:The public management committee(PUMA)at the OECD took a leading

role in the public management reform process.国际组织特别是法国为基础的OECD，较小范围的世界银行和IMF开始对

提高自己的成员国和客户国家公共管理感兴趣：在OECD内的PUMA在公共管理改革过程中起了领导作用。

This provides a reasonable（合理的） summary of the process of managerial （管理的）reform,although,as we shall see in

Chapter 3 in discussing the various formulations（构想，规划） of different theorists;in the early days of reform there was little

commonality（公共，共性，平民） in views of what was involved.

While there have been striking similarities in the reforms carried out in a number of countries(see Chapter 14),it is argued

here that the greatest shift is one of theory rather than practice.尽管许多国家的改革有很多惊人的相似，但这里争论的是理论转型而非实践转型。

Administration and management 行政和管理

It is argued here that administration is a narrower and more limited function than management and,in consequence,changing

from public administration to public management means a major change of theory and of function.这里争论的是行政是比管理更狭义更限制的功能，因此，公共行政向公共管理的转变是理论和功能的主要改变。.

The Oxford Dictionary defines administration as : ‘an act of administering’,which is then ‘to manage the affairs of’ or ‘to

direct or superintend（监督、管理） the execution（执行、实行）,use or conduct of’,while management is : ‘to conduct,to control

the course of affairs by one’s own action,to take charge of’.哈佛字典这样定义行政：一种管理行为，管理事务或者直接的或者监督执行，使用或者管理。而管理则是:执行，通过一个人的行为控制事物的过程，负责。

From these various definitions it is argued that administration essentially involves following instructions（指示，命令）

and service,while management involves:first,the achievement of results,and secondly,personal responsibility by the manager for

results being achieved

从这些多种多样的定义可以看出，行政包括服从命令和服务，而管理包括：第一是结果的实现，第二是管理人对于获得结果的个人责任

Similarily,the words‘management’and ‘manager’have been increasingly used within the public sector

.类似地，管理和管理者这两个词越来越多地应用在公共部门中。

These changes of title are not superficial.这些标题的改变是表面的、敷衍的

Public administration and public management 公共行政和公共管理

It followsthat a public service based on administrative concepts will be different from one based on management and there

aer continuing and unresolved tensions between the two views.

分析得出以行政概念为基础的公共服务和以管理为基础的公共服务是不同的，二者之间有着悬而未决的紧张关系。

The term ‘public adminitration’ always referred to the study of the public sector,in addition to being an activity and a profession.公用行政这个词经常用来指公共部门的研究，另外还是一项活动和一个职位。

Rosenbloom(1986)argues that ‘public administration is the use of managerial, political,and legal theories and processes（处理） to fulfil legislative（立法的，有立法权的）,executive（行政的，经理的） and judicial （公正的）governmental mandates（授权、命令） for the provision（规定，条款） of regulatory（管理的，控制的） and service functionsfor the society as

a whole or for some segments of it’. Rosenbloom 指出：公共行政是对管理的、政治的、合法的理论的应用，

In genral, ‘public administration’refers here to the academic study of the public sector.

总的来说，公共行政这里指的是公共部门的经济研究。

Administration and management are argued here to have conceptual differences and adding the word ‘public’ to

them should reflect these differences.

这里提到的行政和管理有着概念上的不同，在他们前面加上‘公共’这个词可以反映这些不同。

Imperatives of change变革的紧迫问题

The changes in the public sector have occurred as a response to several interrelated （相关的，互相联系的）imperatives（命令的，祈使句）:first,the attack on the public sector;secondly,changes in economic theory; thirdly,the impact of changes in the

private sector,particularly globalization （全球化）as an economic force;and,fourthly,changes in technology.公共部门的改变作为几个相关的祈使句的回应发生了：第一，对公共部门的冲击，第二，经济理论的改变；第三，私人部门改变的影响，特别是作为经济力量的全球化；第四，科技的改变。

The attack on the public sector 对公共部门的抨击

In the early 1980s there were wide-ranging attacks on the size and capability of the public sector.

在1980s早起，在公共部门的规模和能力上有大范围的冲击

There were three main aspects to the attack on government. 对政府的冲击主要有三个方面。

The ideological（思想的，意识形态的） fervour （热情）of attacks on the role of government,and efforts to reduce its

size,faded somewhat in the late 1990s.

对政府角色的冲击的思想热情以及减少规模的努力在1990S晚期冷淡下来。（逐渐消失。）

Economic theory 经济理论

In the 1970s,conservative（保守的） economists argued that government was the economic problem restricting economic

growth and freedom. 1970S，保守的经济学家认为政府限制了经济增长和自由。

The change in economic thinking profoundly（深刻地） affected the public bureaucracy

经济思考的改变深刻地影响了公共官僚制。

Public choice theory 公共选择理论

The most important economic theory applied to the bureaucracy, particularly in the earlier debate over managerialism,was

public choice theory.应用于官僚制特别是早期关于管理主义的争论的最重要的经济理论是公共选择理论。

The key assumption of public choice is a comprehensive view of rationality.

对公共选择的主要假设是合理性的综合观点

A rational man must be guided by the incentive system（动机系统） within which he operates.

一个理性的人必须被他在里面起作用的动机系统所引导

An assumption of such carrot （胡萝卜）and stick behaviour applies in any area.

Making an economic assumption about behaviour does have its uses.做一个关于行为的经济假设确实有他的用处。

These views found a governmental response. 这些观点建立了政府的回应。

After thirty years of public choice theory and attempts to apply it to governmental settings,results have been mixed

公共选择理论和把它应用于政府设置的努力在三十年后有了复杂的结果。

Principal/agent theory

The economic theory of principal and agent has also been applied to the public sector,especially concerning its accountability.规则和机构的理论也被应用于公共部门，特别是它的责任。

Principal/agent theory attempts to find incentive（动机） schemes（体制） for agents to act in the interests of principals.

规则/机构理论试图发现机构在规则的兴趣下的行动的动机体制。

Chapter 3 第二章

The Traditional Model of Public Administration传统的公共行政模式

Introduction

What is here called the traditional model of public administration was once a major reform movement.

这里被称为公共行政的传统模型的是曾经的一次主要的改革运动。.

The traditional model can be characterized as: an administration under the formal control of the political leadership, based on

a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutral and anonymous officials, motivated only by the

public interest, serving any governing party equally, and not contributing to policy but merely administering those policies

decided by the politicians.传统模型可以被定义为：政治领导正式控制下的行政，以官僚制的严格等级制模型为基础，聘用永久的、中立的、匿名的员工，只为公共利益所驱动，平等地为任何政党服务，不为政治做贡献，也不管理政治家决定的政策。 .

