2019年12月英语四级考试真题试卷附答案卷三

2019年12月英语四级考试真题试卷附答案(第3套)

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who

wants to study in China. Please recommend a university to him. You should write at least

120 words but no more than 180 words.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Part II Listening Comprehension (30

minutes)

说明：由于2019年12月四级考试全国共考了两套听力, 本套真题听力与前两套内容

相同, 只是选项顺序不同, 因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one

word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the

passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by

a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the

centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

When travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap

water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or __26__ the ruins of Angkor. It's

hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. It's the safe thing to do, right? The bottle

is __27__ , and the label says "pure water". But maybe what's inside is not so __28__ . Would

you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around

the world __29__ microplastics?

That's the conclusion of a recently __30__ study, which analysed 259 bottles from 11

brands sold in nine countries,__31__ an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. These

microplastics included a __32__ commonly known as PET and widely used in the manufacture

of clothing and food and __33__ containers. The study was conducted at the State University of

New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organisation. About a million bottles are

bought every minute, not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the 2.1 billion worldwide

who live with unsafe drinking water.

Confronted with this __34__ , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and

Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that

their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the

World Health Organisation has launched a review into the __35__ health risks of drinking water

from plastic bottles.

A) adequate E) evidence I) natural M) sealed

B) admiring F) instant J) potential N) solves

C) contains G) liquid K) released O) substance

D) defending H) modified L) revealing

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.

Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraph from

which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph

is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer

Sheet 2.

The quiet heroism of mail delivery

A)On Wednesday, a polar wind brought bitter cold to the Midwest. Overnight, Chicago

reached a low of 21degrees Fahrenheit below zero, making it slightly colder than Antarctica,

Alaska, and the North Pole. Wind chills were 64 degrees below zero in Park Rapids, Minnesota,

and 45 degrees below zero in Buffalo, North Dakata, according to the National Weather Service.

Schools, restaurants, and business closed, and more that 1000 flights were canceled.

B) Even the United States Postal Service (USPS) suspended mail delivery."Due to this

arctic outbreak and concerns for the safety of USPS employees," USPS announced Wednesday

morning, "the Postal Service is suspending delivery Jan.30 in some 3-digit ZIP Code locations."

Twelve regions were listed as unsafe on Wednesday; on Thursday, eight remained.

C) As global surface temperatures increase, so does the likelihood of extreme weather.

In2018 alone, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, mudslides, and other natural disasters

cost at least $49 billion in the United States. As my colleague Vann Newkirk reported, Puerto

Rico is still confronting economic and structural destruction and resource scarcity from

2017'sHurricane Maria. Natural disasters can wreck a community's infrastructure, disrupting

systems for months or years. Some services, however, remind us that life will eventually return,

in some form, to normal.

D) Days after the deadly 2017 wildfires in Santa Rosa, California, a drone (无人机) caught

footage (连续镜头) of a USPS worker, Trevor Smith, driving through burned homes in that

familiar white van, collecting mail in an affected area. The video is striking: The operation is

familiar, but the scene looks like the end of the world. According to Rae Ann Haight, the

program manager for the national-preparedness office at USPS, Smith was fulfilling a request

made by some of the home owners to pick up any mail that was left untouched. For Smith, this

was just another day on the job. "I followed my route like I normally do," Smith told are porter.

"As I came across a box that was up but with no house, I checked, and there was mail--

outgoing mail -- in it. And so I picked those up and carried on."

E) USPS has sophisticated emergency plans for natural disasters. Across the country,285

emergency-management teams are devoted to crisis control. These teams are trained annually

using a framework known as the three Ps: people, property, product. After mail service stops

due to weather, the agency's top priority is ensuring that employees are safe. Then it evaluates

the health of infrastructure, such as the roads that mail carriers drive on. Finally, it decides when

and how to re-open operations. If the destruction is extreme, mail addressed to the area will get

sent elsewhere. In response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, USPS redirected incoming New

Orleans mail to existing mail facilities in Houston. Mail that was already processed in New

Orleans facilities was moved to an upper floor so it would be protected from water damage.

F) As soon as it's safe enough to be outside, couriers (邮递员) start distributing

accumulated mail on the still-accessible routes. USPS urges those without standing addresses to

file change-of-address forms with their new location. After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, mail

facilities were set up in dozens of locations across the country in the two weeks that USPS was

unable to provide street delivery.

G) Every day, USPS processes, on average, 493.4 million pieces of mail -- anything from

postcards to Social Security checks to medicine. Spokespeople from both USPS and UPS told

me all mail is important. But some mail can be extremely sensitive and timely. According to

data released in January 2017, 56 percent of bills are paid online, which means that just under

half of payments still rely on delivery services to be completed.

H) It can be hard to identify which parcels are carrying crucial items such as Social

Security checks, but USPS and UPS try their best to prioritize sensitive material. They will

coordinate with the Social Security Administration to make sure that Social Security checks

reach the right people in a timely fashion. After Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael last

fall, USPS worked with state and local election boards to make sure that absentee ballots were

available and received on time.

I) Mail companies are logistics (物流) companies, which puts them in a special position to

help when disaster strikes. In a 2011 USPS case study, the agency emphasized its massive

infrastructure as a "unique federal asset" to be called upon in a disaster or terrorist attack. "I

think we're unique as a federal agency," USPS official Mike Swigart told me, "because we're in

literally every community in We're obligated to deliver to that point on a daily

basis."

J) Private courier companies, which have more dollars to spend, use their expertise in

logistics to help revitalize damaged areas after a disaster. For more than a decade, FedEx has

supported the American Red Cross in its effort to get emergency supplies to areas affected by

disasters, both domestically and internationally. In 2012, the company distributed more

than1,200 MedPacks to Medical Reserve Corps groups in California. They also donated space

for 3.1 million pounds of charitable shipping globally. Last October, the company pledged $1

million in cash and transportation support for Hurricanes Florence and Michael. UPS's

charitable arm, the UPS Foundation, uses the company's logistics to help disaster-struck areas

rebuild. "We realize that as a company with people, trucks, warehouses, we needed to play a

larger role," said Eduardo Martinez, the president of the UPS Foundation. The company

employs its trucks and planes to deliver food, medicine, and water. The day before I spoke to

Martinez in November, he had been touring the damage from Hurricane Michael in Florida with

the American Red Cross. "We have an obligation to make sure our communities are thriving,"

he said.

K) Rebuilding can take a long time, and even then, impressions of the disaster may still

remain. Returning to a normal life can be difficult, but some small routines -- mail delivery

being one of them -- may help residents remember that their communities are still their

communities. "When they see that carrier back out on the street," Swigart said, "that's the first

sign to them that life is starting to return to normal."

