英语国家概况名词解释——美国爱尔兰

英语国家概况名词解释——美国爱尔兰

Rupert Murdoch

Australian-born US newspaper publisher. he became a us citizen in 1985.

Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day

The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called

Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when

spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help

and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year.

So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration

in America to give thanks to God.

Republic of Ireland—the Republic of Ireland is an independent country

situated in western Europe. It occupies four-fifths of the island of

Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The republic of Ireland is also known

as Eire in Irish.

Irish Catholicism—Ireland is one of the most catholic countries of

Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national

life. Today 93.1% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics. About

half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.- 1 -

爱尔兰裔。

Easter uprising of 1916—the Easter uprising took place in April 1916.A

group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post office and declared

the independence of Ireland. After a week of fighting, the rebellion

was suppressed by the British army and most of its leader executed.

Anglo-Irish treaty—from 1918—1921 there was fighting between the

Irish republican army and the British government. In 1921 the British

signed the Anglo-Irish treaty. The British government agreed to

organize a partition of Ireland. The southern part of Ireland gain

dominion status as the Irish Free State, while the northern part would

remain a part of the United kingdom.

Fianna fail----it is the largest political party in Ireland. Its

historic principles are neutrality, promotion of Gaelic and strong

support for a united Ireland. Its new economic polices include support

for the EC, a high lever of public expenditure to reduce unemployment

and full employment.

Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in Ireland. It changed its

image from a conservative party to a socially progressive party since

the advocates a program of expanded social service，but is less

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in favor of promoting Gaelic than fianna fail is.

James Joyce----the most well –known Irish writer of the 20th century.

his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As A Young

Man and Ulysses. his innovations in language and style have deeply

influenced 20th century writing.

Irish or Irish Gaelic ---It is a celtic language.

Ulysses

is James Joyce’s masterpiece. The novel describes the events of one

day in the lives of several people in Dublin and explores their

sub-conscious minds.小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。

Irish Famine---Irish Famine refers to the widespread starvation of

Irish peasantry which followed the effects of potato crop failure in

the mid-19th century. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered

a lot of the loss of population.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)---The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is an

anti-British military force established in the early 20th century.

Since the Irish Civil War, IRA has remained a force to be reckoned with- 3 -

对付 in Irish politics. In recent decades IRA continues to demand that

the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that

from Northern Ireland.

美国部分

Amerigo Vespucci--, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,

but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.

the Mississippi---the Mississippi has been called "father of waters"

or "old man river", the Mississippi and its tributaries drain one of

the richest farm areas in the world. it is the most important river in

the world.

它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。

WASPS---WASPS are the mainstream Americans, refering to the white

Anglo-Saxon protestants.

baby boom--baby boom refers to the higher birth rate between 1946 and

1964.

the great lakes---the great lakes are the most important lakes in the

united states. they are lake Superior, lake Michigan, lake Huron, lake

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Eire and lake Ontario.

Ellis island---Ellis island was an important immigration reception spot

in the 1890 and at the turn of the century.

"the great compromise"---"the great compromise" of July 16,giving each

state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the

House reflect the size of each state's population.

"大妥协",即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.

the Emancipation Proclamation---during the civil war, Lincoln issued

the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the union at home

and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.

解放宣言,由林肯颁布,为了得到国内外对联邦的支持.解放宣言给了所有奴隶以自由.

no taxtation without representation---that is ,without their

representatives taking part in decisionmaking, they had no obligation

to pay taxes.

没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。

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the Chinese Exclution Act---it was passed by the US congress in

may1882,it stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.

排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它10年内禁止中国移民入境。

Indentured servants---indenture servants refer to some immigrants who

has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the

cross-Atlantic fare and debts.

契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。

boston tea party(考过)---in 1773,when ships of tea reached Boston and

the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in

its distribution, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians

boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor.

this came to be known as the "Boston tea party".

波士顿倾茶事件，1773年，当满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿时，总督大人决定看看，以确保茶叶卸载时得到合法保护，晚上，几个波士顿居民化装成印度人来到船上仍掉了价值75，000的茶叶。这就是著名的波士顿倾茶事件。

continental divide---it is an imaginary line that separates streams

that flow into the pacific ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.

那是一条难以想象的线，将流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流划分开来。

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federalists---they were those who demanded a strong national system and

who later struggle hard for the ratification of the Constitution.

联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。

the Gettysburg address---it refers to the short speech president

Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He

ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people,

for the people, shall not perish死亡 from the earth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说

the ku klux klan

the kkk was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in

kkk terrorized and attacked not only blacks, but also progressives labor

union organizers communist or socialist party members.三K党，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重组，他们进行恐怖活动，不仅攻击黑人、而且还迫害进步人士、工会组织者、社会主义和共产主义党派成员。

muckrakers---muckrakers were reform-minded journalists who made

investigation and exposed the dark sides of the society.