The traditional model of public administration remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the

public sector, but is now being replaced.

公共行政的传统模型是在公共部门保持最久的突出和最成功的管理理论。但是现在被逐渐替代。

Early administration早期的行政

Public administration has a long history, one paralleling the very notion of government.

对比政府的概念公共行政有一个很长的历史。

Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of the Nile and to build the

pyramids. 行政系统存在于古埃及用来管理来自一年一次的尼罗河大水的灌溉，建造金字塔,

In Europe the various Empires – Greek, Roman, Holy Roman, Spanish and so on – were, above all, administrative empires,

controlled from the centre by rules and procedures.

在欧洲各种各样的帝国—希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等，首先都是行政帝国，通过规则和程序受中心控制。

Earlier systems of administration shared one important characteristic. 早期的行政系统分享一个重要的特点。

In the United States for most of the nineteenth century, there existed what was termed the spoils system of administration,

derived from the saying, ‘to the victor belong the spoils’.

在美国19世纪的大多数时期，存在被称为政党分赃的行政系统，源自于这个说法：战利品属于胜利者。

In other words, there is no specific expertise involved in public administration, nor is there any reason that the administration of

government should persist when its political complexion changes. 换句话说，没有特殊的企业涉及公共行政，也没有任何理由表明政府行政在他的政局发生改变时应该保持不变。

Jackson thought there were advantages in making the administration more egalitarian平等主义 的 and democratic: ‘I can

not but believe that more is lost by the long continuance of men in office than is generally gained by their experience.’

.杰克逊认为在使行政更平等和民主里有优势：

Eventually, the inherent problems of earlier forms of administration led to changes in the latter part of the nineteenth century

and to the reforms associated with the traditional model of administration.

最终早期行政模式的固有问题导致了19世纪后期的变革和与传统的行政模型有关的改革

The reforms of the nineteenth century19世纪的改革

The beginning of the traditional model is best seen in mid-nineteenth century Britain.

传统模式的开始最常见于19世纪中期的英国。

The United Kingdom reforms of the mid-nineteenth century influenced opinion in the United States.

英国的19世纪中叶的改革影响了美国的观点

The model was greatly influenced by Woodrow Wilson in the United States, one of the key activists in the United States reform

movement, and Max Weber in Europe

.美国的这一模型受到了威尔逊的很大影响，威尔逊是美国的改革运动中的一个关键的积极分子，马克思韦伯是欧洲的积极分子。

Wilson, Taylor and Weber, who were contemporaries, are the main influences on the traditional model of public

administration. 威尔逊、泰勒和韦伯，这几个同龄人是公共行政的传统模型的主要影响力。

Weber’s theory of bureaucracy韦伯的官僚制理论

The most important theoretical principle of the traditional model of administration is Weber’s theory of bureaucracy.

传统的行政模型的最重要的理论原则是韦伯的官僚制。

In setting out a basis for his theory, Weber argued there were three types of authority: the charismatic – the appeal of an

extraordinary leader; the traditional – such as the authority of a tribal chief; and rational/legal authority.

作为它的理论基础，韦伯认为有三种权威类型：魅力型权威—对领导者的绝对赞同，传统权威—例如部落首领的权威，法理型权威

Weber set out six principles for modern systems of bureaucracy, deriving from the idea of rational-legal authority.

韦伯阐述了现代官僚体制的六点原则

The first of Weber’s principles means that authority derives from the law, and from rules made according to law.

韦伯的第一条原则是权威来自法律和根据法律制定的规则。

The main differences and advances of the Weberian system are best understood by comparison with earlier models of

administration. 韦伯理论系统的主要不同和进步通过与早期行政模型的比较被更好的理解。

This is a very important point.这是很重要的一点

Other differences follow. 其他的不同也是如此

The position of the official官员的位置

The individual official occupies a key place in Weber’s theory. 个体的官员在韦伯的理论中占据了关键位置

These points follow logically from the six principles of bureaucracy.这些点从逻辑上看符合韦伯官僚制的六点原则

The two principles – the model of bureaucracy and position of the official – had specific purposes.

这两个原则:官僚制的模型和官员的位置，有着特殊的意图

Weber’s idea that bureaucracy was the most efficient form of organization applies to all large undertakings.

韦伯的官僚制是最有效率的组织形式这一理念应用于所有的大型企业中

Wilson and political control威尔逊和政治控制

In the traditional model of public administration, the rules linking the political leadership with the bureaucracy are clear, at least

in theory.在传统的公共行政模型中，与官僚制的政治领导相关的规则是清晰地，至少在理论上是清晰地。

Wilson believed that the evils of the spoils system resulted from the linking of administrative questions with political ones

威尔逊认为分赃主义的邪恶源自于跟政治相关的行政的问题。

. Traditional public administration elevated提高的，严肃的 the distinction区别，差异 between administrative and political

matters to its guiding principle – that of the politics/administration dichotomy二分法.

传统公共行政提高了它的指导规则的行政的关系和政治的关系之间的区别，即政治/行政的二分法。

In addition, the dichotomy allowed public administration ‘to emerge as a self-conscious field of study, intellectually and

institutionally differentiated from politics’.

另外，这个二分法允许行政作为自我意识领域 的研究出现，智力上和制度上和政治是不同的。

The traditional system of administration in parliamentary countries similarly aimed for a separation of policy from

administration.国会制国家的传统行政系统也类似地以把政策从行政中分离为目标。

These are three main facets方面 to political control in the traditional model of administration, most notably in Westminster

systems. 在著名的威斯敏斯特系统中，在传统的行政模型中政治控制有三个主要的方面。

In the traditional model of administration, the worlds of the politician and the public official were to be separate.

在传统的行政模型中，政治家和公共官员的世界是分开的。

Taylor and management泰勒和管理

The traditional model of administration was fully formed 成型by the 1920s and continued with remarkably little change for at

least fifty years. 传统的行政模型到1920s完全成型，并且至少五十年没有发生显著的变化。

Scientific management科学管理

Frederick Taylor is usually credited with formulating scientific management.泰勒通常被认为系统地阐述了科学管理。

Scientific management became an evangelical force in the early years of the century.科学管理在世纪早期成了新教会的力量

Chapter 1

第三章 p64 The basis in private management私人管理的基础。

The derivation (引出，来历)of managerialism（管理主义） from a private business model is a source of criticism.

管理主义来自于一个私人商业模型是批评的根源。

It is more difficult to determine objectives（目标宗旨） or to measure results in the public sector and this may be one of

the key differences between the public and private sectors.

在公共部门很难决定目标和测量结果，这大概是公共和私人部门之间的主要不同。

The fact that management techniques derive from the private sector is the cause of some criticism.

