SQL存储过程全面实例讲解

SQL实例讲解

一、 创建存储过程结构

CREATE PROCEDURE

创建存储过程，存储过程是保存起来的可以接受和返回用户提供的参数的

Transact-SQL 语句的集合。可以创建一个过程供永久使用，或在一个会话中临时

使用（局部临时过程），或在所有会话中临时使用（全局临时过程）。也可以创建

在 Microsoft SQL Server启动时自动运行的存储过程。

语法

CREATE PROC [ EDURE ] procedure_name [ ; number ]

[ { @parameter data_type }

[ VARYING ] [ = default ] [ OUTPUT ]

] [ ,...n ]

[ WITH

{ RECOMPILE | ENCRYPTION | RECOMPILE , ENCRYPTION } ]

[ FOR REPLICATION ]

AS sql_statement [ ...n ]

二、 存储过程实例讲解

1. 使用带有复杂 SELECT 语句的简单过程

下面的存储过程从四个表的联接中返回所有作者（提供了姓名）、出版的书籍以及

出版社。该存储过程不使用任何参数。

USE pubs

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'au_info_all' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE au_info_all

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE au_info_all

AS

SELECT au_lname, au_fname, title, pub_name

FROM authors a INNER JOIN titleauthor ta

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN titles t

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN publishers p

ON _id = _id

GO

au_info_all 存储过程可以通过以下方法执行：

EXECUTE au_info_all

-- Or

EXEC au_info_all

如果该过程是批处理中的第一条语句，则可使用：

au_info_all

2. 使用带有参数的简单过程

下面的存储过程从四个表的联接中只返回指定的作者（提供了姓名）、出版的书籍

以及出版社。该存储过程接受与传递的参数精确匹配的值。

USE pubs

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'au_info' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE au_info

GO

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE au_info

@lastname varchar(40),

@firstname varchar(20)

AS

SELECT au_lname, au_fname, title, pub_name

FROM authors a INNER JOIN titleauthor ta

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN titles t

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN publishers p

ON _id = _id

WHERE au_fname = @firstname

AND au_lname = @lastname

GO

au_info 存储过程可以通过以下方法执行：

EXECUTE au_info 'Dull', 'Ann'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info @lastname = 'Dull', @firstname = 'Ann'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info @firstname = 'Ann', @lastname = 'Dull'

-- Or

EXEC au_info 'Dull', 'Ann'

-- Or

EXEC au_info @lastname = 'Dull', @firstname = 'Ann'

-- Or

EXEC au_info @firstname = 'Ann', @lastname = 'Dull'

如果该过程是批处理中的第一条语句，则可使用：

au_info 'Dull', 'Ann'

-- Or

au_info @lastname = 'Dull', @firstname = 'Ann'

-- Or

au_info @firstname = 'Ann', @lastname = 'Dull'

3. 使用带有通配符参数的简单过程

下面的存储过程从四个表的联接中只返回指定的作者（提供了姓名）、出版的书籍

以及出版社。该存储过程对传递的参数进行模式匹配，如果没有提供参数，则使用

预设的默认值。

USE pubs

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'au_info2' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE au_info2

GO

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE au_info2

@lastname varchar(30) = 'D*',

@firstname varchar(18) = '*'

AS

SELECT au_lname, au_fname, title, pub_name

FROM authors a INNER JOIN titleauthor ta

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN titles t

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN publishers p

ON _id = _id

WHERE au_fname LIKE @firstname

AND au_lname LIKE @lastname

GO

au_info2 存储过程可以用多种组合执行。下面只列出了部分组合：

EXECUTE au_info2

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info2 'Wh*'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info2 @firstname = 'A*'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info2 '[CK]ars[OE]n'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info2 'Hunter', 'Sheryl'

-- Or

EXECUTE au_info2 'H*', 'S*'

4. 使用 OUTPUT 参数

OUTPUT 参数允许外部过程、批处理或多条 Transact-SQL 语句访问在过程执行期

间设置的某个值。下面的示例创建一个存储过程 (titles_sum)，并使用一个可选

的输入参数和一个输出参数。

首先，创建过程：

USE pubs

GO

IF EXISTS(SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'titles_sum' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE titles_sum

GO

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE titles_sum @@TITLE varchar(40) = '*', @@SUM money OUTPUT

AS

SELECT 'Title Name' = title

FROM titles

WHERE title LIKE @@TITLE

SELECT @@SUM = SUM(price)

FROM titles

WHERE title LIKE @@TITLE

GO

接下来，将该 OUTPUT 参数用于控制流语言。

说明 OUTPUT 变量必须在创建表和使用该变量时都进行定义。

参数名和变量名不一定要匹配，不过数据类型和参数位置必须匹配（除非使用

@@SUM = variable 形式）。

DECLARE @@TOTALCOST money

EXECUTE titles_sum 'The*', @@TOTALCOST OUTPUT

IF @@TOTALCOST < 200

BEGIN

PRINT ' '

PRINT 'All of these titles can be purchased for less than $200.'

