树莓派4B使用ubuntu-18.04.4-server 64位系统配置

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之前使用的系统是 Debian-Pi-Aarch64。还是比较好用的。可惜后来源码编译mjpg-steamer的时候会报一个奇怪的ld错误。而且这个系统里的源没有libmjpg8-dev这个包。无奈又不想用官方的32位系统。就想到了ubuntu18.04.4这个server版的64系统。总结一下这几天的使用心得

系统安装

刚刚看了一下ubuntu官网已经更新到20.04了，好不好用咱也不知道，放下官方连接https://ubuntu/download/raspberry-pi

有需要18.04.4的我把img包上传到度娘网盘了
链接: https://pan.baidu/s/1unTK_lp1XHlVo1U7jYHCsQ 提取码: chp1

连同烧写TF卡的工具也在里面

下载解压后使用烧写工具，选择你的TF卡不要选错了，点击write。
烧写完毕以后启动系统

由于系统是server版本的，默认是没有桌面的。
所以第一次登陆界面是命令行界面。
默认用户名ubuntu
默认密码ubuntu

目前习惯是做好系统以后先直接修改boot下的network-config：先配置wifi

Edit the network-config file to add your Wi-Fi credentials. An example is already included in the file, you can simply adapt it.

To do so, uncomment (remove the “#” at the beginning) and edit the
following lines:

wifis:
  wlan0:
    dhcp4: true
    optional: true
    access-points:
      <wifi network name>:
        password: "<wifi password>"

For example:

wifis:
  wlan0:
    dhcp4: true
    optional: true
    access-points:
      "home network":
        password: "123456789"

Note: network name must be enclosed in quotation marks.

Save the file and extract the card from your laptop.

Note ⓘ: During the first boot, your Raspberry Pi will try to connect
to this network. It will fail the first time around. Simply reboot
sudo reboot and it will work.

然后通过ssh ubuntu@你的ip 远程控制板子

第一次进系统会强制你更改密码
第一次输入当前密码也就是ubuntu
后两次输入新密码
主要这里要求的新密码要8位数以上才可以，本人平时喜欢短密码
建议密码可以先12345678
进入系统后在sudo passwd ubuntu修改成自己喜欢的密码

所以接下来我们要安装软件，安装之前先换国内源。
这里使用清华源

## Note, this file is written by cloud-init on first boot of an instance
## modifications made here will not survive a re-bundle.
## if you wish to make changes you can:
## a.) add 'apt_preserve_sources_list: true' to /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
##     or do the same in user-data
## b.) add sources in /etc/apt/sources.list.d
## c.) make changes to template file /etc/cloud/templates/sources.list.tmpl

# See http://help.ubuntu/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic main restricted
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates main restricted
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic universe
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic universe
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates universe
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security main restricted
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security main restricted
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security universe
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security universe
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu/ubuntu-ports bionic-security multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical/ubuntu bionic partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical/ubuntu bionic partner

这里我把源sources.list也一并上传到了云盘，因为没有桌面不能浏览器复制粘贴，一个一个字母往上敲是不可能的，这辈子都不可能的（手动滑稽）。所以我使用的方式是U盘挂载。把sources.list复制到U盘根目录下。
插入U盘使用命令行挂载。

用fdisk -l查看U盘是sd几，不出意外应该是sda1

sudo fdisk -l #查看当前磁盘列表的设备
mkdir /home/ubuntu/diskd
sudo mount /dev/sda1 /home/ubuntu/diskd

然后cd /home/ubuntu/diskd
ls sources.list看看在不在

sudo cp sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list

然后umount /dev/sda1弹出设备
sudo apt update更新源
好了以后就开始安装桌面，ubuntu官方推荐了xubuntu-desktop，lubuntu-desktop，kubuntu-desktop

这三系统论对系统资源的节省排序是lubuntu < xubuntu < kubuntu

尝试安装lubuntu但是源里好像没有，所以我安装的xubuntu，之前在电脑ubuntu16.04的时候也使用过xubuntu也可以的。

极力不推荐安装ubuntu-desktop桌面，非常非常非常的卡。真的卡。

安装好以后reboot，就可以进入系统正式开始啦。

x11vnc远程桌面连接(可不接屏幕)