实际上，源自私人部门 的管理技术是批评的原因。

Neo-Taylorism

A particular theoretical criticism put forward by Pollitt is that managerialism represents a revival（苏醒，复兴） of the

scientific management ideas of Frederick Taylor discussed earlier

.Pollitt提出一个特别的理论批评指出管理主义代表着泰勒早先讨论过的科学管理理想的一种复兴

In this comment Pollitt sees managerialism as the direct descendant（下降的、祖传的） of Taylor’s scientific management,

which, in his view, is contrary to the wisdoms of the human relations school（学派）.

在这个评论里，Pollitt把管理主义看做泰勒的科学管理理论的直接遗传，这在他的观点里是和人类关系学派的智慧相反

的。

Managerialists（管理学家） do propose（建议，打算） to measure performance and may have imitated（模仿） the private

sector in taking a more hard-nosed（死板的） approach to the social-psychological（社会心理） side of organizational behavior.管理学家确实建议测量绩效并且也许在使用一种更加的死板的方法对组织行为的社会心理上模仿了私人部门

As discussed earlier, Taylor did believe in picking people for particular jobs, rewarding them according to performance and

measuring what they did. Some parts of managerialism do all these things.

就像先前讨论的一样，泰勒相信挑选人们来适应特殊的工作，根据绩效和测量他们所做的奖励他们。

Taylor’s system was perfectly attuned(协调的，合拍的) to a formalized （形式化的，正式的）bureaucracy and this was why

it was adopted so enthusiastically by public services in the early part of the century.

泰勒的系统和正式的官僚制完美地协调，这也是在世纪早期它被公共服务狂热引用的原因。

Politicization

Changes to the public service are said to involve ‘politicizing（使具有政治性，参与政治）’ it; involving it directly in matters of

party politics. 公共服务的改变被认为是涉及参与政治，直接涉及政党政治

On the other hand, politicization（政治化） could lead to problems of the kind that Woodrow Wilson and the reform movement

in the 1880s tried to repair. 另一方面，政治化会导致伍德罗式的问题，1880年的改革运动试图修补这个问题。

Reduced accountability减少的责任

There is some concern as to whether the new managerial concepts （管理理念）and procedures （程序）fit in with the system

of accountability. 关于新的管理理念和程序是否适合责任系统有一些担心。

Difficulties with contracting-out退出合同，承包的困难

While it is easy to argue private markets are superior（优秀的） and efficiencies will result from privatizing （私有化的）government activities, implementation（实施） is not simple.

尽管容易有争论认为私有化的政府活动会导致私人市场更优越和有效，实施不是简单的。

Simple ideological （思想的，意识形态的）nostrums（秘方，万能药） should be replaced by careful consideration of all

the costs and benefits. 简单的思想形态的万能药应该被对成本和利润的小心考虑所代替。

Ethical（伦理的，道德的） issues伦理道德问题

According to Hood, the new public management ‘assumes a culture of public service honesty as given’ and ‘its recipes（处方、秘诀） to some degree removed devices （装置）instituted （成立的）to ensure honesty and neutrality（中立） in

the public service in the past (fixed salaries, rules of procedure, permanence of tenure, restraints on the power of line

management, clear lines of division between public and private sectors)’ and the extent to which the change ‘is likely to induce

corrosion in terms of such traditional values remains to be tested’.

胡德所说，新的公共管理假定公共服务诚信的文化是被赋予的，

Are there ways of improving or maintaining ethical standards while gaining the benefits of a managerial approach?

在一种管理方法获得利润的同时有办法提高或者保持伦理水平吗

Corruption（贪污） can be endemic（地方性的） and has serious consequences for the political system.

贪污可能是地方性的，对政治系统有严重的结果。

Implementation and morale problems实施和道德问题

Managerial changes have been instigated（鼓动，煽动） from the top, with insufficient（不足的，不充足的） attention

paid to implementation. 管理的改变是从顶层被煽动的，同时对实施没有足够的注意。

Perhaps the reform process was carried out at such a pace that people in the system did not know where they stood.

也许改革过程以这样的节奏被实施，系统内的人们不知道他们在什么位置。.

The critique （批评，评论文章）in sum

In the final analysis, the critique of the managerialist model has some valid（有效的，正当的，有根据的） points but is

unconvincing, or at least unproven.

在最后的解释中，对管理主义模型的批评有一些有效的但是不能令人信服、无法证明的根据。

Instead of criticizing the theoretical basis of the new programs, it would seem necessary to compare the relative theoretical

backing of the two. 代替批评新的项目的理论基础，比较这两种理论后面的相关理论似乎更有必要。

The managerialist agenda （议程）is, in essence,（在本质上） quite simple.

管理主义的日常议程在本质上是非常简单的。

Conclusion

The public services of developed countries should now be regarded as following the precepts （认知的对象）of public

management. 发达国家的公共服务应该被认为是公共管理认知的对象。

The debate over public management and managerialism raises larger questions about the role of the public service, and even

the role of government in society.

公共管理和管理主义的争论引发了更大的问题，关于公共服务的职能甚至时政府在社会 中的角色问题。

What we are witnessing may be a new theory of management, but, thus far, it is a theory of public management and not

generic management .我们看到二等也许是一种新的管理理论，但是这是公共管理而非一般管理的理论。

Despite criticisms, changes of government, misgivings from parts of the public, the model of public management has become

established. 尽管有批评，政府的改变，不考虑公共部分，公共管理的模型已经确立了

Chapter 8 第四章

4 The Role of Government政府角色

Introduction

What government should or should not do needs to be of fundamental concern to public managers. 对公共管理者来说，政府应该做什么不应该做什么需要成为他们要关心的基本问题。

All government activities require organization and staff-the public or civil service. 在公共的或者公民的服务中所有的政府活动都需要组织和人员。

Since the mid-1970s, most OECD nations have undertaken a reassessment of the role of their public sectors.

自从1970年中期以来，大多数OECD的成员国对他们公共部门的角色进行了重新的评估。

Government has a variety of roles and their full scope （范围）is not easily measured.

政府有一系列的角色并且他们的全部作用范围不容易测量

There is a broader ideological（思想的，意识形态的） subtext （背景）behind particular arguments about the public sector.

在关于公共部门的特殊争论后面有着广泛的意识形态的背景。

The 1980s debate over the public sector became, at times, an intense ideological struggle in some countries, one in which the

last vestige（残余）s of socialism were to be rooted out by new Right government (Isaac-Henry, Painter and Barnes, 1997)1980年关于公共部门的争论有时候在一些国家成了思想意识形态的挣扎，在社会主义的最后阶段被新的右翼势力根除。

The attacks on the scale, scope and methods of the public sector gave credence（信任、凭证） to measures to reduce government

and change its management.