36. The United States Postal Service has a system to ensure its employees' safety.

37. One official says USPS is unique in that it has more direct reach to communities compared

with other federal agencies.

38. Natural disasters can have a long-lasting impact on community life.

39. Mail delivery service is still responsible for the completion of almost half of payments.

40. The sight of a mailman on the street is a reassuring sign of life becoming normal again.

41. After Hurricane Katrina interrupted routine delivery, temporary mail service points were

setup.

42. Postal service in some regions in the U.S. was suspended due to extreme cold weather.

43. Private postal companies also support disaster relief efforts by distributing urgent supplies.

44. A dedicated USPS employee was on the job carrying out duties in spite of extreme

conditions.

45. Postal services work hard to identify items that require priority treatment.

Section C

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You

should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a

single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching

assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class,

Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia

Tech's online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had

eight teaching assistants, but that wasn't enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily

questions from students.

Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When

students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their

motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this

situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on

the IBM Watson platform.

Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the

online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn't too great. But Goel and his team sourced the

online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class

was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some

adjustments and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students' questions correctly 97% of

the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn't know

she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting

with the virtual assistant and couldn't tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didn't inform

them about Jill's true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the

experience.

The goal of Professor Goel's virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all

the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course,

change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future

of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.

46. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Arificial Itelligence?

A) It is a robot that can answer students' questions.

B) It is a course designed for students to learn online.

C) It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.

D) It is a computer program that aids student learning.

47. What problem did Professor Goel meet with?

A) His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.

B) His course was too difficult for the students.

C) Students' questions were too many to handle.

D) Too many students dropped out of his course.

48. What do we learn about Jill Watson?

A) She turned out to be a great success.

B) She got along pretty well with students.

C) She was unwelcome to students at first.

D) She was released online as an experiment.

49. How did the students feel about Jill Watson?

A) They thought she was a bit too artificial.

B) They found her not as capable as expected.

C) They could not but admire her knowledge.

D) They could not tell her from a real person.

50. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?

A) Launch different versions of her online.

B) Feed her with new questions and answers.

C) Assign her to answer more of students' questions.

D) Encourage students to interact with her more freely.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Thinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor don't hurt. Those are a few

of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that

examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may

be more crucial.

Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent

years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have

tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goals,

but others have fallen short of reaching even modest targets.

To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by

science communications scholar Mike Sch?fer of the University of Zurich examined the content

of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.

Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in Public

Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising

money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all

comers, platforms such as and only present scientific projects.

For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of

humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors, since projects that

answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a small amount of

money. The projects included in the study raised $4,000 on average, with 30% receiving less

than $1,000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the

researchers found.

Other factors may also significantly influence a project's success, most notably, the size of

a scientist's personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project

on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page.

Crowdfunding can be part of researchers' efforts to reach the public, and people give because

"they feel a connection to the person" who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the

science.

50. What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?

A) They did not raise much due to modest targets.

B) They made use of mixed fundraising strategies.

C) Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.

D) Most of them put movies online for the purpose.

51. What is the purpose of Mike Schafer' s research of recent crowdfunding campaigns?

A) To create attractive content for science websites.

B) To identify reasons for their different outcomes.

C) To help scientists to launch innovative projects.

D) To separate science projects from general ones.

52. What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfiunding campaign?

A) The potential benefit to future generations.

B) Its interaction with prospective donors.

C) Its originality in addressing financial issues.

D) The value of the proposed project.

53. What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?

A) They should be small to be successful.

B) They should be based on actual needs.

C) They should be assessed with great care.

D) They should be ambitious to gain notice.

55. What motivates people to donate in a crowdfunding campaign?

A) The ease of access to the content of the webpage.

B) Their desire to contribute to the cause of science.

C) The significance and influence of the project itself.

D) Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into

English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国的家庭观念与其文化传统有关。和睦的大家庭曾非常令人羡慕。过去四代同堂并

不少见。由于这个传统，许多年轻人婚后继续与父母同住。今天，这个传统正在改变。随

着住房条件的改善，越来越多年轻夫妇选择与父母分开住。但他们之间的联系仍然很密切。

许多老年人仍然帮着照看孙辈。年轻夫妇也抽时间探望父母，特别是在春节和中秋节等重

要节日。

2019年12月大学英语四级考试真题解析（三）

Part I Writing

Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who

wants to learn Chinese. Please recommend a place to him. You should write at least 120 words

but no more than 180 words.

审题分析

从体裁上看，这道题考查的是四级写作中出题概率较低的应用文－信件。此前，四级

真题中考查过的应用文有信件、广告和新闻报道这三种形式。在2019年6月的四级考试

中，刚刚考查过应用文的书写，本次四级考试再次考查，也证明了四六级考试的反押题倾

向－很多教育机构和学生认为上次刚考过，这次肯定不会再考，结果出题人偏偏逆之而行，

导致很多没有准备应用文的同学无从下笔。对于押题的套路与反套路，我们只有掌握了各

种类型作文的写法，夯实语言基础，才能无所畏惧，从容应对四级写作。

从话题上看，这道题涉及的是考生较为熟悉的教育类话题，要求我们给想要学中文的

外国友人推荐一个地方。用于描述话题的单词都比较简单，审题没有障碍。

虽然题意比较清楚，但考生仍要注意信件类作文的特殊结构、格式和语体。信件包含

称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分。根据英文信件的规范格式：称呼应当位于信件的左

上角，后跟逗号；结束语和签名位于信件的右下角，其中结束语也需要后跟逗号。另外，

根据收件人的不同，信件也分为公务信函和私人信函。这些都是信件类作文的得分点，如

果以上内容出现错误，必定会影响作文的整体得分。

结合本题，题目要求考生给外国朋友写信，因此这封信件属于私人信函。无论信件的

类型如何，考生都需要格外注意信件类作文的一大特点－礼貌，在书写时尽量做到彬彬有

礼。

写作提纲

1.第一段交代写信背景，表明写信目的－推荐地点。

2.第二段详细介绍推荐理由：1)南京图书馆馆藏丰富，能够直接接触中文文化的精髓；2)

图书馆定期举办的读书交流活动可以提升学习者的阅读、听力和口语能力。

3.第三段使用客套话，望推荐被采纳，并祝福对方。

范文写作

① Dear Eric,

① Knowing that you are coming to China to improve your Chinese,I want to write you this

letter to recommend Nanjing Library to you,the best place to learn Chinese.

① The reasons for my recommendation are as follows.

① For one thing,Nanjing Library is one of China's largest and oldest libraries. It houses

important scientific,cultural and arts literature relating to both ancient and modern Chinese.