END

ELSE

SELECT 'The total cost of these titles is $'

+ RTRIM(CAST(@@TOTALCOST AS varchar(20)))

下面是结果集：

Title Name

------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Busy Executive's Database Guide

The Gourmet Microwave

The Psychology of Computer Cooking

(3 row(s) affected)

Warning, null value eliminated from aggregate.

All of these titles can be purchased for less than $200.

5. 使用 OUTPUT 游标参数

OUTPUT 游标参数用来将存储过程的局部游标传递回调用批处理、存储过程或触发器。

首先，创建以下过程，在 titles 表上声明并打开一个游标：

USE pubs

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'titles_cursor' and type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE titles_cursor

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE titles_cursor @titles_cursor CURSOR VARYING OUTPUT

AS

SET @titles_cursor = CURSOR

FORWARD_ONLY STATIC FOR

SELECT *

FROM titles

OPEN @titles_cursor

GO

接下来，执行一个批处理，声明一个局部游标变量，执行上述过程以将游标赋值给

局部变量，然后从该游标提取行。

USE pubs

GO

DECLARE @MyCursor CURSOR

EXEC titles_cursor @titles_cursor = @MyCursor OUTPUT

WHILE (@@FETCH_STATUS = 0)

BEGIN

FETCH NEXT FROM @MyCursor

END

CLOSE @MyCursor

DEALLOCATE @MyCursor

GO

6. 使用 WITH RECOMPILE 选项

如果为过程提供的参数不是典型的参数，并且新的执行计划不应高速缓存或存储在

内存中，WITH RECOMPILE 子句会很有帮助。

USE pubs

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'titles_by_author' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE titles_by_author

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE titles_by_author @@LNAME_PATTERN varchar(30) = '*'

WITH RECOMPILE

AS

SELECT RTRIM(au_fname) + ' ' + RTRIM(au_lname) AS 'Authors full name',

title AS Title

FROM authors a INNER JOIN titleauthor ta

ON _id = _id INNER JOIN titles t

ON _id = _id

WHERE au_lname LIKE @@LNAME_PATTERN

GO

7. 使用 WITH ENCRYPTION 选项

WITH ENCRYPTION 子句对用户隐藏存储过程的文本。下例创建加密过程，使用

sp_helptext 系统存储过程获取关于加密过程的信息，然后尝试直接从

syscomments 表中获取关于该过程的信息。

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'encrypt_this' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE encrypt_this

GO

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE encrypt_this

WITH ENCRYPTION

AS

SELECT *

FROM authors

GO

EXEC sp_helptext encrypt_this

下面是结果集：

The object's comments have been encrypted.

接下来，选择加密存储过程内容的标识号和文本。

SELECT ,

FROM syscomments c INNER JOIN sysobjects o

ON =

WHERE = 'encrypt_this'

下面是结果集：

说明 text 列的输出显示在单独一行中。执行时，该信息将与 id 列信息出现在

同一行中。

id text

---------- ------------------------------------------------------------

1413580074 e?

(1 row(s) affected)

H. 创建用户定义的系统存储过程

下面的示例创建一个过程，显示表名以 emp 开头的所有表及其对应的索引。如果

没有指定参数，该过程将返回表名以 sys 开头的所有表（及索引）。

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'sp_showindexes' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE sp_showindexes

GO

USE master

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_showindexes

@@TABLE varchar(30) = 'sys*'

AS

SELECT AS TABLE_NAME,

AS INDEX_NAME,

indid AS INDEX_ID

FROM sysindexes i INNER JOIN sysobjects o

ON =

WHERE LIKE @@TABLE

GO

USE pubs

EXEC sp_showindexes 'emp*'

GO

下面是结果集：

TABLE_NAME INDEX_NAME INDEX_ID

---------------- ---------------- ----------------

employee employee_ind 1

employee PK_emp_id 2

(2 row(s) affected)

8. 使用延迟名称解析

下面的示例显示四个过程以及延迟名称解析的各种可能使用方式。尽管引用的表或

列在编译时不存在，但每个存储过程都可创建。

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'proc1' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE proc1

GO

-- Creating a procedure on a nonexistent table.

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE proc1

AS

SELECT *

FROM does_not_exist

GO

-- Here is the statement to actually see the text of the procedure.

SELECT ,

FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN syscomments c

ON =

WHERE = 'P' AND = 'proc1'

GO

USE master

GO

IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects

WHERE name = 'proc2' AND type = 'P')

DROP PROCEDURE proc2

GO

-- Creating a procedure that attempts to retrieve information from a

-- nonexistent column in an existing table.

USE pubs

GO

CREATE PROCEDURE proc2

AS

DECLARE @middle_init char(1)

SET @middle_init = NULL

SELECT au_id, middle_initial = @middle_init

FROM authors

GO

-- Here is the statement to actually see the text of the procedure.

SELECT ,

FROM sysobjects o INNER JOIN syscomments c

ON =

WHERE = 'P' and = 'proc2'