对公共部门在规模、范围和方法上的冲击给了可测量的削减政府和改变它的管理的信心。

As will be seen, there are various theories for deciding which functions should be provided by government.就像即将看到的那样，有多种多样的理论为决定通过政府提供哪种职能。

The need for a public sector政府公共部门的必要性

By convention,（大会、惯例） the economy is divided between the private and public sectors. 按照惯例，私人部门和公共部门之间的经济是分离的

Stiglitz goes on to argue (p.22) that while governments have this power of coerction（强制力） , in democratic（民主的）

societies “government relies for the most part on voluntary compliance “.Despite this , it is universal membership and

compulsion that makes government fundamentally different from the private sector.

However, the question must be asked if there is any need for a public sector at all.

然而，这个问题必须被问如果有任何对政府部门的需要。

If the normal mechanism of exchange is through the market, what are the possible functions of government? 如果正常的转换机制是通过市场，那什么是政府可能的功能？

These points provide some rationale （基本原理）for government intervention（介入）, particularly the notion that markets do

not work well under all circumstances 。

这些点提供了政府介入的基本原理，特别是紧急情况下市场运转不灵的概念。

Although the private and public sectors are usually seen as quite separate, the division（部门） of the economy into two

mutually（共同的，彼此的） exclusive （独有的、专一的）sectors may be artificial（人造的，虚伪的）尽管私人部门和公共部门经常被看做是分开的，两个彼此独有的部门里的经济部门可能是伪造的。

Private and public management私人和公共管理

The argument for a specialized（专业的、专门的） form of management in the public sector rests on （依靠）there being

sufficient （足够的，充分的）differences from the private sector and its management.

对于公共部门里的专业管理形式的争论源自公共部门和私人部门以及管理之间的充分的不同。

First, in a way not characteristic（典型的）of the private sector, public sector decisions may be coercive.（强制的，高压得）

首先，以一种不是私人部门的典型的方法，公共部门决定也许是强制的。

Secondly , the public sector has different forms of accountability from the private sector

第二，公共部门有着和私人部门不同的责任形式。.

Thirdly, the public service manager must cope with an outside agenda（议程） largely set by the political leadership 第三，公共服务管理者必须处理由政治领导设置的外在的议程。.

Fourthly, the public sector has inherent（固有的，与生俱来的） difficulties in measuring output（输出，产量） or efficiency

in production

第四，公共部门在测量产品的产出或者效率方面有着固有的困难。

Finally, the public sector’s sheer（绝对的，透明的） size and diversity make any control or coordination（协调） difficult .最后，政府的绝对规模和类型使得任何控制和协调都很困难。

There are major differences between the sectors .部门之间有一些主要的不同

However, the second point does not necessarily follow .但是第二点没必要遵循

Government’ and “governmance “

There is an important distinction to be made between “government “and “governance” .

在政府和管理之间做一个区分是很有必要的

They also argue that, with globalization, government is becoming more diffuse and that instead of governments having a

monopoly over issues of governance there are many players.他们也指出，随着全球化，政府越来越松散，与政府垄断事务管理不同，有很多的参与者

The concept of governance is appropriate for public management as opposed to the narrower concept of government .跟政府相对狭义的概念相反，管理的概念对公共管理是适当的 Market failure as the basis for public policy 作为公共政策基础的市场失灵

Although the sale of goods and services is the basis of a capitalist society ,there are some circumstances where markets may not

provide all the goods and services that are desired ,or may do in ways which adversely affect the society as a whole .

尽管商品和服务买卖是资本主义社会的基础，但也有这样的突发状况：市场不能提供所需的所有商品和服务，或者从整体上以各种方式对社会产生不利的影响。

Public goods

Private goods are enjoyed by whoever paid for them.

私人物品被任何买他的人所喜爱。

The literature also points to merit goods.

Health care is another difficult merit good issue.

Externalities

Market transactions often have effects on third parties, or on the environment, that only government action can alleviate .

市场交易通常对第三方或者环境有影响，这些只有政府行为可以减轻

Natural monopoly

There are some goods, which are characterized by declining marginal cost, that is, when supplied to one customer it becomes

cheaper to provider to the next.

有一些商品是通过下降边际成本定义的，也就是说，当提供给一个消费者时它变的更便宜以提供给下一个消费者。

Imperfect information

There is a case for poor information, or ‘asymmetric information’ (Kay and Vickers, 1990), being considered an example of

market failure.

有一些信息缺乏的情况或者信息不对称被认为是市场失败的例子。

Other kinds of imperfect information may arise with respect to ‘adverse selection’, where for example ,the unhealthy are more

likely to be buyers of health insurance and ‘moral hazard’ where information can persistently be ignored in ,for example ,that

the self-assessment of risk by cigarette smokers or motorcycle riders is far less than their actual risk. Both these can cause

market failures due to failures of information.

Limitations of market failure

The theory of market failure can provide some signposts to government action, but particular aspects may be problematic if

used as a complete guide to what governments should or should not do. 市场失败论能为政府行为提供指示，但是如果把市场失败论作为政府该做什么不该做什么的完全的向导，特别的方面可能是有问题的。

On the other hand, the concept of market failure could be argued to artificially reduce the scope of government action. 另一方面，市场失败的概念可能被讨论以认为减少政府行为的范围。

apter 13 第五章

Public enterprise

Introduction

Public enterprise was for a long time an important part of the public sector in most developed or developing countries

(Farazmand, 1996), but, with privatization, the size and importance of the sector is declining.在大多数发达国家和发展中国家，公共企业在很长一段时间里是公共部门的重要部分，但是伴随着私有化，这些部门的规模和重要性开始下降。

Public enterprises were the first target of those aiming to reduce the size of the public sector in the 1980s.公共企业是1980s的那些以减少公共部门规模的人的首要目标。

Public enterprises always had particular management problems, including accountability, regulation, social and industrial

policies, investment policy, and financial controls.

公共企业一直有特殊的管理问题，包括责任、规则、社会和工业政策、投资政策和经济控制。

Public enterprises are a noteworthy part of the public sector.

公共企业是公共部门值得注意的部分。

Governments have established public enterprises for a variety of reasons.

政府因为一系列的原因成立公共企业。

Rees (1984,p 2) argues that there are four reasons for the existence of public enterprises:

Rees说公共企业的存在有四个原因。.

The first point refers to services, which are desired, but will not be adequately provided by the market. 第一点指服务，服务被需要但有时市场不能充分提供。

The second point _ the structure of pay-offs means altering the benefits received by particular individuals of groups. 第二点付清结构指改变通过特殊的团体个人获得的利润。

The third point _ centralized long-term planning _ is a motivation used in some countries.