①With a free member card,you can have access to the 100,000 volumes of books and

documents,which would undoubtedly enable you to cxperience the essence of authentic Chinese

culture.

① For another,literary salons and reading events,in which people usually exchange their

ideas, are held by the library every week.

①Attending such activities will help you make progress in not only reading,but also

listening and speaking.

① Since Nanjing Library is such a suitable place for you to practice Chinese,I strongly

recommend it to you.

① I believe you can be proficient in Chinese through your persistent efforts!

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

范文点评

①信件左上角写称呼，私人信件一般使用“Dear+人名”的形式，并加上逗号。

①信件开头段交代背景并表明写作目的。“”是分词做状语的形式，“I want to

write you this letter ”是推荐信开头表明写信目的的模板句型。

①主体段开始介绍推荐的具体理由。这句话是主体段的总领句，用于引出下文。

①该句介绍推荐的第一个理由：南京图书馆历史悠久藏书丰富，是体会中国文化精髓的绝

佳场所。

①“with a free member card”是介词短语做状语；“have ”这一短语意为“可以接

近······;能够获得·····.”；“which would undoubtedly enable ”是非限制性定语从句，

修饰对象为前面的整句话。

①该句介绍推荐的第二个理由：南京图书馆经常举办读书交流活动，参加活动可以提升听

力口语能力。“”是关系副词引导的定语从句，相当于“where”。

①“attending such activities”是动名词做主语的结构；“”表示“不仅···而且

①结尾段总结上文并再次重申写信目的。“since”在此处引导原因状语从句；“I strongly

recommend it to you.”是推荐信的模板句型。

①信件最后为对方送上美好祝福。

① 信件右下角写结束语，常见的结束语有“Yours sincerely”“Yours truly”“Yours”等等，注意

结束语后面要加上逗号。

① 信件右下角结束语下一行写签名，根据题目要求署名即可。

精彩词汇

recommendation n. 推荐 undoubtedly adv. 确实地，毋庸置疑地

house v. 给······提供场地 essence n.本质；精华

authentic adj.真正的；真实的 make 在······方面取得进步

literary salons 文学沙龙 suitable adj. 合适的

have 可获得······;接近··· ···proficient adj. 精通的；熟练的

volume n.(书籍的）卷 persistent adj. 坚持不懈的；执著的,bns

范文翻译

亲爱的艾瑞克：

知道你要来中国学中文，我想写信给你推荐南京图书馆，它是你学习中文的绝佳场所。

我推荐的理由如下。一方面，南京图书馆是中国最大也是历史最悠久的图书馆之一。

它收藏了有关中国古代与现代的重要科技、文化、艺术方面的文献。只要一张免费的会员

卡，你就可以接触到100,000卷书籍与文件，这无疑能够让你感受到纯正中国文化的精髓。

另一方面，图书馆每周都会举办文学沙龙和读书活动，人们在其中交流观点。参加这些活

动将会帮助你不仅仅是在阅读，还有听力和口语方面都取得进步。

鉴于南京图书馆非常适合你去练习中文，我强烈推荐它给你。我相信通过不懈的努力，

你一定可以精通中文！

你真诚的，

李明

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section A

词性分析

名词：evidence(证据）、instant(瞬间；片刻）、liquid(液体）、potential(潜力）、substance(物

质）

动词：admiring(羡慕；欣赏）、contains(包含）、defending(防御；防卫）、evidence(证明）、

modified(修改）、released(释放）、revealing(揭露）、sealed(密封）、solves(解决）

形容词：adequate(充足的）、admiring(赞赏的，羡慕的）、defending(防御的）、instant(立

即的）、liquid(液态的）、modified(改进的；修改的）、natural(自然的）、potential(潜在

的）、revealing(透露真情的）、sealed(密封的）

参考译文

去国外旅游时，你是买塑料瓶装水喝还是冒险喝自来水呢？想象一下，你正在泰国一

个岛屿上闲逛或者正［26]欣赏吴哥遗址。天气很热，于是你到当地小贩那里买了一瓶水。

瓶子是［27]密封的，标签上写着“纯净水”，没什么问题，对吧？但其实瓶子里面装的

水可能并不是那么［28]天然。如果你道全世界出售的90%以上的瓶装水都［29含有塑料

微粒，你还会喝吗？

近期［30]发布的一项研究分析了在9个国家出售的11个不同品牌的259瓶纯净水，

结果［31]表明平均每升水中含有325个塑料微粒。这些塑料微粒包括一种［32]物质，一

般被称为PET,它被广泛应用于服装、食品和［33]液体容器生产中。该研究受一个叫“星

球媒体（Orb Media)”的新闻组织委托在纽约州立大学进行。全球每分钟大约有一百万瓶

水售出，购买者不仅仅是那些口渴的游客，还有许多是生活在缺乏安全饮用水地区的人，

世界上大约有21亿这样的人。

面对这些研究［34]证据，几个瓶装水生产商包括雀巢和可口可乐在内，也以同样的

方法自行开展了研究。结果表明他们的瓶装水中的确含有塑料微粒，但含量远远低于“星

球媒体”发布的数据。尽管如此，世界卫生组织已经对饮用塑料瓶装水的［35]潜在健康

危害展开了评估。

26.(B) admiring

第一步：判断词性 “Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or 26:the ruins of

Angkor. 空格前的“or”连接两个并列结构，而空格后面是名词短语“the ruins of Angkor”，

说明空格处应该是和“wandering”相同的结构，即v-ing形式。

第二步：上下文线索 这句话的意思是“想象你正在一座泰国小岛上闲逛又或是在26 吴哥

古迹。”在可选的单词中，“admiring”符合句意，表示“欣赏吴哥古迹”，所以B正确。

拓展考点知识

wander about:闲逛

admiring的其他形式：

admirable adj. 令人钦佩的

27.(M) sealed

第一步：判断词性The bottle is and the label says pure water.”,本题and连接两个并列分句，

在前一个分句中有主语“the bottle”和系动词“is”，缺少表语，那么空格处可能是形容词或

动词的分词形式做表语。

第二步：上下文线索 前文说到“想象自己闲逛时天气炎热，从当地的摊贩那里买了一瓶水，

认为它很安全”。这句话具体解释是因为“瓶子是27,而且标签写着纯净水”。可以推测，空

格处的单词可以说明瓶装水安全，那么“sealed(密封的）”符合句意。

拓展考点知识sealed的其他形式：

sealer n.密封层；检验员

28. (I)natural

第一步：判断词性 “But maybe what's inside is not so 28

从句子结构分析，这句话有主语“what's inside”和系动词“is”，缺少表语，所以空格处

可能是形容词或动词的分词形式。

第二步：上下文线索 句首的but说明这句话和前文讲述的“瓶装水看起来很安全”相反，

实际上它并不是像标签写的是纯净水。所以空格处应该填“natural”，说明瓶装水并不完全

是天然的。

拓展考点知识 natural的相关词组：

natural selection:自然选择

natural habitat:自然栖息地

29.(C) contains

第一步：判断词性 “Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all

bottled water sold around the world 29 microplastics?”