使用远程桌面连接个人喜欢用x11vnc，之前也写过一篇博客使用x11vnc的方法。

Ubuntu18.04远程桌面连接xrdp+VNC

因为大部分同志还是使用的Windows的远程桌面连接，这里连接是RDP+VNC协议连通的，这样不管是Windows还是Linux的远程桌面都可以使用

安装xrdp和x11vnc

sudo apt install xrdp x11vnc

以下参考的这篇博客：Xubuntu 18.04 配置x11vnc，修改分辨率，远程访问流畅

设置vnc密码

x11vnc -storepasswd

复制该配置文件到/etc/x11vnc.pass，并赋予可读权限
这一步可以不用做，主要是为了方便

sudo cp /home/您的用户名/.vnc/passwd /etc/x11vnc.pass 
sudo chmod +r /etc/x11vnc.pass

运行测试
运行如下命令，并通过vnc客户端访问该主机5900端口进行访问测试

x11vnc -forever -shared -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.pass

设置开机自动启动
sudo gedit /lib/systemd/system/x11vnc.service #创建启动文件
文件内容：

[Unit] 
Description=Start x11vnc at startup. 
After=multi-user.target 
 
[Service] 
Type=simple 
ExecStart=/usr/bin/x11vnc -auth guess -forever -loop -noxdamage -repeat -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.pass -rfbport 5900 -shared 
 
[Install] 
WantedBy=multi-user.target

设为开机启动

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable x11vnc.service
sudo systemctl start x11vnc.service

重启测试

sudo reboot

做到这里以后就可以使用Windows自带的远程桌面连接来使用了。但是分辨率只有640x480太小了。所以我们需要修改分辨率

参考的这篇博客里也讲了两种远程桌面修改分辨率的方式，但是我使用以后都不管用。

sudo vim /etc/X11/xorg.conf 添加了配置文件以后，重启再次使用xrdp+vnc直接连不上了。

使用xrandr和cvt命令添加自定义的分辨率模式，结果还报xrandr: Failed to get size of gamma for output default错误。

找到了使用xrandr和cvt命令添加自定义的分辨率模式报错解决方案：在config.txt中加入重启即可。

dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d,cma-256

很是无奈，突然灵机一动，想起来了树莓派的config.txt这个配置文件！

sudo gedit /boot/firmware/config.txt

在config.txt最下面添加如下代码：

hdmi_force_hotplug=1
hdmi_drive=2
hdmi_group=2
hdmi_mode=58

hdmi_force_hotplug：强制树莓派使用HDMI端口，即使树莓派没有检测到显示器连接仍然使用HDMI端口。该值为0时允许树莓派尝试检测显示器，当该值为1时，强制树莓派使用HDMI。

hdmi-drive：可以使用该配置项来改变HDMI端口的电压输出：
1-DVI输出电压。该模式下，HDMI输出中不包含音频信号。
2-HDMI输出电压。该模式下，HDMI输出中包含音频信号。

hdmi_group与hdmi_mode决定的分辨率
DMT分辨率是hdmi_group=2，计算机显示器使用的分辨率；hdmi_group=1是CEA分辨率 ，CEA规定的电视规格分辨率

以下是DMT分辨率。这些分辨率的hdmi_group=2。根据需求自行更换hdmi_mode的值

hdmi_mode=1    640x350   85Hz
hdmi_mode=2    640x400   85Hz
hdmi_mode=3    720x400   85Hz
hdmi_mode=4    640x480   60Hz
hdmi_mode=5    640x480   72Hz
hdmi_mode=6    640x480   75Hz
hdmi_mode=7    640x480   85Hz
hdmi_mode=8    800x600   56Hz
hdmi_mode=9    800x600   60Hz
hdmi_mode=10   800x600   72Hz
hdmi_mode=11   800x600   75Hz
hdmi_mode=12   800x600   85Hz
hdmi_mode=13   800x600   120Hz
hdmi_mode=14   848x480   60Hz
hdmi_mode=15   1024x768  43Hz  DO NOT USE
hdmi_mode=16   1024x768  60Hz
hdmi_mode=17   1024x768  70Hz
hdmi_mode=18   1024x768  75Hz
hdmi_mode=19   1024x768  85Hz
hdmi_mode=20   1024x768  120Hz
hdmi_mode=21   1152x864  75Hz
hdmi_mode=22   1280x768        reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=23   1280x768  60Hz
hdmi_mode=24   1280x768  75Hz
hdmi_mode=25   1280x768  85Hz
hdmi_mode=26   1280x768  120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=27   1280x800        reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=28   1280x800  60Hz
hdmi_mode=29   1280x800  75Hz
hdmi_mode=30   1280x800  85Hz
hdmi_mode=31   1280x800  120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=32   1280x960  60Hz
hdmi_mode=33   1280x960  85Hz
hdmi_mode=34   1280x960  120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=35   1280x1024 60Hz
hdmi_mode=36   1280x1024 75Hz
hdmi_mode=37   1280x1024 85Hz
hdmi_mode=38   1280x1024 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=39   1360x768  60Hz
hdmi_mode=40   1360x768  120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=41   1400x1050       reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=42   1400x1050 60Hz
hdmi_mode=43   1400x1050 75Hz
hdmi_mode=44   1400x1050 85Hz
hdmi_mode=45   1400x1050 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=46   1440x900        reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=47   1440x900  60Hz
hdmi_mode=48   1440x900  75Hz
hdmi_mode=49   1440x900  85Hz
hdmi_mode=50   1440x900  120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=51   1600x1200 60Hz
hdmi_mode=52   1600x1200 65Hz
hdmi_mode=53   1600x1200 70Hz
hdmi_mode=54   1600x1200 75Hz
hdmi_mode=55   1600x1200 85Hz
hdmi_mode=56   1600x1200 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=57   1680x1050       reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=58   1680x1050 60Hz
hdmi_mode=59   1680x1050 75Hz
hdmi_mode=60   1680x1050 85Hz
hdmi_mode=61   1680x1050 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=62   1792x1344 60Hz
hdmi_mode=63   1792x1344 75Hz
hdmi_mode=64   1792x1344 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=65   1856x1392 60Hz
hdmi_mode=66   1856x1392 75Hz
hdmi_mode=67   1856x1392 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=68   1920x1200       reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=69   1920x1200 60Hz
hdmi_mode=70   1920x1200 75Hz
hdmi_mode=71   1920x1200 85Hz
hdmi_mode=72   1920x1200 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=73   1920x1440 60Hz
hdmi_mode=74   1920x1440 75Hz
hdmi_mode=75   1920x1440 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=76   2560x1600       reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=77   2560x1600 60Hz
hdmi_mode=78   2560x1600 75Hz
hdmi_mode=79   2560x1600 85Hz
hdmi_mode=80   2560x1600 120Hz reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=81   1366x768  60Hz
hdmi_mode=82   1080p     60Hz
hdmi_mode=83   1600x900        reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=84   2048x1152       reduced blanking
hdmi_mode=85   720p      60Hz
hdmi_mode=86   1366x768        reduced blanking

系统没声音？摄像头怎么开？怎么超频？

上面提到了config.txt，可以进入系统sudo gedit /boot/firmware/config.txt来修改它。或者直接在TF的第一个分区也能直接找到。
config.txt是树莓派配置文件，关于这个文件的参数含义可参考树莓派配置文档 config.txt 说明

因为目前能在网络上找到关于4B配置的教程基本都是基于官方32位系统的，官方系统有个很好用的raspi-config工具，在这些非官方系统基本都是没有的，所以各种配置找起来十分麻烦。

分享一下这么长长时间自己摸爬滚打的经验。

• 开启摄像头

start_x=1

• 开启HDMI声音

 dtparam=audio=on

• 超频

temp_limit=95
temp_soft_limit=95
arm_freq=2000
# gpu_freq=560
# sdram_freq=720
# sdram_schmoo=0x02000020
dtparam=sd_overclock=100
over_voltage=6
over_voltage_sdram=8
sdram_over_voltage=3
# over_voltage_sdram_c=6
# over_voltage_sdram_i=4
# over_voltage_sdram_p=4

常用的软件

因为这个系统非常干净，以至于gcc这些我们都需要自己安装。

常用的sudo apt install gcc g++ wget make git等等工具自行安装不多介绍

主要说一下输入法、QQ、Qt5Creater，chromium-browser的安装

• 中文输入法这里使用Fcitx及Google拼音输入法

sudo apt-get install fcitx fcitx-googlepinyin fcitx-module-cloudpinyin fcitx-sunpinyin

配置fcitx

gnome-language-selector

打开语言支持，需要安装一下中文语言支持。

sudo apt-get install gnome-language-selector

然后在“键盘输入方式系统”处，选择fcitx

• 安装腾讯QQ

安装QQ比较简单，QQ for Linux更新到了2.0.0 Beta2，bug相比之前少多了。
官方QQ for Linux下载链接：https://im.qq/linuxqq/download.html

下载ARM64的deb包
wget http://down.qq/qqweb/LinuxQQ_1/linuxqq_2.0.0-b2-1082_arm64.deb

然后sudo dpkg -i linuxqq_2.0.0-b2-1082_arm64.deb

• 安装chromium-browser

 sudo apt install chromium-browser

安装QTcrater

sudo apt install qtcreator

以上系统的搭建就到这里了，后续还有改动的话会继续更新。
目前开发在此系统上测试了mjpg-streamer和Paddle-Lite都可正常使用。

有什么疑问的话欢迎留言~

最后晒一下Windows10远程连接时的桌面（丑爆了）

本文标签： 系统配置 Ubuntu 树莓派 Server