第三点，中心化的长期的计划 指一些国家使用的动机。

The fourth point-to change the economy from capitalist to socialist_ has been a major factor in some countries.

第四点，改变资本主义向社会主义的经济 在一些国家已经成为主要的因素。

In sum, there has been no single consistent governmental aim for using public enterprise.

总的来说，没有单独的持续的应对公共企业的政府目标。

Kinds of public enterprise公共企业的类型。

A public enterprise is a particular kind of statutory authority: one that sells goods and services to the public on a large scale,

with the financial returns accruing in the first instance to the authority itself. 公共企业是法定权威的特殊类型：向公众大量出售商品和服务，伴随着对权威本身来说第一个实例是财政回报的自然增长。

Public utilities 公共事业

Public utilities provide services_ water, sewerage, electricity, gas, and telecommunications_ considered essential for the

economy as a whole.

公共事业提供服务：水、排水设备、电力、汽油、电讯、这被认为从整体上对经济是必要的

Secondly, the essential nature of public utilities means the services they supply are politically sensitive, with great

disruption to the private economy and households resulting if supplies are interrupted. 第二，公共事业必要性的性质意味着他们提供的服务是政治敏感的，同时如果供应被中断，会导致对私人经济和家庭的巨大破坏。

As a result of political sensitivity and the tendency to natural monopoly, many governments historically have favored

outright ownership of public utilities. 作为政治敏感度和自然垄断趋势的结果，很多政府已经成为历史性的公共企业的拥有者。

Land transport and postal service 陆地运输和邮政服务

Land transport encompasses the various public transport systems within and between cities and the postal service is still,

almost everywhere, provided by government.

陆地运输包含了城市内和城市之间的多种多样的公共运输系统，并且政府提供的邮政服务仍然几乎到处都是。

Both public transport and postal services have a propensity for poor financial returns.

公共运输和邮政服务都有可怜的财政回报的倾向。

Railtrack, running the track and making arrangements with separate operating companies has been fraught with problems.铁路线路—运转轨道并且准备分开运作的企业已经在担心问题。

Enterprises in competitive environments 竞争环境中的企业

These are government-owned trading enterprises which compete directly with private companies and in the same market.

这些政府拥有的贸易企业在相同的市场和私人企业直接竞争。

Regulatory authorities 管理企业、控制企业

This group is certainly part of the public enterprise sector according to the definition used. 根据使用的定义，这些团体理所当然是公共企业部门的一部分。

The privatization debate 私有化的讨论

The fundamental questions about public enterprise are whether or not governments should be involved in enterprise at all,

and the circumstances in which government ownership should be retained or discontinued.

公共企业的基本问题是政府应不应该介入企业，在紧急的情况下，政府的所有权是应该保持还是终止。

The word ‘privatization ’ can mean many things. 私有化可以表示很多意思。 ’.

Most of the argument about public enterprise is about selling enterprises-reducing production by de-nationalization-but the

other features are also crucial. 关于公共企业的大多数讨论是关于销售通过国有化减少企业的产品，但是其他的特色也是重要的。

There are any number of reasons advanced for the privatization of public enterprise, ranging from budgetary

considerations to management difference, accountability problems and notions of the ‘correct ’ role of government. 针对公共企业的私有化提出了很多原因，从预算的考虑到管理的不同，责任问题和修正政府角色的概念。

The main arguments are: first, economic arguments; secondly, arguments about management and efficiency; and thirdly,

ideological conceptions of what the role of government in society should be.主要的讨论是：经济讨论，第二是管理和效率的讨论、第三是政府在社会中应是什么角色的思想意识形态的概念。。

Economic argument for privatization 私有化的经济讨论

Economic arguments for privatization include: reducing taxes by using the proceeds from sales; exposing activities to market

forces and competition; and reducing both government spending and the government’s share of the economic cake.私有化的经济讨论包括：通过使用销售收益减少税收，揭露市场力量和竞争活动，减少政府花费和政府所占经济份额

Stimulating competition is an attractive part of the privatization programme.

刺激的竞争是私有化项目吸引人的部分。

If competition is seen as desirable, the different instruments of privatization need to be compared. 如果竞争像期望所预见的那样，那私有化的不同手段需要加以比较

There is need to sequence reforms so that a public monopoly is not converted to a private monopoly. And as Stiglitz argues.需要有序改革这样公共垄断才不会被修改为私人垄断

Competition can provide benefits but the best way of introducing competition is to deregulate the industry, rather than

necessarily sell assets, unless deregulation occurs at the same time as assets are sold.竞争能够提供利润，但是引进竞争的最好办法是解除对工业的限制，而不是卖优点，除非解除限制和卖优点同时发生

Preventing monopoly exploitation was once regard as one of the main reasons in favor of public ownership of enterprises

but this reason is now less significant.

阻止垄断性开发一度被认为是赞成企业公有的一个主要原因但是现在它相对不重要了。

This case is plausible but not incontrovertible. 这个案例貌似可信和无可争议

According to another study of privatization placed in Britain, the biggest problems there have occurred over the

privatization of utilities

.根据英国的对私有化的另一项研究，公共事业的私有化已经发生了更大的问题。

Privatization of utilities need not be ruled out, but there certainly should be far more care taken than would be required in

privatization other parts of the public enterprise sector.

公共事业的私有化不需要阻止但是应该有比公共企业部门其他部分的私有化需要的关心多更多的关注。

While it is necessary to concede that the United Kingdom was the first country to set up a massive privatization

programme, it was not necessarily an exemplar of the process.

尽管有必要承认英国是第一个成立大量的私有化项目的国家，但它并不是过程的榜样。

Even after privatization governments cannot totally remove themselves from the public utility sector for several reasons.

甚至私有化之后的政府因为几个原因不能完全使他们自己从公共事业部门中脱离出来。

As the programme extended there were some benefits, especially as the government became convinced of the need for

competition.随着项目的延伸有了一些利润，特别是当政府深信竞争的必要性时。

A further economic argument for privatization has been to reduce cross-subsidies.

一场私有化的更深一步的讨论已经在减少交叉补贴。

Another economic argument for privatization of enterprises has been to reduce government borrowing.

另一个对企业私有化的经济讨论在减少政府借贷

Financial markets generally prefer a low PSBR. 金融市场一般更喜欢一个低的psbr

There are economic arguments for privatization.