从句子结构分析，that引导的宾语从句中主语是“more than 90 percent of all bottled

water sold around the world”，宾语是“microplastics”，缺少谓语，所以空格处应该是动词。

第二步：上下文线索 本句的意思是“如果你知道世界上卖的瓶装水有90%都塑料微粒你还

会饮用它吗？”结合前一句说瓶装水并不是纯天然的，空格处应该填“contains”，说明里面

含有塑料微粒。

拓展考点知识 contain的其他形式：

container n. 容器

30. (K) released

第一步：判断词性 “That's the conclusion of a recently 30 study, which analysed 259 bottles

from 11 brands sold in nine countries, 31 an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of water. ”

空格前有冠词“a”和副词“recently”，空格后是名词“study”，所以空格处应该是形容词，或

者过去分词，修饰“study”。

第二步：上下文线索 句子的意思是“这是一项最近30研究得出的结论”，空格处用来说明

是什么样的研究。在可选的单词中，“released”符合，表示“最近发布的研究”，因此K正

确。

拓展考点知识conclusion的相关词组：

draw a conclusion:得出结论

31.(L) revealing

第一步：判断词性 “That's the conclusion of a recently released study,which analysed 259

bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries, 31 an average of 325 plastic particles per litre of

water.”

从句子结构分析，“That's the conclusion of a recently released study”是句子主干，结构

完整。which引导的定语从句修饰study,31空所在的半句话是句子的状语。空格后是名词

短语“an average of plastic particles”，那么空格处应该是动词的分词形式。

第二步：上下文线索 这句话的意思是“这是一项最近发布的研究得出的结论，该研究分析

了11个品牌在9个国家销售的259瓶瓶装水，31平均每升水含325个塑料微粒”。可见，

31空所在的半句话是研究的结果，可以推测空格处的意思应该是“显示；揭示”，“revealing”

符合句意。

拓展考点知识 reveal的近义词：

unveil v. 揭开；显露

32.(O） substance

第一步：判断词性 These microplastics included a 32 commonly known as PET and widely

used in the manufacture of clothing and food and 33 containers.”空格前是冠词“a”，空格后是

分词结构做后置定语修饰空格处单词，所以空格处应该是名词。

第二步：上下文线索 这句话的意思是“这些塑料微粒包含一种通常被称为聚对苯二甲酸乙

二酯（PET) 的32”，很明显PET是一种化学物质，所以空格处应该填“substance”。

拓展考点知识

be known as:被称为······

33.(G) liquid

第一步：判断词性 “These microplastics included a substance commonly known as PET and

widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and 33 containers.”

在这句话中“clothing”“food”和空格处都是“and”连接的并列结构，都修饰“containers”，

那么空格处应该填名词。

第二步：上下文线索 结合前文提及“瓶装水中含有塑料微粒”，以及这句话指出“PET被广

泛用于生产服装、食品和33的容器”，空格处应该填“liquid”，表示“液体的容器”。

拓展考点知识 manufacture的其他形式：

manufacturer n.制造商；厂商

manufactory n. 制造厂；工厂

34.(E) evidence

第一步：判断词性 “Confronted with this 34 ,several bottled-water manufacturers including

Nestle and Coca-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology.” 从句子结构

分析，“Confronted with this 34 ”是从句的状语。空格前有代词“this”，空格处应该填

第二步：上下文线索 根据句中的“this”可知空格处指代的是前文的内容，前面提到，新发

布的研究发现瓶装水中平均每升水含325个塑料微粒，证明了瓶装水不安全。由此可知，

空格处应该填“evidence”，指的是前面提到的这一证据。

拓展考点知识

be confronted with:面对····..

35.(J) potential

第一步：判断词性 “Regardless,the World Health Organisation has launched a review into the

35 health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.”空格前是定冠词“the”，空格后是名词短

语“health risks”，所以空格处应该填形容词，修饰“health risks.