黑幕揭发者,是指那些调查和揭露社会黑色的一面的富有改革思想的记者.

intolerant nationalism---that is, not allowing views, opinions or

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beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs.偏执国家主义,是不允许不同于主流的那些观点和信仰等存在.

the red scare---the red scare ,on November 7,1919 and January 2,1920,the

justice department launched two waves of arrests, over 4,000 suspected

radicals and communists were arrested. 红色恐惧，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部发动了两次抓捕活动，大约4000名被怀疑是激进分子和共产党的人被逮捕。

the progressive movement---the progressive movement refers to the

movement demanding the government regulation of the economy and social

condition.

进步运动，指调整经济和社会状况的运动。

overload---at the first summit ,it was decided that a large-scale attack

on the south of France would be launched in May,1944,which was codenamed

overload.霸王行动，在第一次首脑会议上，决定在1944年5月向法国南部发动大面积进攻，代号为霸王行动。

The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin

Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal

laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal

helped to save American democracy and the development of American

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economy.

the Truman doctrine---that is, the united states would support any

country which said it was fighting with communism.

杜鲁门主义，是说美国将支持任何与共产主义做斗争的国家。

the Marshall plan---that is, in order to protect western Europe from

possible soviet expansion, the united states decided to offer western

European countries economic aid.

马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。

the Smith act---it was passed by congress, made it unlawful for any

group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of government in the

united states.

史密斯法案,是由国会通过,宣布任何主张或传播暴力颠覆政府的组织为非法行为.

the civil rights act of 1964---it outlawed discrimination not only in

public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, colour,

religion, sex, or national origin.

民权法案，宣布不仅在公共场所禁止种族歧视，而且在就业中所涉及的种族、肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等也禁止歧视。

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the poverty line---it is based on the income that households need to

eat adequately without spending more than a third of their income on

food.贫困线，是以一家人能够足够吃饱的收入不超过他们在食物三分之一的收入。

poverty---it is the lack of enough income and resources to live

adequately by community standards.贫穷，在社会标准下缺乏足够的收入和来源去生存。

monopoly---that is ,one company or a cooperation group of companies

controls the supply of a product or service for which there is no close

substitute.垄断，指一个公司或公司合作组织，控制着一个不能被代替的生产和服务的供应。

oligopoly

that is ,a small number of companies dominate an industry. in the united

states ,the auto mobile and computer industries are oligopolies.

求过于供的市场情况，一小部分公司占据一个工业，美国现在是汽车和计算机业是这种情况。

checks and balances

this is a major principle of the American governmental system by which

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each branch of the government exercises a check on the actions of the

others.

制衡制度,是 美国政府的一个主要措施,政府的各部门都可以制止和检查其他各部门的行为.

winner-take-all

this is to say, the candidate who receives the most votes wins everything.

选举人制度,是说获得最多选票的后选人赢得全部.

the free enterprise system

the united states economy is based largely on a free enterprise system.

in such a system, individuals and companies are free to make their own

economic decisions.

自由市场经济,美国的经济以自由市场经济为基础,在这个系统下,个人和公司可以自由行使自己的经济决定权.

the federal system

it is a system of government in which power is divided by a written

constitution between a central government and regional, or

subdivisional governments.

联邦制,在中央政府和区政府之间,由宪法划分的一种政府制度.(翻译不是太准确)

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separation of powers

it refers to the principle that the national government is split into

three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

分权制,指国家的一种制度,被划分为三个分支:立法行政、司法.

private school

a private school is a school that is controlled by an individual or

by an agency other than a state ,a subdivision of a state or the federal

government.

私立学校，由个人或其他机构投资或控制。

school district

it is a special district for the provision of local public education

for all children in its service area.

地区学校，是一个特殊的地区以提供给服务范围内的所有孩子当地公共教育的供应。

global education

it refers to the study of complex problems and issues of a world wide

nature.

全球教育,研究复杂问题和发布世界范围的特性.(翻译不太准)

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poor Richard's almanac

it was wrote by Benjamin Franklin, it was modeled on the sort of farmers

annual calendar widely sold at the time.

穷里查年鉴，它有本杰明福兰克林创作，它收集每年的谚语。

transcendentalism

it was a movement that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s among American

young intellectuals which emphasized man's potentiality for goodness

creativity, and self-development.

超验主义，它强调人的内在价值，创造性和自我发展。

jazz

jazz is a blend of African musical tradition carried over by black

slaves and European classics.

爵士音乐是一种源自非洲音乐并和欧洲的音乐成份相融合的的音乐.

knickerbockers era

in the early part of the 19th century, New York city was the centre of

American writing. its writers

were called "knickerbockers" and the period from 1810 to 1840 is known

as the "knickerbockers era" of American literature.

灯笼裤时代,(纽约人时期),在19世纪早期,纽约城是写作中心,它的作家被成为纽约市人,从1810 到1840这个时期被称为纽约市人时期.

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father's day

father's day falls on the third Sunday in June and children honor their

fathers in some special way.

父亲节，是六月的第三个周日，是用特殊的方式给予他们的父亲敬意。

mother's day

mother's day falls on the second Sunday in May. this is a day on which

children honor their mothers, give them gifts, or perhaps take them a

restaurant for dinner.

母亲节，是五月的第二个周日，那一天孩子们将给予他们的母亲礼物或是请他们的母亲共进午餐。

congressional medal of honor

this is the highest U.S military decoration, awarded in the name of

congress to members of the armed forces for ganllantry and bravery

beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy.

荣誉勋章,是美国军事最高荣誉,授予那些与敌人英勇作战并在战争中战死的战士们.(翻译不是太准确)

UNICEF

United nations international children's emergency funds was founded in

December ,1946,for the purpose of providing relief for children in

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war-torn countries.

联合国国际儿童应急基金,在1946年12月建立,目的给那些国家在战争中的儿童.提供的基金.

Great Canyon

The Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River in

northwestern Arizona.

New England

New England refers to the northeastern six states of the US. They are

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and

Connecticut. New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.

Hispanic Americans

Hispanic Americans refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the US.

These people mainly center in new Mexico, California and Texas. The

Hispanic Group includes Mexican-Americans, Puerto-Ricans,

Cuban-Americans and so on.

Chicanos

Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who make up the largest group of the

Hispanic Group.

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Puerto Ricans

Puerto Ricans are the second largest of Hispanic Group in the US.

Federalist Papers

The newspapers of New York City carried 85 letters to the public , later

came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded as the best

explanation of the Constitution as well as an important work on

political theory.

The First Continental Congress

In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which

encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and organized

colonial militia units.

Manifest Destiny

The major implications of Manifest Destiny are that the founding of

the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is

legitimate, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of

American people who were chosen to the Lord’s work.

The Black Thursday

The Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market crash

happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions of dollars

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of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It signaled the

beginning of the Great Depression.

New Frontier

In the 1960s, US president John. F. Kennedy named his program the New

Frontier, promising civil rights for blacks, federal aids to farmers

and education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.

Port Huron Statement

In 1962, a group of radical students met in Port Huron, Michigan to form

the Students for a Democratic Society. In their platform, the Port Huron

Statement, they condemned racism, poverty, powerful corporation and the

Cold War.

NOW

NOW is the acronym of the National Organization for Women. It was a

reform organization and battled for the equal rights of women in

partnership with men.

Counterculture

Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the

aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of

conventional society.

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American Corn Belt

The American Corn Belt is in the Mid-West. It stretches from Ohio to

eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers Northern Missouri,

Southwestern Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois.

Three giants in American automobile industry

Three major corporations, called three giants---General Motor, Ford and

Chrysler, represent the American automobile industry.

Electoral College

In the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the

president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number of

the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The

electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons)

comprise the Electoral College.

US presidential inauguration

In the US the presidential term of four years begins on Jan 20. The

president starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony held

on the steps of the US Capitol. The president takes an oath of office,

administered by Chief Justice, which is followed by an inauguration

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address.

community college

Community college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a two-year

college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid rise in

immigrants. It provides general career and adult education.

new basics

The new basics were proposed as the compulsory basic courses to be

completed by American high school students. They include four years of

English, three years of mathematics, science, and social studies and

a half year of computer science.

Knickerbockers

In the early 19th century, New York City was the center of American

writing. It’s writers were called “Knickerbockers”.

Leaves of Grass

Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece. Through

the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy and

celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common

man.

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Harlem Renaissance

Harlem is Northeastern part of New York City where black people were

concentrated and where black writers wrote freely. In the 1920s, Black

Literature developed into an upsurge known as the Harlem Renaissance.

Halloween

In the US, Halloween falls on Oct 31. It’s a nighttime children’s day and a time for frightening costumes, masks, parties, games and

tricks--- all for fun.

independence Day

Independence Day (July 4) is American’s most important patriotic

holiday and the birthday of the nation.

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