Managerial efficiency and privatization管理效率和私有化

The efficiency argument for privatization claims that private management is inherently superior to public management.对私有化效率的讨论认为私人管理与生俱来地比公共管理优越

Chapter 9 第六章

Public Policy and Policy Analysis公共政策和政策分析

Introduction

By the early 1970s, some involved in the study of public policy consciously and deliberately distanced themselves from the

discipline of public administration. 截止到1970早期，一些参与公共政策研究的学者们有意或故意地将自己与公共行政的学科疏远了。

Public policy is yet another way of studying and characterizing the interaction between government and its clients, while policy

research or policy analysis are other terms for much the same things.公共政策是研究和表述政府和其公民之间互动的另一种方法，而政策研究和政策分析只是大多同种事情的另一个术语。

The argument here is that there are now two public policy approaches , each with its own concern and emphases.

现在讨论的是有两种公共政策途径，每一种都有自己各自关心的问题和重点。.

Together, these point to some dissatisfaction or impatience with the traditional model of administration, where a concern either

for numbers or for outcomes was subsumed by the overwhelming concern with process.与此同时， 这些人指出传统公共行政模型的不满或不耐烦，在传统公共行政那里，他们对数量和结果的关心大大超过对过程的关心。

The public policy movement is important to the study of the public sector even though it may have lost some impetus recently.

尽管公共政策运动近年来已经失去了一些推动力但是对公共部门的研究是重要的。.

Public policy , administration and management公共政策行政和管理

It is not possible to define public policy in any precise way.

用任何精确的方式来定义公共政策是不可能的。

These points set out what the more formal, policy analysis, approach aims to do .

这些观点着眼于那些更为正规的政策分析、途径和目标。

The approach taken by Lynn is quite different and emphasizes the political interaction from which policy derives .lynn采用的方法是很不同的并且强调政策来源的政治互动。

There are problems in delineating（描绘） a public policy approach from public administration, politics or new public

management .

描绘来自公共行政、政策或者新的公共管理的公共政策方法是有问题的。

It is rather more difficult to separate public policy from political science and sometimes it could be hard to decide whether a

particular study is one of public policy or politics. 有时候更困难的时把公共政策从政治科学分离出来，决定一个特殊的研究是公共政策或者政治的一种是很难得。

The relationship with public management is also difficult to pin down.

与公共管理的关系也很难确定。.

Policy analysis政策分析。

Public policy began with the systematic analysis of data for governmental purposes

.公共政策开始于为政府目的的系统性的数据分析。

The early period of public analysis is generally regarded as a failure by being oversold（销售过多，卖空） , that is, by assuming

that numbers alone or techniques alone can solve public policy problems.公共分析的早期被认为是销售过多的失败，也就是说，通过假设单独的数字或者技术可以解决公共政策问题。

Empirical methods

Much has been said in passing of the empirical（经验主义的） methods and skills needed by policy analysis and policy

analysts.

在传播政策分析和政策分析家需要的方法和技术这方面已经说得太多了。.

Governments or the bureaucracy may try to persuade participants in the policy process of the advantages of maximizing

benefits, by including those from the outside they are raising the possibility of compromise and political action.

Conclusion

Pubic policy and policy analysis form an approach to the management of the public sector ,one that caused a fundamental

rethinking of pubic administration in the 1970s and early 2980s.

公共政策和政策分析形成了公共部门的管理方法，这个方法在1970年和1980年早期引发了对公共行政的基本的重新思考。

Chapter 14第七章

Strategic Management战略管理

Introduction

The traditional model of administration was criticized earlier for its inward focus and short-term perspective 传统的行政模型早期因为它的内部关注和短期视角而受到批评。

The traditional model of public administration required little conception of strategy ; serious forward planning was either not

carried out or carried out in rather limited ways.

传统的公共行政模式缺乏战略理念，严肃的长远计划要么没有实施要么用很有限的方式实施。

Using strategic concepts in the public sector is one way to address these shortcomings .

在公共部门用战略概念是查找这些缺点的方法。

Without strategy an organization lacks direction . 离开了战略组织就缺乏了方向。

Strategy in the private sector 私人部门的战略

‘Strategy’ is a term deriving from the military ; it refers to the objective of winning the war ,as opposed to ‘tactics’ - the

lower-level objective of winning a particular battle .

战略这一术语起源于军事，它指的是赢得一场战争的目标，和策略相对应—赢得一场特殊的战争的低层次的目标。

Even given the intrinsic attraction of strategic concepts in the private sector , it is really only in the immediate post-war

period when they being to be applied in a coherent way .、

尽管假定私人部门的战略理念有着内在的吸引力，但它开始被应用的时候也仅仅是在战后的一段时间以一种连贯 的方式被实施。

Budgeting and financial control are rather limited forms of planning .

预算和金融控制是计划的相当有限的形式。

There are three forms of strategic planning identified by Hax and Majluf and there have some points in commom .

Hax and Majluf 所考察研究的战略计划有三种形式，并且有些观点是相同的。

The first kind of strategic planning is business strategic planning .

战略计划的第一种形式是商业战略计划。.

The mission of the business includes a clear definition of current and expected business scope , products ,markets and

expectation over a period of a few years.商业使命包含着对当前和预期的商业范围、产品、市场和对未来几年的期望的一个清晰的定义。

The environmental scan involves the detailed assessment of the organization’s internal strengths, weaknesses , opportunities

and threats.

环境分析包括对组织内部的优点、缺点、机遇和威胁的详细的评估。

Objectives are more specific aims resulting from the mission and environmental scan .

目标是从使命和环境分析中得到的更加特定具体的目标。

The second form of strategic planning is corporate（法人的、共同的、全体的、社团的） strategic planning . 第二个战略计划形式是全体的战略计划。Chapter 11第八章

Personnel Management人事管理

Introduction

Although the main focus of public sector reforms has been on the external environment of the public organization, through

both strategic management and improving the relationship with outside groups and other external influences, there have been

major changes to internal management as well.

尽管公共部门改革的焦点一直在公共组织的外部环境上，通过战略管理和提高与外部团体的关系以及其他的外部因素来实现，内部管理也已经有了主要的改革。

Two main aspects of internal management will be looked at here: personnel management and performance management;

financial management will be discussed in the next chapter.

内部管理的两个主要方面这里着重于：人事管理和绩效管理，财政管理也会在下一章节进行讨论。

All these functions existed to various degrees in the traditional model of administration.

在传统的公共行政模式中，所有这些功能在不同的程度上存在着

Personnel management人事管理

In organizing and staffing, the manager sets out the structure and procedures and fits staff to the key positions. 在组织和职工安排时，管理者着手结构和程序，使员工适合重要的位置。

Personnel management in the traditional model of administration followed the bureaucratic theories of Max Weber almost

to the letter.