第二步：上下文线索前一句话指出，雀巢和可口可乐自己实施的研究发现它们的瓶装水中

塑料微粒的含量没有Orb的研究高，这句话说到“但不论怎样，世界卫生组织已经对塑料

瓶装水的35健康危害做了评估。”在可选的单词中，“potential”符合意思，表示“潜在的健

康危害”。

拓展考点知识 与review相关的短语：

literature review:文献综述

book review:书评

Section B

参考译文

邮递业中的无声英雄主义

［A]星期三，一股极地风使中西部地区遭受了严寒。一夜之间，芝加哥的温度降至零下

21华氏度，比南极洲、阿拉斯加和北极还要冷一些。根据美国国家气象局的报道，明尼

苏达州帕克拉皮兹市的风寒指数低至零下64度，北达科他州布法罗则低至零下45度。学

校停课，餐馆和商店纷纷停业，一千多个航班被取消。

［B]就连美国邮政局（USPS)也暂停了邮件投递。美国邮政局星期三上午宣布：“［42由

于严寒突袭，出于对员工安全的考虑，1月30日邮政局将暂停在一些三位数邮编地区的

邮递服务。”星期三，有12个地区被列为非安全区域；到星期四还剩下8个。

［C]随着全球地表温度升高，出现极端天气的可能性也在增加。仅在2018年，森林大火、

火山喷发、飓风、泥石流和其他自然灾害在美国造成的损失至少达490亿美元。正如我的

同事范恩·纽柯克所报道的，波多黎各仍经受着2017年飓风“玛丽亚”造成的经济损失、

建筑毁坏以及资源匮乏。［38]自然灾害会破坏社区的基础设施，使系统中断数月甚至数

年。然而，有些服务提醒我们，生活最终将会以某种形式恢复常态。

［D]在2017年加利福尼亚州圣罗莎遭遇严重的森林大火后的几天，［44]一架无人机的镜

头拍摄到美国邮政工作人员特雷弗·史密斯的身影，他驾驶着那辆熟悉的白色货车驶过被

烧毁的房屋，在受灾地区揽收邮件。这段视频令人震撼，因为这虽是人们常见的事，但场

景看起来就像是世界末日。据美国邮政局国家防范工作办公室项目经理瑞伊·安·海特所

说，史密斯当时应一些房东提出的要求，去取走未被烧毁的邮件。对于史密斯来说，这只

是工作中的一天。“我像往常一样沿着既定路线走。走到一处，房子没了信箱还在，

我就检查一下信箱，发现里面还有要寄出的邮件，就将它们取走，继续前行。”史密斯对

记者说道。

［E]美国邮政局有周密的自然灾害应急方案。在全国范围内，有285个应急管理团队专门

负责控制危机。这些团队每年都会按照“3P”准则接受培训，“3P”代表人员、财产和产

品。由于天气原因暂停邮递服务后，［36]美国邮政局的首要任务是确保员工的安全。之

后会对基础设施的受损状况进行评估，例如邮车行驶的道路。最后，它会决定何时以何种

方式恢复运营。如果受损严重，寄往该地区的邮件将被送往其他地方。在2005年“卡特

里娜”飓风来袭后，美国邮政局将寄往新奥尔良的邮件改派至休斯敦现有的邮政设施。已

经派送至新奥尔良邮局的邮件被转移到较高楼层，以防受潮。

［F]一旦外面环境安全了，邮递员就开始沿仍可通行的路线分发囤积的邮件。美国邮政局

敦促那些没有固定住址的人填写新地址后将地址变更表归档。［41]2005年“卡特里娜”

飓风来袭后，在美国邮政局无法提供街道投递服务的两周内，全国数十个点建立了邮政设

施。

［G]美国邮政局每天平均处理4.934亿封邮件－从明信片到社会保障支票再到药品。美国

邮政和联合包裹的发言人都跟我说，所有邮件都很重要。但某些邮件可能非常敏感且紧急。

根据2017年1月发布的数据，［39有56%的账单是在线支付的，这意味着近一半的支付

仍需通过递送服务来完成。

［H]45尽管很难确定哪些包裹装有如社会保障支票之类的重要物品，但美国邮政和联合

包裹服务公司会尽量优先处理敏感材料。他们将与社会保障局协作，以确保社保支票准确

及时送达。去年秋天，飓风“佛罗伦萨”和“迈克尔”过后，美国邮政与各州和地方选举

委员会合作，以确保选民能够按时收到缺席选票。邮政公司也是物流公司，因此它们的地

位特殊，在灾难来临时能够帮得上忙。在2011年美国邮政局的一项案例研究中，它强调

其庞大的基础设施是灾难或恐怖袭击中可调用的“独特的联邦资产”。美国邮政局

官员迈克·斯维加特对我说道：“［37]我认为，我们是一个独一无二的联邦机构，因为

我们几乎覆盖了这个国家的每个社区,我们有义务做好每天的派送工作。”

［J][43]资金更加充足的私人邮政公司则利用他们在物流方面的专长，帮助受灾地区灾后

重建。十多年来，联邦快递一直帮助美国红十字会向国内外受灾地区运送应急物资。2012

年，该公司向加利福尼亚的医疗储备队分发了1,200多套医药包。他们还在全球范围内免

费运输了310万磅的慈善物资。去年10月，该公司承诺为飓风“佛罗伦萨”和“迈克尔”

拨款100万美元的现金和提供交通支持。联合包裹的慈善部门，即联合包裹基金会，利用

公司的物流设施帮助灾区重建。“我们意识到，作为一家拥有人力资源、卡车和仓库的公

司，我们需要发挥更大的作用。”联合包裹基金会主席爱德华多·马丁内斯说道。该公司

用卡车和飞机运送食物、药品和水。11月，在我与马丁内斯交谈的前一天，他与美国红

十字会一起巡视了佛罗里达州因“迈克尔”飓风造成的破坏。他说：“我们有义务确保我

们的社区蓬勃发展。”

［K]重建可能要很长时间，即使在重建完成之时，也可能仍然留有灾难的印记。恢复正常

生活并非易事，但包括邮递在内的一些日常的零星事务可以帮助居民想起他们的社区依然

在那里。“［40]当他们看到邮递员又出现在街上，这便是他们的生活开始恢复正常的第

一个迹象。”斯维加特说道。

36.E

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：the United State Postal Service、employees' safety

第二步：定位关键词 ［E]USPS has sophisticated emergency plans for natural disasters ... After

mail service stops due to weather, the agency's top priority is ensuring that employees are safe.

Then it evaluates the health of infrastructure, such as the roads that mail carriers drive on.

Finally, it decides

when and how to re-open operations.”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

system /top priority ... Finally

拓展考点知识 与infrastructure 有关的短语：

infrastructure construction 基础建设

37.[I]

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：one official、communities “形容词其次”：unique

第二步：定位关键词［I] I think we're unique as a federal agency,' USPS official Mike Swigart

told me,'because we're in literally every community in this country ... We're obligated to

deliver to that,point on a daily basis. '”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

has more direct reach to communities / we're in literally every community in this country

拓展考点知识

be obligated to:对······负有责任

38.C

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：natural disasters、community life

第二步：定位关键词［C] Natural disasters can wreck a community's infrastructure,disrupting

systems for months or years.”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

have long-lasting impact on / wreck . .. for months or years

拓展考点知识wreck的其他形式：

wreckage n. 失事；残骸

39.G

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：mail delivery service,half of payments

第二步：定位关键词［G] According to data released in January 2017,56 percent of bills are paid

online,which means that just under half of payments still rely on delivery services to be

completed.”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

is still responsible for / rely on

completion/completed

拓展考点知识

be responsible for:对······负责

40.K

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：the sight of a mailman on the street、sign、life

第二步：定位关键词 ［K] When they see that carrier back out on the street,'Swigart

said,'that's the first sign to them that life is starting to return to normal.'”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

mailman / carrier

becoming normal again / return to normal

拓展考点知识 reassuring的其他形式：

reassurance n. 安慰；保证

41.F

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Hurricane Katrina,temporary mail service points,

第二步：定位关键词 ［F]After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, mail facilities were set up in

dozens of other locations across the country in the two weeks that USPS was unable to provide

street delivery.

