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2024年2月23日发(作者：本地接口测试)
英语overview论文怎么写
Most of us heard this joke when we were small children and find nothing
remarkable in the ability to engage in such exchanges. But a bit of reflection reveals
that even such a mundane use of language involves an amazing combination of
abilities.
Think about it: Pat makes some vocal noises, with the effect that Chris entertains
thoughts of a scenario involving a fowl and a thoroughfare.
This leads to an exchange of utterances, possibly laughter, and the conviction by
both parties that Pat has ' told a joke'.
history of linguistics as a systematic field of study goes back almost three
thousand years.
Modern linguists concern themselves with many different facets of language, from
the physical properties of the sound waves in utterances to the intentions of speakers
towards others in conversations and the social contexts in which conversations are
embedded. The branches of linguistics are concerned with how languages are
structured, how languages are used, and how they change.
Language as a Formal System Linguistic structure can be studied at many different
levels. The sounds of language can be investigated by looking at the physics of the
speech stream and by studying the physiology of the vocal tract and auditory system. A
more psychological approach is also possible, namely considering what physical
properties of the vocal tract or muscalature are used to make linguistic distinctions, and
how the sounds of languages pattern.
Words, phrases, and sentences have internal structure. Many words are made up of
smaller meaningful units, such as stems and suffixes; for example, stem ' happy' +
suffix'-ly'. Linguists investigate the different ways such pieces can be put together to
form words, a study called morphology. Likewise, words cluster together into phrases,
which combine to make sentences, and linguists explore the rules governing
suchcombinations. The scientific study of word structure and sentence
structure is what modern linguists mean by the term grammar; this is quite
different from the sort of ' normative' grammar instruction aimed to teach proper usage'
common in primary and secondary school, which linguistscall prescriptivism. Words
and sentences are used to convey meanings.
Linguists study this too, seeking to specify precisely what words mean, how they
combine into sentence meanings, and how these combine with contextual information
to convey the speaker's thoughts. The first twoof these areas of investigation are called
semantics, and the third is called pragmatics.
languages change. In other words, languages have histories, and a complete
understanding of a linguistic structure often involves examining variation and change
in the language under investigation. This is extremely difficult in most cases, because
the vast ma jority of languages have had no writing systems until very recently.
Important as historical explanations and evidence are in linguistics, they are not
necessary for competent language use--and most speakers don't know anything about
them. Hence, most linguistic explanations focus on what speakers must know in order
to speak and understand language the way all normal humans do. There are many facets
to the study of language and brain. It encompasses both child language acquisition and
how adults produce and process language.
One particularly fascinating question is whether our language shapes the way we
perceive the world and if so, how? In particular, can there be thinking without language?
Such questions have fascinated people forthousands of years, but only in recent times
have researchers been in a position to examine them scientifically and to investigate
how languagescan reflect or reinforce particular ways of looking at the world and the
world-views of particular cultures.
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