传统的行政模型中的人事管理几乎逐字逐条地遵循马克思韦伯的官僚制理论。

As an example ,a typical description of a career service personnel model is that of the commonwealth government in australia

as described by the coombs commission in the mid- 1970s as:作为一个例子，人事职业服务模式的一个典型描述是澳大利亚的共和政府时期，正如共和委员会在1970s中期描述的。

The normal practice at least until the 1970s was for aspiring administrators to enter the public service direct from school

after sitting an examination administered by a separate non-partisan government agency, be appointed to a position at the

bottom of the hierarchy, gain regular promotions, often based on seniority, or seniority combined with ‘efficiency’, and, in

principle, aspire to become a department head.

There are some advantages to this as a system of personnel administration.

作为人事行政的一种体制，这方面来说有一些优势。

However, as a system of personnel management, there are more problems than benefits.

然而作为人事管理的一种体制，是弊大于利的。

Chapter 12 第九章

Financial Management财政管理

Introduction

Financial management is, arguably, the most important part of the internal management of government. 有争议指出，财政管理是政府内部管理的最重要部分

Financial management in the traditional model of administration was rather primitive.

传统 的公共行政模型中的财政管理是相当原始的。

Reforms to financial management have been one of the keys to overall public management reform. 财政管理的改革已经成了全面的公共管理改革的一个关键。

The government budget政府预算

Finance is the centrepiece of government; it is to government what oil is to the transport industry.

财政.是政府 的中心部分，它对于政府就如同石油对于运输产业。

By allocating money for some purposes rather than others, the government may alter the shape of the society.通过某些目的而不是其他的筹集资金政府就可以改变社会形态。

Economic functions of the budget预算的经济功能

There are two main functions for the government budget in an overall sense: economic, and financial (Musgrave and Musgrave,

1989).

从整体上说政府预算有两个主要的功能：经济和财政。

Through the budget government tries to determine the level of public activity in the economy, a reasonable distribution of

income and wealth, and to provide some control over the overall level of economic activity. 政府试图通过预算决定经济领域的公共活动的水平，收入和财富的合理分配以及提供对经济活动的全面水平的控制。

Allocation Allocation policy is concerned with the relative size of the public and private sectors. 分配政策关系到公共部门和私人部门的相对的规模

Arguments about the size of government are really about the system of allocation.

关于政府规模的争论实际上就是关于分配体制。

Distribution Distribution policy represents the government’s attempt to redress to some degree the inequalities in wealth and

income between citizens.

分配政策代表着政府缩小市民之间的财富和收入不平等的一种尝试。

Stabilization Stabilization policy is where the government aims to improve the overall economy through budgetary policy.

稳定政策是政府通过预算政策目的是提高整个经济状态。

Fiscal policy is important for providing stability for the economy.

财政政策对提供经济稳定是重要的。

However, from the 1970s there was a change in the intellectual respectability of the Keynesian model. 然而，从1970开始，

在对凯恩斯主义模式的推崇中发生了一场变化

Financial functions of the budget 预算的财政功能

The financial functions of the budget are analogous类似的 to accounting.

预算的财政功能类似于会计。

In the earliest days of the English Parliament国会 the financial role was the most important role of the legislature立法, and

one that continues today.

在英国国会的早期，财政在立法中扮演着最重要的角色，并且一直持续到今天。

The budget is where the accounts of the government are reconciled, and where revenue and expenditure items are set out for

public scrutiny

预算就是政府的账目得到调整，并且收支项目开始进入市面审查。.

There are significant differences between countries: in the United Kingdom and other parliamentary countries the

government is firmly in control of its financial resources; it can dominate all four stages, with almost total control of the first

three.

国家之间有重要的不同，在英国和其他的国会制国家，国家和政府正式控制它的财政资源，它可以控制所有的四个阶段，同时对前三个几乎是全部控制。

Traditional financial management传统的财政管理

Chapter 15 第十三章

Accountability

Introduction

The administration or management of the public sector does not exist in a vacuum; the public, the political leadership of

government and its public services are closely tied to each other by institutional arrangements and political interaction.公共部门的行政和管理在空间上并不存在，政府的公共的政治领导和公共服务通过它的内部管理和政治互动紧密地联系在一起。

The political basis of the public service is something forgotten.

公共服务的政治基础有时候是被忽略的。

Indiveduals have a number of ways in which they interact with the administration.

个体有一系列和行政互动的方式。

In the traditional model of administration, accountability at the bureaucratic and political level was supposed to be assured

through the party political process aline, usually only at elections, There are two reasons why this no longer applies.在传统行政模型中，官僚制和政治水平的责任被认为是通过政党政治的过程实现的，通常只是通过选举来实现。

Secondly, while still remaining accountable to the public through the electoral process, the bureaucracy is becoming directly

accountable to the public for its own performance. 第二，尽管仍然通过选举过程对公众负责，但是官僚制正通过它的绩效直接向公众负责。

Delivering services better, being responsive, offering choice and empowerment offer improved accountability.

更好地传递服务，负责任、提供选择和授权提供提高责任。

Accountability in the private sector私人部门的责任。

Accountability is not purely a public sentor concept. 责任不是一个纯粹的公共部门概念。 The chief executive（经营）

and other managers are accountable to the board, the board is accountable to the shareholders. 总经理和其他管理者对董事会负责，董事会对股东负责。

There are several other accountability devices in the private sector which are not persent in the public sector.在私人部门有几种其他的责任方案，这在公共部门是没有的。

Accountability relationships in the private sector are increasingly seen as a model-the best available practice-for the public

sector.

私人部门的 责任关系日益被认为是为公共部门所利用的最佳模式。

Of course, the presumed superiority of private sector accountability is an ideal that may not work perfectly in practice,

当然，私人部门责任被假定的优越性只是一种理想，在现实中并没有起到很好的作用。

This gap has wider implications.这个空白有很广泛的含义。

It is ofen argued that governmental institutions are neiter responsible nor accountable when compared to the private sector, and

that this is one reason for reducing their size and influene.

经常有争论认为政府机构和私人部门相比是没有责任的，并且这是减少他们的规模和影响的原因。

Some parts of the public sector have greater accountability problems than others, 公共部门的一些部分和其他部分相比有更大的责任问题。For example, public enterprises（企业）-those parts of the public sector most comparable（可比的） with

the private sector-do seem to show accountability problems when compared to private companies doing similar things(Chapter

5)

.和私人企业相比，在做同样的事情时，公共部门跟私人部门最具可比性的那部分即公共企业显示出责任问题。

There must be some differences between public and private forms of accountability.公共和私人的责任形式之间一定有一些不同。

Accountability in the public sector公共部门的责任。

Any government requires a system of accountability, so that it acts in ways that are broadly approved by the community（社区、团体）.