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

routine delivery / street delivery

temporary / in the

拓展考点知识

dozens of:几十；许多

42.B

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Postal service、some regions “动词其次”：suspended

第二步：定位关键词 ［B] Due to this arctic outbreak and concerns for the safety of USPS

employees,'USPS announced Wednesday morning,'the Postal Service is suspending delivery

Jan. 30 in some 3-digit ZIP Code locations”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

extreme cold weather/arctic outbreak

拓展考点知识 suspend的其他形式：

suspension n. 暂缓；停职

43.J

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：private postal companies、supplies

第二步：定位关键词 ［J] “Private courier companies, which have more dollars to spend, use

their expertise in logistics to help revitalize damaged areas after a disaster. For more than a

decade,FedEx has supported the American Red Cross in its effort to get emergency supplies to

areas affected by disasters, both domestically and internationally.”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

support disaster relief efforts / help revitalize damaged areas after a disaster

拓展考点知识 与 revitalize 有关的短语：

revitalize the economy:振兴经济

44.[D]

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：a dedicated USPS employee、extreme conditions“介词其

次”：on the job

第二步：定位关键词［D] Days after the deadly 2017 wildfires in Santa Rosa,California,a

drone(无人机）caught footage(连续镜头）of a USPS worker,Trevor Smith,driving through

burned homes in that familiar white van,collecting mail in an For Smith,this was

just another day on the job.”,

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

carrying out duties /collecting mail

拓展考点知识与affected有关的短语：

be affected by:受到······的影响

be affected with:患有······疾病

45.H

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Postal services、items “动词其次”：identify

第二步：定位关键词［H]“It can be hard to identify which parcels are carrying crucial items

such as Social Security checks, but USPS and UPS try their best to prioritize sensitive

material. ”

第三步：寻找同义替换

题干／原文：

work hard/try their best

require priority treatment /prioritize

拓展考点知识 与priority 相关的短语：

give priority to:优先考虑

top priority:最优先的

Section C

Passage One

参考译文

佐治亚理工学院的阿索克·高尔教授研发了一个人工智能助教，［46]用于帮助处理

在“基于知识的人工智能”这门在线课程中学生所提出的大量问题。这门在线课程是佐治

亚理工学院计算机科学在线硕士项目的核心课程。［47]高尔教授已经有八名助教了，但

这还不足以应对学生每天提出的大量问题。

很多学生因为缺乏教学支持而退出在线课程。当学生感到孤立无援或困惑，而且他们

所提出的疑问都没有得到解答时，他们继续学习的动力会开始减弱。高尔教授决定做点什

么来挽救这种局面，他的解决方案是创建一个名为吉尔·沃森的虚拟助理，该助理基于IBM

的沃森平台。

高尔和他的团队研发了好几个版本的吉尔·沃森，然后才把她发布到在线论坛。起初，

这个虚拟助理的表现并不是很好。不过高尔和他的团队在网络论坛上找到了这门课开设以

来被问及的4万个问题。然后他们开始向吉尔输入问题和答案。［48]经过了一些调整和

足够的时间，吉尔回答学生提问的正确率可达到97%.这名虚拟助理变得如此先进和真实，

连学生们都不知道她是一台电脑。［49]这些正在学习人工智能的学生，他们与虚拟助理

进行互动，也没能分辨出它并不是真实的人类。高尔教授直到4月26日才告知学生吉尔

的真实身份。而［48]学生们实际上也对这个体验给予充分肯定。

［50]高尔教授的这名虚拟助理明年的目标是回答在线论坛上学生提出的40%的问题。

当然，吉尔·沃森这个名字在下个学期会被换成别的名字。与埃隆·马斯克、斯蒂芬。霍

金、比尔·盖茨或史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克等人相比，高尔教授对人工智能的未来有着更为乐

观的看法。

46. B) It is a course designed for students to learn online.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence

第二步：定位关键词

第1段：“Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially

intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the

online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement

of Georgia Tech's online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel

already had eight teaching assistants,but that wasn't enough to deal with the overwhelming

number of daily questions from students.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“我们可以知道有关”基于知识的人工智能＇的什么信

息？”根据第1段可知它是一个在线课程，文中“This online course is a core requirement of

Georgia Tech's online Master of Science in Computer Science program.”提到这门在线课程是

佐治亚理工学院计算机科学在线硕士课程的核心要求，说明这是一门为学生设计的在线课

程。B选项“它是一门为学生在线学习设计的课程”符合文章意思，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence 是一门在线课程，因此选项A“它是

一个能回答学生问题的机器人”、选项C“它是一个彻底改变教学的高科技设备”和选项

D“它是一个帮助学生学习,的电脑程序”都和文章意思不符。

拓展考点知识 与 requirement 有关的短语：

water requirement:需水量

47. C) Students' questions were too many to handle.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Professor Goel “动词其次”：meet with

第二步：定位关键词 第1段：“Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially

intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the

online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement

of Georgia Tech's online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel

already had eight teaching assistants,but that wasn't enough to deal with the overwhelming

number of daily questions from students.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“Goel教授遇到了什么问题？”第1段“Professor Goel

already had eight teaching assistants,but that wasn't enough to deal with the overwhelming

number of daily questions from students.”提到他已经有八个教学助理，但还是应付不了学生

每天提出的大量问题，说明他遇到的问题是学生们的问题多到处理不过来，选项C“学生

们的问题太多以至于处理不完”和文意相符，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项“他的学生对助理们不满”和B选项“他的课程对学生们来说太难了”

文章没有提到；D选项和文意不符，文中说很多学生放弃在线课程是一个普遍现象，并不

是特指有太多学生退出Goel教授的在线课程。

拓展考点知识 与 overwhelming 有关的短语：

overwhelming superiority:绝对优势

48. A) She turned out to be a great success.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Jill Waston

第二步：定位关键词 第3段：“Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson

before

releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn't too great. But Goel and

his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been

asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers.

After some adjustments and sufficient time,Jill was able to answer the students' questions

correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the

students didn't know she was a computer. The students,who were studying artificial

intelligence,were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn't tell it apart from a real

human didn't inform them about Jill's true identity until April students were

actually very positive about the experience.”

第三步：分析题干／文章

题目问及“我们能了解到 Jill Waston的什么信息？”第3段“After some adjustments and

sufficient time,Jill was able to answer the students' questions correctly 97% of the,time.”指出

经过调整以后，Jill Waston回复学生问题的正确率达到了97%,并且段落最后“The students

were actually very positive about the experience.”提到学生对此也很满意，说明 Jill Waston

最后是成功的，A选项“她最后取得了巨大成功”与原文意思一致，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 B选项“她和学生相处得非常好”与D选项“她是作为一个实验被发布到网

上的”文章都没有提到；C选项与文中意思不符，文章提到 Jill Waston一开始表现得不太

好，并不是说它不受学生欢迎。

拓展考点知识

be positive about:对······持积极态度

49. D)They could not tell her from a real person.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：students、Jill Waston

第二步：定位关键词 第3段：“Goel and his team developed several versions of

Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn't too great.

