2012年考研英语真题及答案解析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C

or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C

or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.

The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like

politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for

being independent and impartial.

Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes

it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is

that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to

the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.

This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court

and politics.

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.

They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have

no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics

precisely because they are so closely _14_.

Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social

_15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is

inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as

unjust.

The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to

the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,

_20_, convincing as law.

1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize

2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless

3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated

4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted

5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded

6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone

7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies

8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle

9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict

10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards

11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though

12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace

13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer

14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied

15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions

16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls

17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted

18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore

19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable

20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or

D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing,

is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no

good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends

that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which

organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their

lives and possibly the word.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in

action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze

sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as

LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the

lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for

healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be

different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among

teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that

public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the

Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and

biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as

it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed

once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is

limited and mixed.

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An

emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread

through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we

unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer

groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the

troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never

really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real

world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as

[A] a supplement to the social cure

[B] a stimulus to group dynamics

[C] an obstacle to school progress

[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors

22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should

[A] recruit professional advertisers

[B] learn from advertisers’ experience

[C] stay away from commercial advertisers

[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements

23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to

[A] adequately probe social and biological factors

[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C] illustrate the functions of state funding

[D]produce a long-lasting social effect

24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors

[A] is harmful to our networks of friends

[B] will mislead behavioral studies

[C] occurs without our realizing it

[D] can produce negative health habits

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is

[A] harmful

[B] desirable

[C] profound

[D] questionable

Text 2

A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy

supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it

was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the

constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its

Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only

nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the

sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006,

the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to

Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t

foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling

tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions

about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company

made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate

voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the

2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.

The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have

some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a

precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the

patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its

word, that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged

that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.

Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United

States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company

has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear

Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what

promises from Entergy are worth.

26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line .1) is closest in meaning to

[A] condemning.

[B] reaffirming.

[C] dishonoring.

[D] securing.

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.

[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.

[C] acquire an extension of its business license .

[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.

28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its

[A] managerial practices.

[B] technical innovativeness.

[C] financial goals.

[D] business vision

29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test

[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.

[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.

[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .

[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.

[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.

[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.

[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.

Text 3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be

observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their

work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and

complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life

experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our

experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error,

and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked

mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to

transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which

the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.

Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,

unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex

social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers

act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to

suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new

discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the

community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the

science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the

community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus

on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward

accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is

new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible

discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and

potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently

provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described

discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But

thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change

their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and

appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to

what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together,

challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

[A] uncertainty and complexity.

[B] misconception and deceptiveness.

[C] logicality and objectivity.

[D] systematicness and regularity.

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires

[A] strict inspection.

[B]shared efforts.

[C] individual wisdom.

[D]persistent innovation.

aph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it

[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.

[B]has been examined by the scientific community.

[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.

[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.

34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that

[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.

[B]discoveries today inspire future research.

[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.

[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.

of the following would be the best title of the test?

[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.

[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.

[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.

When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government

workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public

sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of

public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things

down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and

well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they

now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party,

as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,

owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public

Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The

teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on

health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.

But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”

public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially

pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter

schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of

evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have

fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In

Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline

Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western

civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American

public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the

president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a

public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for

America.

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that

[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.

[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.

[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.

[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.

[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.

[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is

[A] illegally secured.

[B] indirectly augmented.

[C] excessively increased.

[D]fairly adjusted.

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

[A]often run against the current political system.

[B]can change people’s political attitudes.

[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

[D]are dominant in the government.

40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

[D]indifference.

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the

most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra

choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10

points)

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that

you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope,

or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.

You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and

visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing

press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail

carrier. (41)

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the

mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The

computer is the 21st century's culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.

(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong

commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of

people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what

they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet

for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique

in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous

material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music,

literature, religion and philosophy. (43)

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download

mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a

small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying

that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of

anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.

(45)

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of

"stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and

ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but

failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other

media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,

entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also

managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading

and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our

collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format

being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past

half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television -

and television is defined by downloading.

[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to

encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific

enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion

and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame

work.

(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a

theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we is becoming less clear,

however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it

might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.

(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems

reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual

selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are

governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable

us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or

cognitive terms.

That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today

supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider

the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that

humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,

which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality

identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to

represent biases that result from cognitive constraints

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that

between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show

patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through

it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of

word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the

structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name

of the Students’ Union to

1) extend your welcome and

2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER not sign your name at the end

of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address(10 points)

Part B

52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your

essay you should

1) describe the drawing briefly

2) explain its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)

参考答案

Section I: Use of English

1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C

6.B 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B

11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A

16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D

Section II: Reading Comprehension

Part A

21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D

26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A

31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C

36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.A

Part B

41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.G

Part C

46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

47. 在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。

48. 把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。

49. 约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列)，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。

50. 乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。

Section III: Writing Part A (10 points) 51. 参考范文 Dear international students, I am

the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news

that you would come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of

our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming. In order to make all

of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm

clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I

advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in

class. I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!

Yours sincerely, Li Ming Part B (20 points)

52. 参考范文 How vivid the cartoon it is! What the profound cartoon reflects is a not

uncommon social phenomenon, from which we can observe that in this cartoon stand two men and

a bottle of milk. The 2 men show different perspectives toward the bottle of milk that is place on

the ground. According to the information given in the above-mentioned cartoon, the gist of it is

regarding how we should perceive the world around us. People tend to show different attitudes

towards the issue. Then , what prove to be the underlying reasons for it? The following several

reasons stated below can be taken to be responsible for it. First and foremost, that issue is largely

having something to do with the current state of people’ mind, without any doubt, some people are

born positively, and while some others are born negatively. What is more important is that the

outlook and value embodied in society affects how we throw our insights into something we are

deal with. As far as my personal thinking is concerned, when it comes to mentioning the issue

concerning how to look at the world, what we should do is to observe it positively and confidently,

especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the

above-mentioned proposals adopted, can we be bound to live a life of happiness。