任何政府都需要一种责任系统，能够以一些被社会广泛赞同的方式 运行

The relationship between government and citizen depends on the system of accountability, whereby the governmental

organization carries out its function and the citizenry（市民） allows it to do so, but on condition that powers are not exceeded（超过，胜过） and that the agency is accountable. 政府和市民之间的关系取决于责任制，通过政府的组织来实施它的功能并且市民允许它这么做，但条件是权力没有超过，并且机构是有责任的。

Accountability is mot the same as responsibility.责任和责任义务是不同的。

Romzek’s four-fold division（四个部门） is very useful, especially in the light of the argument that the public management

reforms（改革、改良） have involved reducing compliance（顺从、承诺） accountability , either hierachical（等级制度的、天使的） of legal , but increased political and professional accountability. Romzek的四个部门是很有用的，特别是争论的焦点是公共管理改革已经涉及到减少顺从责任，或者是法律的等级制度，但是提高政治的和专业的责任。

Behn argues there are three kinds of accountability: accountability for finances; accountability for fairness and accountability

for performance(2001,p.6)

.Behn认为有三种责任：金融责任，公平责任，绩效责任。

Fairness also includes protection from abuses of power, so there are rules and procedures（程序、手续） to prevent this.

公平同样涉及保护权利不被滥用，因此有一些规则和程序阻止权力滥用。.

In practice it is unlikely that all three forms of accountability will be able to be achieved at the same time. 在实践中，并不太可能这三种责任形式都同时达到。

Accountability for performance is quite controversial（有争议的） with regard to the public management reforms. 当考虑到公共管理改革时绩效责任是相当有争议的。

Accountability in the traditional model传统模型的责任

It is argued there are two main forms of accountability: political accountability and bureaucratic of managerial accountability;

bureaucratic accountability includes most of the types referred to by Behn and Romzek.争论认为有两种主要的责任类型：政治责任和官僚制管理责任。官僚制管理责任涉及了Behn和Romzek提到的大多数类型。

Political accountability in the traditional model传统模型的政治责任。

It was argued earlier that accountability requires all governmental actions to be, first, firmly based in law and, secondly, that

someone is finally accountable for all actions of government. 早起争论认为，责任需要所有的政府行为做到：首先，政府行为是以法律为基础的，第二，有人最后要对所有政府行为负责任。

In a parliamentary （议会制的 国会制的）, or Westminster（威斯敏斯特，议会） system, such as the United Kingdom,

the public service is accountable through its hierarchy（等级制度） to the minister（部长、大臣） who is accountable to the

Cabinet（内阁）,then to parliament and ultimately to the people. 在一个国会制或者议会系统，例如英国，公共服务是通

过等级制度对部长负责的，部长对内阁负责，然后对等级制负责，最后对人民负责。

In apresidential system, notably （显著的，尤其）the United States, there are several key differences from a parliamentary

system affecting political accountability. 在总统制尤其是美国，和议会制影响政治责任有几种关键的不同。

The political accountability of the public service is, in theory, ensured in the United States.公共服务的政治责任在美国理论上是确定的。 But in rather different ways from the Westminster system.

Bureaucratic accountability in the traditional model传统模型的官僚责任

Traditional public administration had its own form of bureaucratic accountability.

传统公共行政有它自己的官僚责任形式。

The model of separation between politics and administration is easy to understand and superficially（表面的、肤浅的）

attractive.

政治和行政之间的分离模式很容易理解的、表面上看很吸引人

But there are some obvious problems但是有一些很明显的问题。

Secondly, there must be some point in the line of accountability where the political part of government meets the

administrative part. 政府的政治部分碰到行政部分时必须有些责任点。

Thirdly, despite problems, there is some accountability in the traditional model, but it is accountability of a particularly

narrow kind.

第三，尽管有问题，在传统模型有责任，但是它是一种狭义类型的责任。

Finally, even if the traditional model of accountability was well understood and politically legitimate, there are very real

questions ablout basing a theory concerning something as important as accountability, on a myth.最后，尽管责任的传统模型很好理解，在政治上合法，但是把一个关于像责任一样重要的东西的基础放在神话上。

A managerial model of accountability责任的管理模型

One of the reasons for the adoption （采用、收养、接受）of managerialism is the perceived（察觉的，感觉的） failure

of the system of accountability under the traditional model of administration.管理主义被采用的一个原因是对传统行政模型下的责任系统的察觉到的失败。

The old form of accountability relied upon the formal links provided through the hierarchical structure（等级结构）.旧的责任模式依靠通过等级结构提供的正式环节。

鱼知和朋友，当你处于逆境和灾难时，帮助你一臂之力，渡过难关的人，都是你的亲人和朋友。吃水不忘挖井人，度过苦难，不能忘记援助过你的人。知恩图报，善莫大焉。

水恩，乃幸福之源也。鱼离不开水，人离不开亲人 一个人要想获得幸福，必须懂得感恩。生活需要一颗感恩的心来创造， 一颗感恩的心需要生活来滋养。

一饭之恩，当永世不忘。顺境里给你帮助的人，不能全部称作朋友，但是能够在你逆境时依然愿意援助你，走出困境的人，一定是你要用一生去感谢和珍惜的人。

唐代李商隐的《晚晴》里有这样一句诗：天意怜幽草，人间重晚晴。久遭雨潦之苦的幽草，忽遇晚晴，得以沾沐余辉而平添生意。

当一个人闯过难关的时候，一定要记住那些支撑你，陪你一起走过厄运的朋友和亲人，这个世界谁也不亏欠谁，帮你是情分，不帮你是本分。如古人所说：淡看世事去如烟，铭记恩情存如血。

学会感恩父母养育之恩，学会感恩朋友的帮助之情，生活里做一个有情有义的人。

你要知道，父母，永远是你最亲近的人，是最爱你的人，不管他们的方法怎么错误？可是爱你的心，都是一样的。千万不要因为自己一时的私心，而忘记感恩。

我们常常希望别人都对自己有情有义，可是想得到别人你真情，首先你必须先付出真情。你帮助别人，不要记在心里，别人帮助你，你要懂得感恩和感动，而不是当做理所当然。

你要知道别人帮你是情分，不帮你是本分。侍父母，要孝顺，对朋友，要真诚。不管你生活的精彩或者混沌，孝顺父母，颐养天年。

一父养十子，十子养一父。在这个美好的时代，中华很多的美德都在逐渐消失，做子孝为天，但是总有一些人，自己活在天堂，硬生生的把父母扔进地狱。

鱼知水恩，乃幸福之源也。鱼离不开水，人离不开亲人和朋友，当你处于逆境和灾难时，帮助你一臂之力，渡过难关的人，都是你的亲人和朋友。吃水不忘挖井人，度过苦难，不能忘记援助过你的人。知恩图报，善莫大焉。

一个人要想获得幸福，必须懂得感恩。生活需要一颗感恩的心来创造， 一颗感恩的心需要生活来滋养。