But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that

had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the

questions and answers. After some adjustments and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the

students' questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and

realistic that the students didn't know she was a computer. The students, who were studying

artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn't tell it apart from a

real human being. Goel didn't inform them about Jill's true identity until April 26. The students

were actually very positive about the experience.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“学生们对Jill Waston的感受是怎样的？”第3段“The

students,who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and

couldn't tell it apart from a real human being.”提到学生们并不能把Jill Waston和真人区分开，

所以D选项和原文意思相同，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项“他们认为Jill Waston太过智能”在文中没有依据；B选项“他们发现

她的能力不如预期”没有原文依据，文章没有提到学生的预期；C选项“他们不得不钦佩她

的学识”原文未提及。

拓展考点知识 :把······与······区分开

50.C) Assign her to answer more of students' questions.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Professor Goel、Jill Waston

第二步：定位关键词 第4段：“The goal of Professor Goel's virtual assistant next year is to

take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name

Jill Watson will, of course,change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much

rosier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen

Hawking,Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“Goel教授对Jill Waston的下一步计划是什么？”第4

段“The goal of Professor Goel's virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all

the questions posed by students on the online forum.”指出教授准备让Jill Waston明年回复在

线论坛上学生提出的40%的问题，说明教授下一步想让Jill Waston 回答更多问题。C选

项“安排她回答更多学生提出的问题”符合文意，是,正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项与原文意思不符，文中只提到可能会给 Jill Waston换个名字，并没

有说准备发布不同的版本；B选项“给她输入新的问题和回答”与D选项“鼓励学生更加自

由地和她互动”原文没有提及。

拓展考点知识 assign的其他形式：

assignment n. 任务；分配

Passage Two

参考译文

积少成多，不断游说，有幽默感，这些都没有坏处。最近一项针对将近400个众筹活

动所进行的研究表明，刚刚提到的这些都是成功的科学众筹活动的一些特征。但拥有一个

庞大的网络以及掌握一些推销技巧，可能更为重要。

近年来，通过网络呼吁人们为一个项目筹集资金这样的众筹活动已经在各个领域蓬勃

发展，包括制作电影和生产节水装置。［51]科学家也曾尝试开发互联网上的捐助资源，

但成败参半。有些科学家筹集到的款项是其目标款项的两倍多，但另一些甚至连很小的目

标款项都筹不到。

［52]为了找出成功的科学众筹与失败的科学众筹之间的区别，由苏黎世大学科学传

播学学者麦克·谢弗率领的一个团队对最近的371个众筹活动的网页内容进行了研究。

研究人员在《科学的公众认识》杂志上发表报告称，那些成功实现目标的众筹活动有

四个显著特征。首先，他们使用专门为筹集科学项目资金而设置的众筹平台，而不是对任

何项

目都开放的平台。尽管有像 Kickstarter这样来者不拒的平台，但也有像

和 这样只为科学项目服务的平台。其次，他们借助一个有

趣的视频来展示这个项目，因为好的视觉效果和幽默感可以提高成功率。［53]他们大部

分都会与潜在捐助者进行互动，因为回答对项目感兴趣的捐助者的问题会使项目进展得更

顺利。另外，［54他们的目标金额不大。这个研究中涉及的项目平均筹集到了4,000美元，

其中有30%的项目所筹集的资金不到1,000美元。［54]研究人员发现，一个项目想要筹集

的资金越多，实现目标的可能性就越低。

其他因素也可能对项目的成功与否产生重大影响，尤其是科学家个人和专业网络的规

模，以及研究人员本人亲力亲为推广项目的程度。到目前为止，这两个因素比网页上的内

容重要得多。众筹可以成为研究人员努力去接触大众的一部分内容，［55]人们捐款是因

为“他们觉得自己与筹款人建立了联系”而不一定是他们觉得自己与科学建立了联系。

51. C) Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：scientists “动词其次”：raise money online

第二步：定位关键词 第2段：“Crowdfunding,raising money for a project through online

appeals,has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing

water-saving ists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some

raised more than twice their goals,but others have fallen short of reaching even modest targets.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“关于试图在网上为他们的项目筹集资金的科学家，我

们了解到了什么？”第2段“Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success.

Some raised more than twice their goals, but others have fallen short of reaching even modest

targets.”提到他们成功的概率不等，有人筹到的金额是目标金额的两倍多，而另一些人甚

至连很小金额的目标款项都筹不到，说明不是所有科学家都能筹到目标款项。C选项“并

不是所有科学家都达到了预期目标”与文意相符，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项利用“modest targets”设置干扰，但文中并没有说科学家们因为目标

款项太小而没有筹到太多钱；B选项“他们采用了混合的筹款策略”和D选项“他们中的大

多数人为了实现目标会把电影放到网上”原文没有提到。

拓展考点知识 fall short of:达不到

52. B) To identify reasons for their different outcomes.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：Mike Schafer、recent crowd funding campaigns

第二步：定位关键词 第3段：“To determine what separates science crowd funding triumphs

from failures,a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schafer of the University of

Zurich examined the content of the web pages for 371 recent campaigns.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“Mike Schafer研究最近众筹活动的目的是什么？”根

据第3段“To determine what separates science crowd funding triumphs from failures”可知他是

想要找出是什么导致科学众筹有的成功有的失败，那么B选项“为了弄清导致不同结果的

原因”与原文的意思相符，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项“为科学网站创造有吸引力的内容”与C选项“帮助科学家们成立创

新项目”原 文没有提到；D选项利用“”设置干扰，但文中说的是找到区分

不同结果的原因，不是把科学项目和一般项目分开。

拓展考点知识 identify的其他形式：

identified adj. 被识别的；经鉴定的

identification n. 鉴定；识别

53. B) Its interaction with prospective donors.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：trait、the success of a crowd funding campaign

第二步：定位关键词 第4段：“Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the

researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowd funding

platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although

sites like Kickstarter take all comers,platforms such as Experiment. com and Petridish. org only

present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because

good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential

donors, since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they

target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $ 4000 on average,

with 30% receiving less than $ 1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it

reached its goal,the researchers found.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“有助于众筹活动成功的特征是什么？”第4段“Most of

them engage with potential donors,since projects that answered questions from interested

donors fared better.”提到一个特征是他们会和潜在捐款人互动，因为回答感兴趣的捐赠人

的问题能让项目进展得更顺利，所以B选项“他们和潜在捐赠者的互动”符合原文意思，是

正确答案。

错误选项分析 A选项“对后代的潜在好处”、C选项“处理财政问题的独创性”和D选项“拟

议计划的价值”原文均未提及。

拓展考点知识与trait有关的短语：

common trait:共同特质

personality trait:人格特质；个性品质

54.A) They should be small to be successful.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：researchers、financial target of crowd funding projects

第二步：定位关键词 第4段：“Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals,the

researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one,they use a crowd funding

platform that specializes in raising money for science,and not just any kind of project. Although

sites like Kickstarter take all comers,platforms such as Experiment. com and Petridish. org only

present scientific projects. For another,they present the project with a funny video because good

visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors,

since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a

small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4000 on average,with 30%

receiving less than $ 1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its

goal,the researchers found.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“研究人员对众筹项目的资金目标有什么看法？”第4

段中“And they,target a small amount The more money a project sought,the lower

the chance it reached its goal,the researchers found.”指出能够成功筹到款项的项目设置的目

标金额很小。设置的目标资金越多，成功的概率越小。说明要成功应该把资金目标定得比

较小，A选项与原文的意思相符，是正确答案。

错误选项分析 B选项“资金目标应该基于实际需求”与C选项“资金目标应该被仔细评估”

原文没有提及；D选项“资金目标应该足够大来获得关注”与原文意思相反，文中提到资金

目标应该比较小。

拓展考点知识 与target有关的短语：

target market:目标市场

on target:切中要害

55. D) Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.

第一步：选取关键词 “名词优先”：people、a crowdfunding campaign “动词其次”：donate

第二步：定位关键词 第5段：“Other factors may also significantly influence a project's

success, most notably,the size of a scientist's personal and professional networks, and how

much a researcher promotes a project on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical

than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researchers' efforts to reach the

public,and people give because 'they feel a connection to the person' who is doing the fund

raising-not necessarily to the science.”

第三步：分析题干／文章 题目问及“什么促使人们在一个众筹活动中捐款？”第5段“and

people give because 'they feel a connection to the person' who is doing the fundraising-not

necessarily to the science”提到人们捐款是因为它们觉得自己和筹款人有联系，并不一定是

和科学有关联。所以D选项“他们觉得和科学家本人有联系”与原文的意思相同，是正确

答案。

错误选项分析 A选项利用“content of the webpag”设置干扰，但原文没有提到网站内容的

便捷性；B选项“他们渴望为科学事业做出贡献”与原文意思不符，人们捐款和科学本身的

关联不大，而是和科学家有关；C选项“项目本身的意义和影响”原文没有提及。

拓展考点知识 与 connection 有关的短语：

in connection with:与······有关；与······连接

business connection:业务联系

in this connection:在这一点上；有鉴于此

Part IV Translation

Directions: For this part , you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into

English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国的家庭观念与其文化传统有关。和睦的大家庭曾令人非常羡慕。过去四代同堂并

不少见。由于这个传统，许多年轻人婚后继续与父母同住。今天，这个传统正在改变。随

着住房条件的改善，越来越多年轻夫妇选择与父母分开住。但他们之间的联系仍然很密切。

许多老年人仍然帮着照看孙辈。年轻夫妇也抽时间探望父母，特别是在春节和中秋节等重

要节日。

原文分析

这段文字是关于中国传统家庭观念的改变的描述，从内容上看属于传统文化类话题。

通过快速浏览原文，我们基本上可以确定，译文的整体时态应为一般现在时。例外的是段

落的第二、三句话，其时态应为一般过去时，因为句中出现了表示过去时间的词“曾／过

去”；以及由段落的第五句话中的“正”一词可知，其时态应为现在进行时。

关键词汇

家庭观念 the concept of family 住房条件housing condition

与······有关 be related to 照看look after

文化传统 cultural tradition 孙辈grandchild

和睦的harmonious 春节the Spring Festival

令人羡慕admirable; enviable 中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival

四代同堂four generations under one roof

汉英翻译

1.中国的家庭观念与其文化传统有关。

本句结构简单，主语为“家庭观念”，译作名词短语“the concept of family”；动词

“与······有关”译作短语“be ”。

参考译句：The concept of family in China is related to its cultural tradition.

2.和睦的大家庭曾非常令人羡慕，过去四代同堂并不少见。

考虑到二、三两句都是在描述过去的事情，且句意联系紧密，时态都为“一般过去时”，

故可以译成由“and”连接的并列句。

语言方面，表示过去时间概念的“曾”字，既可以译作动词词组“used to”，也可以直接

用副词“once”来翻译；“.....·并不少见”可以套用it做形式主语的句型，即“it was not

”；“四代同堂”一词，可采取意译的方法，即“四代人同居一家”，故译作“four

generations live together in one family或者“four generations live under the one roof.

参考译句：The harmonious big family was once very admirable,and it was not uncommon

for four generations to live under one roof in the past.

3.由于这个传统，许多年轻人婚后继续与父母同住。

句首的“由于”一词，可译作“due to/owing to/because of”，后面通常接的是名词或者名

词短语；“婚后”表示的是一个时间的概念，即“在他们结婚之后”，译作“after”引导的时间

状语从句。

参考译句：Due to this tradition,many young people continue to live with their parents after

they are married.

4.今天，这个传统正在改变。

本句结构简单，我们只需按照中文意思直译即可。

时态方面，由句首的“今天”以及句中的“正”一词可知，句子描述的是现在正在发生的

动作，故时态应该为“现在进行时”。

参考译句：Today,this tradition is changing.

5.随着住房条件的改善，越来越多年轻夫妇选择与父母分开住。

句首的“随着”一词，既可以处理成with介词短语“with the improvement of the housing

condition”，也可以译作 with的复合结构“with the housing condition improving”；主句中，

“越来越多”修饰主语“年轻夫妇”，可译作“more and more或者“an increasing number of”；“与

某人分开住”译作动词短语“live separately from sb.”或者“live apart from sb.”。

参考译句：With the housing condition improving,an increasing number of young couples

choose to live separately from their parents.

6.但他们之间的联系仍然很密切。

本句结构简单。在译成英文时，原句语序可做进一步的调整，即“他们仍然保持紧密

的联系”，其中，“保持紧密的联系”译作“stay in close contact”或者是“keep in close contact”。

参考译句：But they still stay in close contact.

7. 许多老年人仍然帮着照看孙辈。

本句结构简单，我们只需按照中文意思直译即可。

参考译句：Many old people still help to look after their grandchildren.

8.年轻夫妇也抽取时间探望父母，特别是在春节和中秋节等重要节日。

语言方面，“抽时间做某事”译作动词短语“take some time to do sth.”；在翻译“特别是

在春节和中秋节等重要节日”这部分内容的时候，我们可以优先译出名词短语“重要节日”，

再用 such as/like列举出具体的节日“春节和中秋节”。

参考译句：Young couples also take some time to visit their parents, especially during

important festivals such as the Spring Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.

参考译文

The concept of family in China is related to its cultural tradition. The harmonious big

family was once very admirable, and it was not uncommon for four generations to live under

one roof in the past. Due to this tradition,many young people continue to live with their parents

after they are married. Today, this tradition is changing. With the housing condition improving,

an increasing number of young couples choose to live separately from their parents. But they

still stay in close contact. Many old people still help to look after their grandchildren. Young

couples also take some time to visit their parents,especially during important festivals such as

the Spring Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival.