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分类号:学校代码:10165密级:学号:201110655遣掌研耗火学硕士学位论文沁州黝文以《简爱》为例研究卡特福德翻译转换理论在英文小说翻译中的应用一一以《简爱》的汉译本研究为例AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford,sTranslationShifts................ACaseStudyoftheChineseITnT"VerslonolJanelzwe作者姓名:冯建秀研究方向:翻译理论与实践导师姓名:范晓波2014年5月
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedTranslationShiftsonCatford’SACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionsofJaneEyreFengJianxiuAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsFortheDegreeofMASTERoFARTSSchoolofForeignLanguagesLIAONINGNoRMAI。UNⅣERSITY2014
学位论文独创性声明本人承诺:所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下所取得的研究成果。论文中除特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含他人和其他机构已经撰写或发表过的研究成果,其他同志的研究成果对本人的启示和所提供的帮助,均己在论文中做了明确的声明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名:一学位论文版权的使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解辽宁师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,及学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交复印件或磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本文授权辽宁师范大学,可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库并进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文,并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。保密的学位论文在解密后使用本授权书。学位论文储龆芝垒监指导教师躲签名日期:年月日
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文摘要本文通过对比分析卡特福德的翻译转换理论,通过语料分析,来探索翻译理论在英文小说翻译中的运用。根据分析卡特福德翻译转换原理的应用,通过两个译本的分析,揭示出卡特福德翻译转换原理的优势。尽管在中国关于翻译方法和策略的研宄已经有数十年之久了,但很少有人探索卡特福德的翻译转换理论的优势与其他翻译理论的不同之处。卡特福德提出了“翻译转换”这一术语,这种翻译理论涉及单词,词组,句子等在翻译过程中的转换。此理论在翻译发展过程中起到很大的影响。该翻译理论以韩礼德的系统功能语言学为基础,所以从语言学角度来看,该理论强调语言的系统性和功能性,使原语译本更接近目标语。卡特福德最先提出了“翻译转换"这一翻译技巧,这种翻译技巧主要是指翻译转换的实现,并进行了进一步的详细分类。除此之外,简单介绍了翻译理论家对翻译转换理论的研究成果。第四章将通过两个不同译者的中译本语料分析,探索出翻译转换理论的优势。详细介绍了翻译转换理论的三种转换形式:结构转换,单位转换,和类别转换等等在《简爱》中的运用。最后,揭示出卡特福德的翻译转换理论的重大发现。并且指出翻译转换理论的贡献和不足之处。本篇文章分为五章,第一章详细介绍文章的研究目的,重要性。第二章介绍了国内外专家对卡特福德理论的研究。第三章是理论框架的介绍,详细介绍卡特福德理论的特点。第四章是论文的核心部分,通过<<简爱>>两个中译本的语料分析,指出卡特福德理论比其他翻译理论的优势。最后一部分,指出重大发现和不足之处。关键词:翻译转换;功能对等;《简爱》;结构转换
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifls----··--···-···-ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreAStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShiftsACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreAbstractBycomparingandanalysisofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts,thepaperisaimedtoanalyzethetheoryoftranslationshiftswhichisappliedtotheChineseversionsofEnglishnovelsasthelanguagematerial.AccordingtotheanalysisofC.atford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsbythetwoversions,themeritsofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftscanbeprobedhere.FewpeoplestrivetoinvestigatetheadvantagesofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsanddifferencesoftranslationshiftswithothers.thoughstudiesonthetranslationalmeansandtranslationalstrategieshavebeenprevaileddecadesinChina.Catfordputsupwiththeterm“translationshifts”.Thiskindoftranslationteachniquereferstochangesandshiftsofwords,phrases,sentencesandSOonintheprocessoftranslating.ThetheoryhasastronginfluenceOnthedevelopmentoftranslation。珏etheoryisbasedonHalliday’SsystematiclinguisticsjFromtheperspectiveoflinguistics,thetheoryevokesthefucntionalandsystematicfeaturesandclosestothetargetlanguage.CatfordiSthefirstpersonwhoputforwardthetheoryoftranslationshiftswhichiSarealizationof“translationshifts”.Heclassifiedthetheoryfurther.Exceptthat,thethesi.c;introducestheachievementsfromothertranslationexperts.Thechapter4probest11eadvantagesoftranslationshiftsthroughthediscussionofthetwoChineseversionsofJaneEyre.Thetheoryoftranslationshiftsplaysanimportantroleinthepaveoftranslation.Structureshifts,unitshifts,categoryshiftswhichareappliedinJaneEyreareintroducedindetail.Lastly,themajorstudyonCatford’Stranslationshiftsisfoundedandthelastpartgivesthecontributionsanddisadvantages.TIlisthesiscomposesfivechapters.InChapterOne.thekeypurposeofthisthesiswillbeillustrated.InChapterTwotherearevarioustranslationexpertsabroadandathomestudyingCafford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts.ChapterThreeisinclinedtotheimportanttheoreticalframework.ThefeaturesofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsareexpressed.ChapterFouriSthecenterofthethesis.TheanalysisanddiscussionoftheChineseversionsofJaneEyrewillbedemonstrated,whichevokestheadvantagesofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts.Inthelastpart.themajorstudyiSexpressedbutatthesametimesomelimitationsandadvancesarealsoanalyzed.Keywords:translationshifts;functionalequivalent;JaneEyre;structure-shifts
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文乃bleofContents摘j12}…………………….………….…….…...…………………………………………….………………………………..IAbstract……………………….….….…...………………………………………………………………………………II1234Introduction………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….11.1BackgroundandReasonsforChoosingtheTopic………………………………………….…….11.2ThePurposeandSignificanceoftheStudy………………………………………………….……..1I.3OrganizationoftheThesis………………………………………………………………………………..21.4ResearchQuestions………………………………………….………………………….…………………..2LiteratureReview……………….………………………………………………………………………………..32.1PreviousStudiesonCartford’STranslationShiftAbroad…………………………………….42.2SmdiesonTranslationShiftsinChina……………………………………………………6TheoreticalFramework………………………….…………………………………………………………….93.1Cardford’STranslationShiftsTheory………………………………………………………………93.1.1Level—shifts………………………………………………………………………………..……….93.1.2Category.shifts…………………………………………………………………………………..103.1.3Structure—shifts…………………………………………………………………………………..103.1.4Class.shifts………………………………………………………………………………….…….113.1.5Unit.shifts………………………………………………………………………………………….123.1.6Intra.system。shift……………………………………………………………………………….133.1.7FeaturesofCatdford’STranslation………………………………………………………..133.2Nida’STheoryofFunctionalEquivalence…………………………………………………..143.2。1FormalEquivalence/DynamicEquivalence…………………………………………..143.2.2Reader’SEquivalentResponses…………………………………………………………..15:;.3TheFeaturesofNida’STheory………………………………………………………………………153.4TheComparisonofCatford’STranslationShiftsandNida’STheory…………………….16TheAdvantageofCatford’STranslationShiftsAppliedintheVersions……………….184.1Structure.shiftsAppliedintheVersions…………………………………………………………184.1.1ShiftsfromPassiveVoicetoActiveVoiceAppliedinVersions……………….184.1.2ShiftsfromSubject-prominentSentencestoTopic-prominentSentences…..204.1。3ShiftsfromNon—animateSubjectstoAnimateSubjects…………………………。.224.2Unit—shiftsAppliedintheVersions………………………………………………………………….234.2.1Shi缸fromWordstoPhrases……………………………………………………………….244.2.2ShiftsfromWordsorPhrasestoClause…………………………………………………254.2.3ShiftsfromSimpleorCompoundSentencestoCompoundorComplexSentencesorSentenceGroupsAppliedintheVersions.…….…..…....…....…….……....264.2.4ShiftsfromClausesandSentencestoPhrasesandWord……………………….284.3Class.shiftsAppliedintheversions……………………………………………………………….29
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCafford’STranslationShifts··—--···—-·-·-ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyre4.3.15ShiftsfromEnglishAbstractNounstoChineseSpecificVerb………………29Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………..325.15.2MajorFindingsoftheSiudy………………………………………………………………………….32LimitationsoftheStudyandSuggestionsforFurtherResearch……………………….33Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………..36一IV—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文1Introduction1.1BackgroundandReasonsforChoosingtheTopicCatford’StheoryoftranslationshiftsiSfoundedonM.A.KHalliday’SSystemicFunctionalGrammar.Catfordmanagedtoapplythelinguistictotranslationaccordingtoasystematicandscientificmethodcomparingtothetraditionalempiricalmethods.Catford’Stranslationtheorymakesgreatcontributiontothepaveoftranslation。However,therearemanycriticismexisting.TheybelievethatCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsisnoteasytounderstandandhasnotpracticalvalue.Ithinkthatweshouldclearthemisunderstanding.ThebackgroundoftheresearchfocusedOnthetranslationcompetencehasbeenwellinthewest.Inordertoanalyzethetranslationtransfercompetence.theresearchersappliedmanyempiricalmethodsandaseriesofwell.acceptedmodelsforthetranslationwhichiSrootedintheempiricalmaterialandfindings.The廿1eoryoftranslationhasbeenanalyzedabroadandathome.However,theresearchesathomearesomehowexpertsathomeintendtoinvestigatethetranslationbyusingthestructureofwesternjustintroducethestudiesabroad.HeretheauthortriestodevoteherefforttoontheapplicationofthetranslationshiftsinJaneEyre.ThetrendtoanalyzetheapplicationofthetheoryoftranslationshiflstotheChinesehasbeenemphasized.ThevariousshiftshavebeenanalyzedforthesuccessfulofadequateChineseversionsofEnglishliteraryworks.ThestudiesontranslationorstrategieshaveprevailedabroadandinChinese.Therearemanyfamoustheoriesthefieldsoftranslation.FewpeoplehaspaidmoreattentiontomakesubstantialintoactualchangesorshiftsintranslationbetweentheconversionofEnglishandapplicationofCatford’StheoryoftranslationshiftstotheChineseversionshasvalued.Catfordintroducesthelinguisticapproachtotranslationprocedures.MoreandtranslationexpelsattachimportancetothetranslationfromEnglishtoChinese.Hisuniqueandoriginalviewimpressesontheauthor.Intheprocessofguidingthepractice,thetheoryoftranslationshiftsisofgreatpracticalvalue.Theliteraryplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessoftranslating.ThefollowingpartwilltheapplicationofthetheoryoftranslationshiftswhichiSbasedonnletwodifferentThecenterofthethesisisaimedtorevealtheadvantagesofCatford’Stheoryofshifts.Fromtheanalysisofthetwodifferentversions,peoplediscusstheofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts.Theversionsrevealtheadvantagesoftheoftranslationshifts.ThePurposeandSignificanceoftheStudyCatford’Stranslation-shiftsisahelpful,scientificandsystematictheory.Peopleshou.1d一1一haveknowncompetenceshiftslate.Themodels.TheyresearchversionsproductionprinciplesexitingresearchesChinese.Thebeenmoretranslationtranslationillustrateversions.translationapplicationtheory1.2
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts......·-·-·-··-ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyregivethecorrecttreatment.Thethesiswillillustratethepracticalvalueofitandgivesomeexamplestoprovethemeritsofthetheor3c.’Translationshifttheorypromotesthefurtherdevelopmentoftranslationthe0ⅨanThesignificanceofthethetismakesefforttoprovetheadvantagesofCatford’Sastranslationshifts.whichiSbetterthanothertranslationtheoriessuchequivalenttheory.Nida’SfunctionalAcomprehensivestudyofCatford‘ssystematictheorywillbediscussedinthisthesis.ItiSessentialforUStotreatthetheoryiustlyandcorrectly.ThemaincenterforthisthesisiStofindCatford’Slinguistictranslationshifts’merits.Promotingthefurtherdevelopmentofthetheoryoftranslationshiftswillbeanewandwidefieldintheprocessoftranslation.AlthoughthevalueofthetheoryisnotemphasizedcomparingtoNida’Snow,thegreatvaluewillberecognizedsoonerorlater.111efollowingwillillustratetheapplicationofthetheoryoftranslationshiftsinchapter4.Thesignificanceofthethesisistoprobethemeritsoftranslationshiftaccordingtothe协,0differentversions.1.3Orl三anizationoftheThesisThecenterofthethesisfocusesonthepracticalvalueofCatford’Stheoryofaretranslationshifts.Therefivepartsinthisthesis.ChapteroneiSthewholeintroductionofthethesis.Chaptertwoillustratesliteratureinterview.Chapterthreeintroducesthetheoryframe-work.ChapterfourgivesanoverviewofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts.Inlastpartawholeconclusionwillbeillustrated.1.4ResearehQuestionsadvantagesofCatford’Stranslationshifts?are1)Whatarethe2)AccordingtocomparethetwoversionsofJaneEyre,whatthepracticalvaluesofthetheoryoftranslationshifts?一2一
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文2LiteratureReviewInthis婵吐thechapterwillintroducebrieflyt|i芒studyonChinesetranslationsofJaneEyreandsearchsurveysthatmanyvariousresearchersabroadandathomekeepthecommentontheconceptoftranslationshifts.ItisnecessarytointroduceCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsandmal【earesearchaboutwhatmanydifferentresearchersinsistabroadandathome.Fromtheapplicationofthetheorytotheversionsofthenovel,theadvantagescallbeillustrated.ThenovelofJanefy,-eisveryfamousabroadandathomeinliterature.whichiSCharlotteBxonte’Smasterpiece.Thetypicalimageofawomaniscreatedwhoisfascinatingandunique.Peopleadore.thespiritofindependenceandtheequalsta:tusinsociety.Sothenovelis唧popularforChinesereadersandforeignreaders,andmanytranslationscholarsmakebcstefforttotranslateitintoChinese.Itisnodoubtthatmanytranslationscholarsneedapplyvarioustranslationtheoriestothetranslation.TherearemanystudiesOntheChineseversionsofJaneEyreandcriticismofthem.Intheprocessoftranslation,itisimportanttomakefinflleranalysisofthetranslationstrategy"escalledthedomesticationandforeignization.Inthispart,peoplebrieflymakeasurveythatconcelTtSmanyrelevantillustrationsOnthesubjectandthenimprovesourresearchintention.PeoplewillcomparetheversionsbyHuangYuanshenandLiJiye.Firstly,peopletalkaboutZhengXueqing’SviewsinwhichZhengXueqingcomparestwoChinesevlg髓iollSbyLiJiyeandZhuQingyingintermsofaccuratelyconveyingthemessageofthe双瑚匿优languagetranslation.Astranslators.theynotonlyappropriatelycomprehendthemeaningofthewordsofsourcelanguagebutalsofindtheimpliedmeaningofthewordsaccordingtothecontext.Translatorsshouldn’tbeconfinedtotheliteralsenseintheprocessoftramlatk札BycomparingthetwoChineseversions,itisclearmattwoversionsdemonslr蹴theirdistinctivelinguisticfeaturesandculturalfeatures.Basedontheperspectiveofsubject-prominencelanguageandtopic-prominencelanguage,peoplediscussZhangDerangandLongYunpin’Sviewsoncomparingtwoversionswhicha豫tr4nslatedbyLiYiyeandHuangYuansheng.TranslatorsCantransfertheoriginalEnglishsd场。睥prominenttexttoChinesetopic-prominentdiscoursewhichconformstotheidiomaticChineseexpression.Bycomparingversions,theconclusionisthatHuangYuanshen'sversionisbetterthantheother.Comp疵agthetwoversionstranslatedbyZhuandHuangintheviewofsuperfluousinformationtheory,ZhangYanmingmanagestoillustratetheapplicationofadditionanddeletionofwordsasindispensiblestrategiesintheprocessoftranslation。Fromtheperspectiveofsemioticprincipleoftranslation,SuLiuhuacomparestheversionsinZhuQingyinandHuangYuanshen.Intheviewofher,shethinksthatfictionaldialogueisnotonlyanornament,butalsoitcontainsvariousfunctionsandattributestoportraythecharacters.Shepointsthatthedialoguesinthetargettextdonotalsodescribethe一3
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’sTranslationShifts.-—--.------—··.ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyrefeaturesofthecharactersasthesourcedialoguesdo.IntheprocessofcomparingthetwoversionsbyZhuQingyingandHuangYuanshen,seeZhaoYingyingoffersdetailedcomments.ZhaoYingying’sstudyaimstomeaningandstyleoftheoriginaltextCallwhetherthebeconveyedtothetargetlanguage.Intermsoftheoriginaltranslatingmethodsinthedifferentversions,shepaysattentionstobefaithfultotext.Unfortunately,theshortcomingis也atsometimesitsoundsunnatural.IntheviewofHuang’sversions.hedoesn’tmakeuseofdomesticationtodealwiththetranslation.Hepointsthatitiswrongtorestricthimtotheformoftheoriginal.Aconclusionisthatthehighqualityoflanguagecompetenceandessentialtechniquesarenotonlybasictranslationforanstrategiesasoutstandingtranslator,butalsoshouldhavetheabilitytoseekthebestandclosestnaturalequivalenttranslation.Inabriefsurvey,howex,er,thestudyofLiJiye’sversionsispaidlittleaRentionfromthemybesttoprobetheadvantagesofperspectiveoftranslationshifts.Inthisthesis,IdoCatford’stheoryoftranslationshiftscomparingthetwodifferentChineseversions.Thethesisaimstoinvestigatetheadvantagesoftranslationshifts.Thiskindoftranslationtechniqueisavailablenotionandisorientedtotheanalysisofthechangesintheprocessoftranslationbycomparingtheversionsinuseoftranslationshifts.2.1PreviOUSStudiesonCatford’sTranslationShiftAbroad.Inthepast,thetranslatorsaimedtostudythetranslationconcerningwithlanguageconversionsintheviewoftranslationtechnicalperspective.After1950s.thetranslatorspaidtlleirattentionstothetranslationshifts.Theforeignscholarsdividedthestudiesoftranslationshiftsintotwoparts:micro.1evelandmacro.1evel.TheyintendtoinvestigatethetranslationshiftsfromtheperspectiveoftheDarbeknetmakeslinguisticlevelsoflexis,syntaxandsemantics.twotranslationidentificationaboutthetechniquesbasedonthetranslationshifts.IntheviewofⅥnaryandDarbelnet.Theyinvestigatethe艄,ootherimportantfeaturesinthem.Oneistheviewof“servitude”,whichconcernsaboutthebriefchangesfromthesourcetexttothetargettext.Intheviewofoption,itreferstopersonalchoicesthatthetranslatormakes.Optionisallowsforpossibleanimportantelementintranslationbecauseitsubjectiveinterpretationofthetext,especiallyliterarytext(Monday,2001,pp59-60).TheyandtheAsamakethegreatcontributiontothefurtherstudiesoftranslationshiftsdefinitionoftranslationshifts.famousCzechscholaroftranslation也eory,JiriLevystressesondialecticmethodstotranslationstudies.HeassociatesliterarytranslationwiththetranslationofthePragueschoolofstructurallinguistics.Heemphasizesthetargettextandthesourceastranslationof也esurfacestructureofthetext.Fromtheviewofaestheticeffort,heregardsliterarytranslationthewholeequivalentaestheticeffect.Heoftexts.“Translation一4一thelaborwhichemphasizesbyclassifyingrequirestheequivalencethefeaturesasadecisionprocess”
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文(1967/2000)isfromantherpaperofhis.andhethinksthattherealworldtranslationwordisregardedas‘'pragmatic”.Thetranslatorresolvesthepossiblesolutionswhichpromiseamaximumofeffectwithaminimumofeffort.Thatistosay,heintuitivelyresolvesfortheSO.calledMINIMANsourcetcxtRATEGY(1evy,1967/2000pl56)Fromtheperspectiveoftexttypology,Broeckstresseshisviewsontranslationshifts.Inconsistencybetweenthetexttypologyoftllesourcetextandthatofthetargettextispossible,whichoftenleadstoshiftsatthemacrostructurallevelandtheseshiftsarecloselyconnectedwiththeprevalenttexttypenorm..(Brock.1986).Thenewconceptof‘‘typology’’putforwardbyhimisenlighteningastothestudyofshiftsoftranslation.VanLeuven-ZwartputsforwardtheVanLeuven.Zwart’Smodeloftranslationshifts,whichiscomprehensiveandinfluentialatthattime.Sheputsforwardacomparative-descriptivemodeloftranslationshiftsWanLeuven.Zwart,1989.pl54).Thecomparativemodelnotonlydemonstratesadetailedandcomprehensivecomparisonofsourcetextandtargettext,butalsooffersafuIlclassificationofthemicro.structuralshifts(sentence.clauseandphrase).Sheintendstoinvestigatethemicro.structuralshiftsfromthethreecategoriesmodulation,modificationandmutation.Thedescriptivemodelattemptstostudytheusefuleffectoftranslationshiftsintheviewofmicro—levelfromtheperspectiveofmacro—structureaccordingtothemeansofillustratingthelinguisticmetafunctions(interpersonal,ideationalandtextual)andtheconceptofdiscourse.VanLeuven-Zwart’SmodelattemptstomakesuretherelevanttranslatenormbyrelatingtheresultofanalysiswiⅡlanalysisofthehigher-leveldiscourse.Hermodelpushesonebiggerstepfurtherthanthelinguisticcomparisonmodel.Ofcourse,therearemanydisadvantagesinthismodel.Themodelistoocomplicatedincluding8categoriesand37subcategories.What’Smore,itisvaguebetweenthecategoriesandsubcategoriesandinthiswaythevaguephenomenoncancauseagreattroublefortranslatorsintheprocessofapplyingthemodelintopractice.ThebookcalledDescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyondiSfinishedbyGideonToury,whichstressestheimportanceoftranslationshiftsandshiftsareinevitableintheprocessoftranslation.Hetrieshisbesttoemphasizethattheterm“translationequivalence”iSdistinctivefromthetraditionalnotionofequivalence.Toury’stheoryiSakindoffunctional.relationalconcept”,andhepointsthatthiskindofequivalenceisassumedbetweenatargettextandasourcetext.(GideonToury1995,p57).GentzlerdiscussesToury’StheorywhichhasputanimportantimpactontranslationshiftsstudiesbythefouraspectsofToury’Sview1.theabandonmentofonetoonenotionsofcorrespondenceaswellasthepossibilityofliterary/linguisticequivalence2.theinvolvementofliterarytendencieswithinthetargetculturalsystemintheproductionofanytranslatedtext5一
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts—-...---...-....ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyre3.thedestabilizationofthenotionofanoriginalmessagewithafixedidentity4.theintegrationofboththeoriginaltextandthetranslatedtextinthesemioticwebofintersectingculturalsystems(Gentz]er,1993,p133-4)PeterNewmarkillustratesthat“a‘shift’(Catford’Sterm)or“transposition”(VinayaandDarbelnet)istotargetatranslationprocedureinvolvingchangeinthegrammarfromsourcelanguagelanguage”(PeterNewmark,2001,p85).HedemonstratesthefivepaRemofshifts:abouttheexchangefromsingulartoplural.whenaThefirstoneconcernsThesecondpatternofshiftiScommentedkindofthesourcelanguagegrammaticalstructuredoesnotexistinthetargetlanguage.ThethirdpaRernofshiftisdiscussedthattheliteraltranslationisgrammaticallypossible,butitcan’tcoherentwithnaturalusageinthetargetTheconversionofalanguage:alexicalgapisthefourthpatternoftranspositionbyusinggrammaticalstructure.atensionLastlyhestressesHemakestoabetweengrammarandstress.USdeepfurtherthestudyoftheconeeptofshifts,whichmakesiteasierforcomprehendanddistinguishdifferenttypesofshifts.Althoughpeopleprobethetypesoftranslationshifts,therearemanyoverlappartswithCatford’Sconceptofshiftsbutlesssystematic.2.2StudiesonTranslationShiftsinChinaonToCompareWithstudiesstudiesrarelyinChinaSOtranslationshiftsabroad.Chineseexpelsstudythearerelevantamostofthestudiesafellbehindbyforeigntranslators.Onlynoonefewtranslationexpelshavemadetheory.AccordingtoPenglargenumberofresearches,butproposedthenewChangjiang(PengChangiiang,1999,P87),“If‘translationorunit’hasnothingtodowith‘translationshifts’.itCannotbecalled’translationunit”’.Catford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsisaccommodatedtosentenceranktranslationshiftsinword,clauseLiubelow.Andbyanalyzingtheandsentencerank,itisapplicable.conversionasMiqin(LiuMiqin,2005,p186-193)regardsforconversionintheofanapproachtranslationinsemanticthebook.Hestressesthe‘‘conversion'’toinevitablesubstitutetheconcept'’translationshifts”.ItisprocesstranslationSOastoachievecorrespondence.nephenomenonillustratesthenatureofliteralandfreewillleadinthedeparturefromformalcorrespondence.Heversustranslation-arttechnology.Heputsforwardthequestionoftranslationandthetwoschoolsofthinkingandtheirdevelopmentbytranslationasrevealingaretheprinciplesandstandardsoftranslation.Thecommonly-usedmethodsoftranslationalsopointedoutbyhim.Inordertoachievethepurpose,heputsforwardsomeshifts.LiuZhongde(Liumethodsoftransl撕onwhichCanberegarded6一translation
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Zhongde,2003,P66—78)introducesthenatureoftranslationindetailafterrevealingtheprinciplesandstandardsoftranslation.Sheputsforwardthequestionofliteralandfreetranslation.Healsopointsoutsomecommonmethodsoftranslation.Inordertoattainone’Stranslationpurpose,someofthemethodsoftranslationcanberegardedastranslationshifts.TypesofshiftsaretobespecificinCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshifts.LiuMiqin(2003:323—328)discusses“conversion”asamethodoftranslation.Conversionisastrategyintheprocessoftranslation.111edeparturefromformalcorrespondenceisanapplicationofconversion.Hedividedconversionintofourtypes.a)Theconversionofpartsofspeech.b)Theconversionbetweenaffirmativeandnegativeexpressions.c)Theconversionofsentence—structurem.nleconversionofverbform.ASurveyonthestudyofTranslationShifts;fromviay,DarbelnettoToury,LiDechao(LiDechao,2005,pp,94—99)makesadeepreviewonthedevelopmentoftranslationshit,sfromVinayandDAarbelnet’Sidentificationofthevarioustranslationstrategiesandproceduresin1950,andthentoToury’Scurrentstudyoftarget—texttheoryoftranslation.ThedevelopmentofthesnJdyoftranslationshiftsisdividedintothreestages:theembryonicperiod(7950—1959),thegrowingperiod(1960-1979)andthematureperiod(1980-presen0.Lastly,thedevelopmentcurrentoftranslationshiftsisproposedbyToury.TherearebGmmanydetailedsurveyoftranslationshiftsandthestagesofthedevelopmentofthetheoryurgingUStodiscernthetheoryfromtheviewofhistoryofthetheory.Heputsforwardthedevelopmenttrendoftranslationshifts.Bythedetailedsurveyoftranslationshiftsand1A1leprocessofthedevelopmentofthetheory,hisviewsCanenableUStomakesensethetheoryfromtheperspectiveofthehistoryofthetheory.“Translation,aswellasinterpretation,isamatteroftransference,transferenceofsignsandmessage”isputforwardbyJiangQiuxia.Heholdstheviewthataphilosophicalargumentontheparadigmsoftransferencethroughtheanalysisofbothlinguisticcorrespondingpatternsandnon-linguisticcorrespondingpatternsprovidesabetterunderstandingoftmnslatology.Wecanunderstandthe‘‘transference’’fromtheperspectiveofparadigms.Thetheoryoftranslationshiftshasbeenillustratedindetailandalsotheusageofthetheoryismoreandmorecompletedandcomplicatedwiththedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesabroadandathome.Itisobviousthatdifferentdefinitionsandusageoftranslationshiftshavebeenexplicatedbytheresearchmodels.Everyresearchertakesvariousperspectivesthatvaryfromoneanther.FromtheperspectiveofCatford,thetranslationtechniqueistightlyconcernedwithlinguistictheorysuchaslevelsoflexis,semanticsandsyntax.ThetheoryisaimedtoacclaimtheactualchangesorshiftsinthetranslationofEnglishworks.AccordingtocomparetwoChineseversionsofJaneeyreandothertranslationtheories,Catford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsisexcellent,becausethatthecomprehensiveanddetailedclassificationatthelinguisticlevels一7一
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBased013Catford’STranslationShifts-----.---....-.-ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreareoptimaltoillustratethechangesexistinginthetwoChineseversions.WiththehelpofCatford’Stheor)’oftranslationshifts,Ithinkthatthedevelopmentoftranslationwillbemadegreatprogress.Cafford’StheoryoftranslationshiftsenablestranslatorstomakeadequateChineseversionsofEnglishliteraryworks,forexampletheversionofJane局,陀.ThemainpointofthefollowingtextisthatthedetailedandcomprehensiveexplanationsofCatford’StranslationshiftswillbeexplainedfullybytheillustrationofsometypicalexamplesinE—Ctranslation.Fromtheperspectivesofthetranslationexpertsabroadandenlightenthetranslationpractice.Catford’Sviewsenrichthelanguagelearning.Exceptthat,thecanathome,Catford’SviewcancanhelptheteachingoftranslationanduseofCatford’Stranslationtheorynotonlyisappltedinthefieldofliterarytranslationbutalsoinotherfields.AgoodcommandofCatford’Sequivalencetheoryappropriatecorrespenc”nngcounterpart.Thecanhelpthetranslatorsfindthearetranslationequivalentsalmostneveridentical.Weshouldhavetheawareness.Thetranslation,weshouldavoidmeaningvariesinaspecificcontext.Sointheprocessoftranslationbymemoryorourintuition.Catford’Stheorymakescantranslationpracticalandhelpful.Intheprocessoftranslation,manypseudo—equivalentsoccur.IntheprocessoftranslationfromEnglishtoChinese,someimproperwayofdoingtranslationcanappear.SowecanimprovethequalityoftranslationbyusingofCatford’Stranslationtheory.Catfordmakesgreatcontributiontothetranslationpractice.Inhistheory,translationequivalentcanarenotidentical.Oneispolysemyofawordandtheotheristhatawordhavewiderrangeofmeaning.Catford’Sviewsalsoplayallimportantroleinlanguagelearning.Catforddiscussesthetonatureoflanguagewhichisappliedthelanguagelearning.Itillustratescanaformalcorrespondencebetweensourcetextandforeigntext.Catford’Stheorylearningbythetwoaspects:pronunciationandthelearningofwordCatfordholdsthatfindingTLenrichthelanguagemeaning.translationequivalentsisanthecentralproblemoftranslationpractice.ThiskindofequivalenceCanbeachievedatappropriatelevel.ThetranslationruleputforwardbyCatfordisalsousefulinthedevelopmentofMachineTranslation.一8一
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文3TheoreticalFramework3.ICatford’sTranslationShiftTheoryThereisageneralideaofCatford’Stheoryontranslationshiftswhichismentionedabove.ThereisadetailedexplariationofCatford’Stheory.Asforthese“shifts”,Catforddefinesthemas‘‘departuresfromformalcorrespondenceintheprocessofgoingfromtheSLtotheTL’’(1965:73).Twomajortypesofshiftexistinthetheory,whicharelevelshiftsandcategoryshifts.Structure—shiftsincategoryshiftsisthecenteroftranslationshifts.3.1.1Level—shiftsOnthelightofCatford’Smethodology,alevelshiftmeansatonekindoflanguageunitcarlachievetranslationequivalenceatadifferentlevel.Onlyshiftsfromgrammartolex,isareregardedasthelevelshiftsintranslationandofcourse.suchshiftsarequitecommon.AchangeexistsinChineseandEnglishbetweentense,aspectsorplurality.TenseandaspectbelongtogrammaticalcategoriesinEnglish.TherearetwomaintypesofinformationintheformoftheverbinEnglish.Timerelationsrelatetolocateaneventintime,especiallypast,presentandfutureisusualdistinctive.Thetemporaldistributionofaneventmeanstheaspectualdifferencesuchasitscompletionornon.completion,continuationorcommentariesandSOon.Chinesehasnodistinctiveformalcategoryoftenseoraspect.Intermsofparticlesandadverbials,itisessentialt11attimereferencecallbeindicated.Thefollowingexampleindicatesthefulluseofthelevelshiftsinthetranslationshiftsinordertogetabettertranslationeffect.(1)”Ithoughthimveryplain,butIdonotthinkhimSOplainnow”译本:我过去认为他是非常平凡,但是现在我认为他不是那么平凡。InEnglish,theword“thought’’indicatesgrammaticallytimeofpastand‘‘do’’indicatestimeofpresent.However,inChinese,thetensesareapttobeexpressedbythemarineroflexicalmeanswhenitisnecessarytoindicatetime.ItisnecessarytomakeuseofthelexicalmannerstogetthetextualequivalentsinChinese,theexpressionof“过去认为”Canconveytherealmeaningoftheoriginaltext.ThesingularformandthepluralformarethedistinctiveaspectwhichcanberecognizedinEnglishandEnglishexpressesthedistinctionmorphologicallyinthemeansofaddingasuffixtonoun.Inaddition,itispossibletoconvertthelecialforminsomeothermanners.Thiskindofmanneraimstoillustratewhetheritinvolveswithanounormorethanone,forexample,girl/girls,apple/apples,andwoman/women,cot.However,Chineseisakindoflanguagewhichpreferstodemonstratethethesamenotionlexically.InChineseaformofanouncannotimplywhetherthenounissingularorplural.Forexample,myappleandmyapplesaretranslatedinto“我的苹果”inChinese.Thefollowingexamplealsoexplainstheshiftbetweenpluralityandlexis.一9一
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’sTranslationShifts·-·-·······--···ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyre(2)Thereweretablesandbenchesunderthetrees.在树下有几张桌子和长椅子。ChineseandEnglisharetwodifferentlanguages.ThereisnogrammaticalcategoryfornumbersinChinesewhereasmostnounsinEnglishhavesingularandpluralnumber.Fromtheaboveexamplewecanseethattheword”tables”inEnglishistranslatedinto“几张桌子”inChinese.Theversion“几张”thatiSputinthefrontof“桌子”iSthetextualequivalenceofthepluralSuffix"-S”.WecanseethatshiftsfromEnglishgrammaticalmakerstolexisappear.Ifthetranslatorstranslatetheoriginalsentence“tables”into“有桌子”,thereadersmaydoubtthatwhetherthereiSonetableormorethanoneunderthetrees.Inordertoachieveanaccessiblemeaning,Theexpressionof“几张”inChinesecanbedelieveredtheoriginalmeaning.3.1.2Category-shiRsIntheviewoftheCatford’Stranslationshifts.categoryshiftscontainsfourtypesofshifts.Firstly,categoryshiftsexplaintheconceptsof“unboundedandrank.bound”translation.Akindof“rank—bound”translationiSrelatedtothosespecificconditions.TheequivalenceiSlimitedtheseranksbelowthesentenceandthentheconditioncanproduceakindofbadtranslation.InHallidaygrammarsystem(Halliday,1961,p248)“levelandrank’’meansthelevelsoflanguageunitsfrommorphemetosentence.Fromtheperspectiveofthisprinciple,word-for-wordorsentence—for—sentencetranslationcometrue.ItiSveryunusualto1imitsourcelanguageandtargetlanguageinthesamerankintheprocessoftranslationofatext.Thedefinitionofunboundedtranslationisexplmnedthat‘‘normaltotaltranslationinwhichequivalencesshiftfreelyupanddowntherankscale”(Catford,1965,p.25).”Unboundedtranslationisappropriatebecauseitispossiblethatthemeaningofasourcelanguageitemofacertainrankcanbetransferredbyatargetlanguageinadifferentrank.Translationequivalencesmayoccurbetweensentences,clauses,groups,wordsandmorphemes.Asweknown,Categoryshiftsandformalcorrespondencehaveaclosedrelationship.Thereisthecorrespondingrelationshipexistingformalcorrespondenceamongformalgrammarsorcategoriesoftwolanguages.Categoryshiftsmeansthatthetargetdeparturesfromformalcorrespondenceinprocessoftranslation.Itcontainsfourtypes:structure-shifts,class—shifts,unit—shifts(rank-changes),intra-system.shifts.3.1.3Structure.shiftsStructure—shiftscomefromgrammaticalstructurechangesintheprocessoftheshiftofsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Inordertorealizestructure.shifts,sentencesareregardedastranslationunitanditCanOCCuratallranks.InthecauseofEnglishtoChinesetranslation,thephenomenonofstructure-shiftsisusual.Forexample,“SVO’’usuallycanbetranslatedas‘'VSO”.Thefollowingexampleshowsit.Englishbelongsto一10—
辽宁师范大学硕±学位论文subjective—prominentlanguagebutChinesebelongstotopic—prominentlanguage.(3)HardydidIthinkitpossible.我认为这几乎是不可能的。InEnglish,inversionbelongstothegrammaticalcategory.Inversionisaimedtoemphasizetheimportantpartinsentence.However,inChinese,thoughthetranslatorsaddadverborauxiliarywordinversions,thewordorderaren’tunchanged.Intheaboveexample,inEnglish,theadverb’'hardly’’meansthatthepossibilityofthechanceisveryslimandisplacedinfrontofthesentence.ButinChinese,theword“几乎不”isplacedbeforepredicateverbintheChinesetranslationwithouttheorder.(4)Hedrewade印breath.他深深地吸了~口气。(5)肚子吃坏了。Ihaveanupsetstomach.Theadjective“deep”inEnglishhasbeentranslatedintotheadverbial“深深地”intheChineseversion.ItisclearthatwhenthesentenceistranslatedintoChineseinexample4,theconversionOccursinoriginalandthetarget.1What’Smore,structure-shiftsisalsoinvolvedinchangesfromthepassivevoicetotheactivevoice.What’Smore,theconversioncanbeachievedfromthenegativeexpressionstotheaffirmativeexpressions,fromanon—animatesubjecttoananimatesubject,ect.3.1.4Class—shiftsTheconceptofclassshiftsisaimedtouseoneformofawordtoexpressantherone."Class-shiftexistsintheconditionwherethetranslationequivalentimpliesthattheitemoftheoriginalandthetargetareinthedifferentclass.Itisclearthatstructure-shiftsusuallyentailclass—shifts,thoughthismaybedemonstrableonlyatasecondarydegreeofdelicacy.Englishcontainsmanyabstractnounswhiletherearemanyconcreteverbs.Howtotranslatethesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguageisthemainpointbyusingthetechniqueofclass-shifts.LackofthemannersofchangeofnominalizationinChinese,itisnecessarytochangethecharacterofthewordChineseinordertoexpresstheabstractmeaning.Forexample,AnadjectiveCallbetranslatedasanounorasaverb.Class-shiftshappensbecauseofdifferentgrammarsystemordifferentpersonalpreferences.Anadjectivecallbetranslatedintoanounoraverb.Thefollowingexampleishere.(6)“HehadstillasmallhouseinHighbury,wheremostofhisleisuredayswerespent;andbetweenusefuloccupationandthepleasuresofsociety,thenexteighteenortwentyyearsofhislifepassedcheerfullyaway.”(简‘奥斯汀,1994,p.13)他在海伯里还有一栋小房子,闲暇时间大多在这里度过。随后的十八年、二十年中,他一面做点有益的事情,一面享受交友的乐趣,过得倒也挺快活。(SunZhili译,2002,P.13)一11—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts··.·.---—-·-—-··ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreIntheprocessoftranslating,theholmstructurethecoursecanbechangedintoverbstructureinofE.C.Thenounphrase“occupation’’and‘‘pleasuresofsociety’istranslatedintoexpressesthemeaningnaturally.The“做点儿有意义的事情”和“享受交友的乐趣”,whichnounsandnounsphrasesaretranslatedintotheverbinChineseandthiskindoftranslationconformtothecustomofChinese.f7)Theremembranceofthesewilladdzesttohislife.回想起这些事情,使他的生活增添了乐趣.Thenoun“remembrance”istransferredintotheexpressionverb“回想起”inChinese.Thebereadmuchas“回想起”occursinChineseisclassifiedasverbs.Itisusualphenomenonbycantheconversionbetweenthemorenaturalinthe3.1.5Unit-shiftscausenounsandverbs.Thecorrespondingversionsofconversmion.Theaboveexampleimprovestheview.ItisimpracticaltoadheretotheoriginaltextstrictlysometimesintheprocessofE。C.WordsandphrasesinEnglishareusuallyshiftedtosub—sentenceandsentences.Theaunit—shiftsmeansthechangeofrank.Thatistosay,thetranslationequivalentofunitintheSLdeparturesfromtheformalcorrespondenceintheTLatdifferentlevel.ThewordinSTistranslatedinloasentenceinTL,whichisentailedbystructure-shifts,especiallyareE—Ctranslation.AccordingtoSystemicFunctionalGrammarofHalliday,therefivekindsofunits(orrankscale)CO-exist,whicharemorpheme,word,group,clausebeusedintargetlanguagebymeansofandsentence.Inordertoachievenaturaleffect,whentheequivalencecannotbeachievedintranslation,higherorlowertranslationcanUnit-shifts.Theunit—shiftsdoesnotdemandthecoincidenceofrank.Theaequivalenceofordoesnotregardasthecorrespondenceofphraseslanguageandtargetlanguageclauses.TranslatorsCanadoptappropriatesourcetranslationunitindifferentranks.Inwordcanwordtranslationunitisbelowthearankofsentence.Aanotonlybetranslatedintophraseoraclausebutalsocanbetranslatedintosentence.Unit.shiftsdonotinvolvemorpheme,whichdoesn’texistinE.CisnomorphemeinChineseinwhichtheunit—shiftsisverycommonintranslation.ThereE.Ctranslation.ThiskindofshiftalsofrequentlyappearsinE-Ctranslation.Thefollowingexamplesindicatedtheuseofthetheory.(8)AllswordplayoraboutCharlemagnewerehis15,000followers,testingtheirprowessatovertheftwitschess,andallioyoustoserveSOnoblealord.查理曼周围还有一万五千名追随者,他们有的舞枪弄剑,有的下棋斗智,个个都乐意为这么一位高尚的国王效力。Accordingtotheaboveexample,thereorar.etwophrases‘'testingtheirprowessatswordplaytheirwitsoverarechess’’,‘‘allioyoustoserveSOnoblealord'’,whichareconvertedintosentences.TheymeansofuniteChinesetranslationversions“他们有的舞枪弄剑,有的下棋斗智”byⅡle一12—shift.ThiskindofconversionnotonlyconformstothecustomofChinesebut
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文alsoCallgetallunderstandableeffect.Maintainingthematthesamerankintargetlanguageisveryhard.3.1·6Jn臼》叼嘲晒瞻蛐111缸a.科鼬即H幽flisthatonesystemisconvenedtoantheronewhichareentailedbyunit-shiftsaadcla鼹-tmits,buttheyaredifferentfromeachother.Whentheshiftsexistsinternallyinasystemwhichconcernsaboutreferencesystern,numbersystemandtensesysett疆n,the佃珞铡咖n-shiftcanused.Thesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguagesystemsc(啊毯删tobetheirconstitution.Theintra-system—shiftinvolvesaconversionofanon-correspondingterminthetargetlanguagesystem.ItisveryBⅡ℃inE—Ctranslationtousethiskindofshiftsbetweenthetwokindsoflanguages.However,theyaren’tabsoluteequivalentbuttheyarerelative.Forexample,thedeicticword‘the"intheEnglishsystemhassuchChineseequivalents.Theword‘‘the’’isusuallytransferredinto“这”“那””J“‘有个”,“有些".Forexample,thereferencesystem“vou’’c衄betranslated觞“你/您/你们”inChineseversions.3.1.7Fem'm'esofCatford’STranslationManyvariousscholarsandtheirdifferenttheoriesoftranslationshiftshavebeenintroduced晡ed弘whicharementionedabove.Catford’StheoryisbasedontheHallidy’Ssystematicfimetitmallinguistic.Cafford’StheoryoftranslationshiftscanprovideasystematicandobjectiveⅡ圮锄sinordertoevaluatetranslation.Accordingtodifferentresearchmodes,diversedefinitionsandclassificationsoftranslationshiftshavebeenexplained.Theperspectivesvaryfromonetoantherwhicheveryresearchertakes.Catford’Stranslationtechniquesa他eoneemedwithlinguistictheoryespeciallyHalliday’Ssystematiclinguistictheoryintheviewoflexis,semanticsandsyntax.Ofcourse,Catford’StranslationtheoryiSnotthep疵tal陷alutely.Somenon—linguisticfactorsCan’tbeconsidered,forexamplethefactorsofculturaldifference.Itisdiscussedfromthelinguisticphenomenonwithoutignoringtheaspemoffunaionalphenomenon.IntheviewofCafford,meaningisapropertyofalanguageandanSLtexthasanSLmeaning弱aTLtexthasaTLmeaning.ItisunsurethatSLandTLhavethesamemeaningandtramfereneeofmeaningappearingintranslation.Themeaningincludesformalandcontextualm锄in器Formalmeaningorlinguisticmeaningisnotusuallythesamebetweentwolanguages.Atthesametime,thecontextualmeaningCan’tallbetransferredfromaSLtexttoTLtexte啪thoughtherearesimilarcontextualrelevantcharacteristicsoftext.Thephenomenonisil挝relevantcontextuallytoboththeSLandtheTLtext.Thisl【indofequivalentb咖啪SLandTLtextsisonlyfunctioninthesamesituationwhereitisonlycontextuallytramlatablebutnotlinguisticallytranslatable.Heisconvincedthattranslationequivalentshaveoverlappingmeaningbutnotthesamemeaning.Itisfactthatthelinguisticmeaningofa.wordisnottranslatablebutiSthecontextualmeaning.一13—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts·······-··----··ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreTherearesomelimitsoftranslatabilityfromtheperspectiveofCatford’stheory.TherearevariouscriticismsonCafford’Stranslationwhichiscenteredonitspracticalvalue.equivalenceandhisviewthathethinksthatthetranslationiSabranchofcomparativelinguistics.Forexample,MarySnell-Hornbyremarksthat“Catford’Sapproachisnowgenerallyconsidereddatedandofmerehistoricalinterest.''(Hornby,2001:151.SomescholarsinChinaregardCatford’StheoryasaboredtheoryandsomeeventhinkitiStootrivialtomentionbecauseofthesystemofIndo.European1anguagewhichdoesnothavevaluedmeaningstoChinese.Catford’Stranslationtheoryisverydisappointing.111emainweaknessisthathetakesasentencebutnotthewholetextasasemanticunitfSuiRongyi:200l:32).3.2Nida’sTheoryofFunctionalEquivalenceTherearemanyscholarsofferingthedefinitionsofthetermequivalencesimilarlyindifferent、)l,ayswhichfocusesonthemostinfluentialoneinourstudy.Histheorygivesafar-reachinginfluenceintranslationstudiesandplaysanimportantroleintranslating.Toagreatextent,hefirstputupforwardtheconceptoffunctionalequivalenceinhisbookTowards历PScienceofTranslatingin1964.Itisalsocalledasdynamicequivalencewhichisopposedtoformalequivalence.3.2.1FormalEquivalence/DynamicEquivalenceNidalaysmoreattentionsontheprincipleofequivalenteffecttowardthereceptors’responsewhichdynamicequivalenceisbasedon.ThevieⅥqaointinTowardaScienceofTranslatingisthatthereisaclosedrelationshipexistingreceptorandmessage.Theoriginalreceptorsandmessageshouldbesame.Inordertoachievethenaturalness,toadjustthegrammar,lexiconandculturalreferencestothereceptorlanguageisindispensibleinthetranslationunderreceptor-orienteddynamicequivalence.Formalequivalenceanddynamicequivalenttranslationarepolaropposites,whicharedifferentfromeachotherandsometimes1abeled“literaltranslation”verse“freetranslation”.Formalequivalencetranslationsexploretheformoftheoriginaltextasmuchaspossible.Dynamicequivalenceandformalcorrespondencearevariousandtheycouldoverlap.Nadastressesdynamicequivalenceasamoreeffectivetranslationprinciple.Agoodversionisnotwhetherthephrasesandthesentencesaregrammaticallyarranged,buttheimpactonthereceptorwhoreceivesit.Nidasubstitutestheterm‘‘functionalequivalence’’fordynamicequivalenceintheaspectofadequacyoftranslation.Itstressedtheconceptoffunctionwhichcall’tbechangedinessenceofthetheory.WeshouldexplorethefunctionsoflanguageSOastogetabetterunderstandingoffunctionalequivalence.InApproachestoTranslation(1982/2001:21),Newmarkpointsouthisclassificationofthefunctions:themainfunctionsoflanguage(alsoforalltexts)aretheexpressive(the“I”form),theinformative(the“it”form)and一14—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文directive(the“you'’form).Thetranslatorshouldpaymoreattentiontoprobetheachievementofthethreemainfunctionsintranslatingtexts.Inordertotranslationmustbeexpressive.3.2.2Reader’SEquivalentResponsesservetheprincipa!purposeofcommunication,theFromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalence,themostdescriptionsoffunctionalequivalencestressontheequivalenceofreaders’response.Fromtheangleofreaders,on‘‘Reader’Sequivalentresponses’’meanstheimpacttranslationintheprocessofclosetotheathereceptor,thereaderorheareroffunctionalequivalencetranslationmeaning.Anditshouldgettexthadfortheoriginalreceptors.The“equivalentmeaningandinfluencethatthearesponse’’concernsabouttargettextreaderstocomparisonbetweentworelationswhicharetherelationofthethetargettextthesametothatthesourcetextreadertothesourcetext.Thiskindofresponseindifferentlinguisticandculturalcontextisnotabsolutelysame.Theprincipleofevaluatingatranslationaresamesourcetotheresponsesofthetoreceptors,whichisdependslargelytextonwhetherthetranslatedtextreaderssourcereaders.Thecommunicationcomestruefromimportantfortheaudienceaboutthemessagereceived.Thereceptioninvolvesinmorethanmerecomprehension.Themessageinbethformandcontentneedbenotonlyunderstoodbutalsobeappreciated.Therearemanyfactorsinvolvinginontranslationprocess,whileamaximalandminimallevelofequivalenceiSpossiblethereader-responsebasis.Themaximallevelarguesthattargetreadershavetheabilitytorespondtoitundercomprehensionandappreciationinthesamemannerasthesourcelanguagereadersofthemessage.ThemaximallevelofequivalenceiSneverrealizedsincethatlanguageusageandculturalexperienceareneverabsolutelyidentical.Mosttranslationnowdependson也etwolevels.3.3TheFeaturesofNida’sTheoryNida’Sfunctionalequivalencetheoryanditsapplicationintheprocessoftranslationarewellknownbyscholars.Manyexpertsmakeeffectstoprobeseveralcrucialconceptsaboutthetheory:“equivalence”infunctionalequivalence,receptor,and’'natural”inthe“closestnaturalequivalence”,widenourresponseandeffect,etc.Alltheseanalysisareaimedtodeepenandunderstandingcasesorofthistheory.Henotonlypointsthepriorityofformandcontent,notstyleandmeaningbutalsopointsthesemethodswhichareapplicabletoallnocases.However,Manyindicatethatmanynot.translatorshaveappliedthistheorymatterthattheyrecognizethemFromtheperspectiveofthehavethespecialmeaningsemanticandandsyntacticfeatures,thelinguisticunitsmightCallandformalCangiveequivalentsnotbeunderstoodeasilybythetargetreaders.rrheydotheirbesttomatchwaysbutitisnocoincidewiththeoriginallanguageinvarioussurfacedoubtthatitthewrongmeaningandthevaguemeaning.Inaddition,
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’sTranslationShifts..…..一AthefommtequivalentcallCaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreasleadinthecommunicationawkwardandunnatural.AsfarathetranslationofthepoetryoftheTangDynasty,itishardtofindfactorsofChinesepoem,suchassuitableformalmatchtothelike“天心阁,阁中鸽,鸽飞阁不飞;橘子洲,州上舟,correspondencecancause州:『j:舟不行’‘’’Ofcourse,onlyformalandstyiisticpatternofthesourcethecontortofthegrammaticallanguageandatthesametimeinturndistortthemeaningoforthemessage.Itisunfortunatethatthefailureinadequacyofreceptor’scomprehensiontotheoriginaltextexist.Nidaemphasizesthedub"ofthetranslatorandclaimsthatitisthekeyattentionotlhimthatthetranslatorneedreproducetheclosetnaturalresponseofthereceptorscomparingtotheoriginaltext.Fromtheabovediscussion,itoncanbefoundthathelaysstresstothethereaders’responseinsourceacentralpositionbuthepayslittleattentionfinalconsequenceofthetext.3。4TheComparisonofCafford’sTranslationShiftsandNida’sTheorypointonCatford’stranslationshiftsmaylaytheimportanttheaspectsofMichaelisthatthemeaningoftheA.K.1.rMliday’slanguage,whilesystematicfunctionallinguistics,inwhichtheNida’stheoryisbasedoncoretheNoamChomskyT-GGrammar.Nida’sfunctionalequivalentstressesthereaders’respond,whichemphasizesthereaders’activiLy.Thedynamicequivalentemphasizesthereaders’respondignoringthesystematicoflanguage.Catfordtranslationshiftsemphasizetheimportanceofsystematicfunctionallinguistic.Thesocialfactors‘sareessentialintranslation.HoweveLNida‘stheoryisbasedonNoamChomsloyT-GGrammar,whichrequiresthetranslatortoconsiderthereaders’respond.AlthoughaNidaadmitstheculturaldifference,infactthatthewayofdomesticationisnegativeattitude.oftheFromthetwoversions,HuangYuanshenisinclinedCatfordshifttheoryfullytotheprocessofversiontoapplythetechniquesCallseetranslating.WethatHuangYuanshen’sismoreproficientthanLiJiye’sversion.HuangYuanshenisgoodatappl妒ngtranslationshiftstotransferEnglishtodiscussed.Theversion1isbasedChinese.ThedifferentversionsofJaneEyrehavebeenonCatfordtranslationshiftsincludingstructure-shifts,onclass—shiftsandunit—shifts,whiletheversion2isbasedNida’sdynamicequivalent.111eversion1ismoreeasilytobeacceptablebymostreadersthantheversion2.Theadvantageoftranslationshifisisobvious.Theapplicationofthedifferenttranslationtheoriesintheprocessoftranslationasillustratesmanyreasonsofleadingtodifferentversions.Factorssuchpolitics,economy,historyvalueandpersonalviewwillgiveinfluentthemotivation,strategyoftranslation.TheChapter4mentionsthestructure-shifts,class-shiftsinfluenceonandunit—shiftsaimedtogetherwhichgivegreatthestyleandcharacteristicsoftheChineseversionsofJaneEyre.ThetwoareversionswhichgivethedetailedcomparisonconcerningthetoexplorethetranslationshiftstwoChineseversionsappliedbythetwotranslators.Abovethediscussionofthetwoversions,HuangYuanshen’sversionismore一16—inclinedtoapplythetheoryoftranslation
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文shiftstothepracticeoftranslation.Accordingtodiscusstheversions,HuangYuanshenhasappliedthreekindsoftranslationshiItsfrequentlyinhistranslation.Itisimportantthatthetwodifferentversionshavetheirownqualities.LiJiyepaysmoreattentiontoNida’StheoryaimingtobeloyaltotheoriginaltextbutHuangYuanshen’Sversionillustratestheflexiblemeansintheprocessofusingthetheoryoftranslationshifts.What’Smore,HuangYuanshenemphasizestheapplicationoftranslationshiftscategoriestosomeextent,whichrevealsthemeritsofCatford’Stranslationshift.Atthesametime.itisclearthattheversionusingtheCatford’StheoryismorereadableandnaturalthanliJiye’Sversion.一17—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts--..--------·-..ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyre4TheAdvantageofCatford’sTranslationShiftsAppliedintheVersionsEnglishIndo.EuropeandifferenceandChinesearetwodifferentlanguagesystems.Englishbelongstomake缓res缅ouranacanlanbmaagefamilywhileChineseexistsintheChinese-Tibetanfamily.Thetranslationeventhoughtheyhavesimilarlanguagefeatures.Chinesebelongstotopic-prominentordertoproducelanguagewhileEnglishadherestosubject-prominent.InappropriateChineseversion.itiSessentialforthetranslatorstodistinctthetwodifferentlanguages.Thefollowingpartwillgivethedetailedillustrationoftranslationshifts.Catfordiswell.knownUanslationexpertwhostressesonseveralIndo-languages.ThetheoryoftranslationshiftslargetsuchasbeexhibitedbythecomparisonamongtheoriginalandtheEnglishandChinese.Thepartwillinvolveintranslation、7ersionsbe慨'eentheshiftsofthetwolanguages.Thetheoryoftranslationshiftscontainsthecombinationofstructure-shifts,unit—shiftsaridclass.shiftswhichhavebeenintroducedandenumeratedforanalysis.Thetranslationtechniquesanaareappliedtotheprocessoftranslationwhicharegoingtobelyzedfromtheperspectiveofthetwoversions.Thetheoryoftranslationshiftsillustratesthearacticalvalue.Catford’Stranslationtheoryenlightensthetranslationpractice.Inthepr(、:;essofteachingfortheteachers,Catford’Stranslationtheoryhelpstheteachingcanoftra:;rationandenrichesthelanguagelearning.Thetheoryficidofliterary.beanalyzedfrequentlyinthe4.1Structure-shiftsAppliedintheVersions4.1.1ShiftsfromPassiveVoicetoActiveVoiceAppliedinVersionsAtdifferentaspects,shiftsofstructureCanberealizedandapplied.Theconversionfromsubjective-prominentsentencestotopic-prominentsentences,fromthepassivevoicetotheactivevoice,fromnon.animatesubjectstoanimatesubjectsCallberelizedbytheapplicationofstructure.shifts.AccordingtocomparethetwoChineseversionsofJaneEy,-eandanalyzeUStheexamplesfromChineseversionsofJaneEyre.ItiSnecessaryforapplicationofstructure—shifiintranslation.TwokindsofvoicesEnglishwhicharetounderstandthecoexistinChineseandactiveandpassivetense.MonaBaker(2000:102)onceindicatesthattheusagethepassivevoiceiscommoninwrittenEnglish.Chinesebelongstotopic-prominentlanguageSOthepassivevoiceislittleused.InEnglish,inordertogetthecohesionoftheCallmeaning,thepassivevoicebeusedfrequently.However,thepassivevoiceisinvolvedinofpassivevoiceinChinesemeansthatsomeunfortunatetheperspectiveofthepragmaticfactors,somean‘‘unfortunatevoice”.Thetousethingswillhappenthesubject.FromexpressionswillbethesamewiththepassivevoiceinEnglish.一18—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Let’ScompareandanalysizethefollowingversionsbasedonthetranslationshiftsandCatford’Stranslationshifts.(1)Still,nowandthen,Ireceivedadampingchecktomycheerfulness;andwas,inspiteofmyself,thrownbackontheregionofdoubtsandportents,anddarkCOnjectures.(CharlotteBronte,2000:142)Versionl:不过我时时会感到扫兴,情不自禁地想起那些疑惑、凶兆和不祥猜测。(HuangYuanshen,1994:189)Version2:然而时时我的欢乐还受了一种扫兴的压抑;不管我怎么样,我总被推回到怀疑、预兆和暗淡的猜想的境地里去。(LiJiye,1982:197)Catford’Stranslationshiftstheoryanalysizesthetranslationbasedonthesystematicfunctionallinguistic.InEnglish,thepassivevoiceisusedtoestablishthecohesionofthesentences,whilesometimesitisusualforusthattheby-phraseisomittedinform.However,thepassivevoiceisnotalwaysusedinChinese.IfthepassivevoiceisusedinChinese,thepassivevoiceindicatessomethingwithunfortunatemoodSOitislessusedfrequently.WhenthepassivevoiceistransferredintoChinese,thepassivevoicecanbeconvertedtheactivevoiceignoringthetextualequivalence.Itstextualequivalenceisusuallyanactiveone.Byusingthetechniqueoftranslatingofstructureshifts,inversion1,thepassivevoiceisconvertedintoanactiveone,whichrightlyconformstotheChinesehabitualwayofexpression.Inversion2,thepassiveconstructioninoriginalcallbetransferredintoChinesesyntaxbytheChineseexpression“被”.LiJiye’SversionisbasedontheNida’Sformalequivalent.Theversion2notonlyreadsunnaturalbutalsoobeysChinesehabitualwayofexpression.Theversion2stressestheapplicationofNida’SformalequivalentignoringapplicationofCatford’Stranslationshifts.AlthoughLiJiye’Stranslationalsoconformstothetranslationrules,itcan’tbeacceptedbymanycriticizersandreaders.Theversion2readsawkwardandcausesstrangemeaningswhichwecan’tunderstandsometimes。Thefollowingexamplesarediscussedfromthetwoimportanttheories.(2)Thursdaycame:allworkhadbeencompletedthepreviousevening;carpetswerelaiddown,bed-hangingsfestooned,radiantwhitecounterpanesspread,toilet-tablesarranged,furniturerubbed,flowerspiledinvases.(CharlotteBronte,2000:143)Version1:星期四到了,~切准备工作都已在前一个晚上完成。地毯铺开了,床幔挂上了彩条,白得炫目的床罩铺好了,梳妆台已经安排停当,家具都擦拭得干干净净,花瓶里插满了鲜花。ffIuangYuanshen,1994:190)Version2:星期四到了,所有工作头天晚上都完成了;地毯铺上了,床帐结了彩,白亮的被单铺开了,梳妆台安排好了,家具擦过了,花瓶里插满了花。(LiJiye,1982:198)ThebackgroundoftheplotisthatMr.Rochesterwhopreparedforeverythingwellforpartyincludingnicefurnitures,variousvasesandornamentsinvitedgueststohisnice一19—the
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’sTranslationShifts·--··-···-···-—-ACasestudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyrehouseforentertainment.Theauthordescribesthedetailsofthesplendidhouse.W|ecanseethatmanypassivevoicesappearinthemostofthesentencesfromtheoriginaltext,whichreadsnaturalandfluent.Itisawkwardthattheoriginalmaterialistranslatedintodifferentversionssometimes.Herebothtranslatorsovercometheawkwardnessbutitisimportanttodistinguishwhichoneisbetterthantheotherone.Thedifferencebetweenthetwoversionsneedbeinvestigatedfurtherly.FromtheperspectiveofNida’sformalequivalent,ifthefrequentoccurrenceisinuseof“被”,theversion1eadstobecumbersome.Thedictionofsimilarexpressionsisemphsizedbyaprofoundtranslaorwhenthetranslatortranslatesalongandcomplexsentencecontainingmanypassivevoices.Theword“了”isusedinversion2,anditisasymboloftllecompletedtenseinChinese.ThefrequentoccurrenceoftheWord“了”illustratesthatsomeactionhasbeencompletedthoughtheversion2hasavoidedtheword“被”.AccordingtoNida’stheory,itiscorrectandfluentthattheversion2getstotheaimtoconfoITntotheoriginaltext.Ithinkthattheversion1isbetterthantheotheEB3,usingofthetheoryofCatford’stranslationshifts.theversion1readsfluentandnatural.Nidalaysthekeypointsonformalequivalentandreader’sresponse.Wlat’more.itisimpossibletoachievetheabsoluteequivalentbasedontheaspectofphenomenonandlexicontheoreticallyaccordingtoNida’stheory,ifthepunisinclinedtobetranslated.ComparingtheChineseversions,HuangYuanshenpreferstomakefulluseofthetheoryofCatford’stranslationshiftsandgetsasatisfiedeffect.Thetranslationtechniqueisappliedtothefirstversiontogetagoodeffect.Infact,Catford’stranslationshi地isbasedontheNida’sdyanmicequivalentinsomeextent4.1.2ShiftsfromSubject-prominentSentencestoTopic—prominentSentencesEnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferenttypesoflanguageswhicharesubject—prominentlanguageandthetopic-prominentlanguage.Althoughthetwokindsoflanguagearedifferent,theyaretransferrablebyuseofthetranslationtechniquesfromthetheoryofCatford’stranslationshifts.What’smore,thiskindoftranslationversionnotonlyillustratestheunderstandablemeaningandreadsnaturallybyusingthetheoryofCatford’stranslationshifts.ChaoYuan-renisinclinedtoinvestigatethestructureofChinesewhichisabstractedinabook,whichisreleasedinChinese.Ifthecomponentsofatextarecloselyconnectedwithoneanther,itisnecessaryforustotranslatetheoriginalasfaithfullyaswecall.However,itisimpossibetogettheabsoluteconsistentbetweentheoriginalandthetargetlanguage.Atthetextuallevel,theversioncannotbeconsistent.HypotacticisthemajorfeatureofEnglish,whereasparatacticisthemajorfeatureofChinese.ThefeatureofChinesecontainsitsinnerlogicalmeaning.Withthehelpoftheconnection,itisnecessaryforustograspthestartingpointofamessageeffectively,tochangesentencetypesinordertoguaranteecoherenceandcohesion一20一
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文AsweknownthatChineseisatopic-prominentlanguageinthesentence.Thebestproofgivesthebestexplanationintheprocessoftranslatingbythefollowingexample.Theversionldoesnotfollownormalsubject—prominentwordorderbutthetopic·commetns仇Jcturecanbeexpressedhere.(4)“Inwhatorderyoukeeptheroom,Mrs.Fairfax.”(CharlotteBronte,2000:90)Version1:‘‘这房间收拾得多整齐呀,费尔法克斯太太!”(HuangYuanshen,1994:115)Version2‘‘.你把这屋子收拾得多整洁呀,费尔法克斯太太!”(LiJiye,1982:122)ThesubjectisMrs.Fairfaxintheoriginalsentence.InEnglish,thetypicals仃uctureofthesentenceisthatthesubjectplusespredicateandthenplusesobject.AccordingtocomparewiththetwodifferentChineseversions,version1changesthestructureofsubjectivesentenceintoatopic.prominentsentencewiththeversion“房间”.However,theversion2obeystotheorigi髓lsentencestructure.Chinesebelongstoatopic-prominentlanguage,whichisnotstrictlikeEnglish.ItisimportantforUStograspthestartingpointofamessage.Themessageistransferredto“房间”,whichreadsnaturalforChinesereaders.Inversion2,LiJiyetranslatesthesentenceintoChineseusingtheaux,verb“把”.ThekindofversionseemstofitChinesegrammarfeatures,butitseemstobeverbosity.Theanalysisofthetopic-prominentsentenceplaysaveryimportantpositionforthequalityofChineseversions.Version2laysstressOnthel'eader’sresponseformNida’SReader’Sresponseignoringthetechniqueofthechangefromthesubjective-prominenttothetopic—prominent.AntherphenomenonisthatthefrequencyofsubjectOccursintheChineseversions,whichisalsoregardedasanecessarycriterioninevaluatingwhetheragoodversionisrealize&(5)Traversingthelongandmattedgallery,Idescendedtheslipperystepsofoak;thenI翰讪cdthehall;Ihaltedthereaminute;Ilookedatsomepicturesonthewalls,atabronzelamppendentfromtheceiling.(CharlotteBronte,2000:86)Version1:我走过铺着地席的长廊,走下打滑的橡树楼梯,来到了大厅。我站了一会儿,看着墙上的几幅画,看着从天花板上垂下来的青铜灯。(HuangYuanshen,1994:108)Version2:我穿过了铺席的长走廊,下了那光滑的橡木楼梯;于是我到了过厅,在那里站了一会,我看着墙上的画,看着从天花板悬下的黄铜灯。(LiJiye,1982:115)Inthesourcelanguage,theword‘‘I'’appearsinitfourtimes.Thecorrespondingversionistranslatedfromtheoriginal.Thesubject“I”appearsfrequently.Theversion2istranslatedthesubject“I”intoChinese”我”respectively.SometranslatorspaymoreattentiontoNida’SdyllilmcequivalentignoringtheapplicationofCatford’Stranslationshifts.Theversion2issimilartotheoriginalbutitdoesn’tconformtothenormalChinesecustom.Thefrequent托p甜∞GallbeavoidedbyHuanYuanshen.Hedividesonesentenceoftheoriginalintotwosentencesofthetargettext.Sothesubject“I”actsthesubjectofthetwosentences.nliskind一’1一
AStud)7on也eTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’sTranslationShifts一…一ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreoftranslationnotonlyavoidscumbersomebutalsoachieveapreciseandunderstandableoccullrenceuseeffeCts.FromtheapplicationofCatford’stranslationshifts.thefrequentoftheword“我”inversion1islessthantheversion2.HuangYuanshenmakesfulJasaofCatford’stranslationshifts.Thetechniqueisusedmethodtomakethecorrespondingversionmorenaturalandreadsmoothly.Theversion1conformstotheChinesecustomsandisacceptablebymostofreaders.Althoughtheversion2conformstotheNida’sdynamicequivalent.itreadslessunderstandablethantheversion1.4·1.3ShiftsfromNon。animateSubjectstoAnimateSubjectswordsareItisusualphenomenonthatthenon-animateregardedasasitssubjectinEnglsihbutinChinesetheChineseusuallyregardtheanimatewords“it”isasubjective.ThewordparticularandfrequentasaonethatexistsinEnglish.Inspiteofthat.theword“it”isaregardedusedaspossessivepronoun.IfpersonalpronounornounaswhichisanimatewordissubjectinEnglish,theword“it’'willberegardednotherealsubjectofthesentence.thesentence.itthereisButwhenthereisanimatewordswhichareregardedastherealsubjectofisessentialtoaddtheanimatewordsnolike“人”,“大家”,“我们”or“他们”.Althoughuspromouni13Chineseversions,itisessensialfortoaddthecorrespondinganimatewordscaninordertomaketheversionnaturally.AskillfultranslatorlikeHuangYuanshenusemakefulloftheCatford’stranslationshifts.Versionlcanbeacceptablebymostreaders.Thefollowingexamplesgivetheappropriateexplanation.(6)’Itpassesme!’shecontinued;飞utnodoubtitistruesinceyousayso.Howitwillanswer,Icannottell:Ireallydon’tknow.Equalityofpositionsuchcases;andthereareandforttmeisoftenadvisableintwentyyearsofdifferenceinyourages.Hemightalmostbeyourfather.’(CharlotteVersionVersionBronte,2000:231)1:“简直让我难以理解!”(HuangYuanshen。1994:306)2:“我不了解!”(LiJiye。1982:323)Accordingtothecontentofthenovel,itisfactthatMrs.Fairfaxcouldnotunderstandaretheirlove,whenshewasinformedofthenewsthatMr.RochesterandJanewitheachother,andevenindeeplovetheycannotseperatewitheachother.Intheoriginal,theshortsentence“Itpassesme”indicatestheincrediblefeeling.Obviously,Theword‘‘it’’isthesubjectoftheoriginaltextwhichisanon.animateword.However,intlleprocessofaretransferring,thetwodifferenttranslationmethodsadoptedbythetwoskillfultranslators.Thenon-animateword“it”isommittedinChineseversions.Inversionl廿lechangefromnon-activesubjecttotheanimatesubjectCallberealizedsuccessfully.ThisisthetypicaltheoryofCatford’stranslationshifts,whichisinvestigatedbymosttranslationalexperts.Butinversion1,thetranslatornotonlyomittedtheword“it",butalsoheaddedtheChineseversion.Itisdistinctthattherealbasedonword“让”inversion1issubject一22—ofthesentenceis“我”.Thetheperspectiveofpragmaticswhereastheversion2emphasizesthesemantics.
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Nida’Sfunctionaltheoryisbasedsemanticsignoringtheaonuseofpragmatics.Intheprocessofliteraltranslation,thepragrnaticsplaystheversion2lmakesfullevenuseveryimportantrole.Theversion1isbetterthanthoughtheybothconformtothehabitualwayofexpressions.TheversionofCatford’Stranslationshifts;theadvantageofthetheoryiscanobvious.W'hat’scanmore,theversionlrevealtheabstractandhidedfeelingofthenovelandweunderstandtherealplotofthenoveleasilyandwholly4.1.4ShiftsfromtheNegativeSentencestotheAffirmativeSentencesa7)Iheardhersweepingaway;andsoonaftershewasgone,IsupposeIhadspeciesoffit:unconsciousnessclosedthescene.(CharlotteBronte,2000:11)Versionl:随后我便听见她走了。她走后不久,我猜想我便一阵痉挛,昏了过去,结束了这场吵闹。(I-IuangYuanshen,1994:16)Version2:我听到她急急忙忙走去了:她走后不久,我料想我发了一场急病;终局是不省人事。fLiJiye,1982:15)Thenegativeexpression“unconsciousness”OccursfrequentlyinEnglish,whichistransferredintodifferentChineseversionsbyusingthedifferentmethodsandtechniques.Onetothepo?:ivearepersiststhatthiskindofnegativeexpressionoftheoriginalusuallyischangedexpressionintheChineseversions.Accordingtocomparethetwoversions,theyasrenderedgoodtranslationsthatisacceptabletheoretically.Inmyopinion,thefirstversionisb-tteronethanthesecondthatsoundsunnaturalandgivesafeelingofstopingtheresuddenly.劢eversion1whichobeystothehabitualmodereadsfluentlyandnaturallyandtripsoffthetongue.4.2Unit-shiftsAppliedintheVersionsThereisaleveloffiveunitsinEnglishgrammar,whichisapttoChinesegrammar.InSOonareasEnglishcustom,morpheme,wordandthecharacteristicofEnglish,whileinChineseSOmeyaredifferentfromtheEnglishsuchcharacter,wordandon.WangYin(1993)proposesseveralpossibleshiftsusedamongmanyranks.ThekindofshiftfromthelowerranktothehigherrankCanbeandinvestigatedandatthesametimeEnglishistranslatedintoChineseaccordingtocompareEnglishandChineselanguageSOstructureandtheversions.TheelementstruebybetweenEnglishChinesearedifferentthechangebetweenthemCancomedifferentlevels.Forexample,whenthetranslatorstranslateonewordinEnglish,itisnecessarytochangethewordintoaphraseinChinese.Inaddition,itisnormaltoconvertaphraseoneastoaclauseorevenasentenceainChinese.TlleyinChineseareplacedindifferentlevel.InEnglishawordisusuallyregardedasclauseoraphraseandthenphraseinEnglishisrenderedasentenceinChinese.IntheprocessoftranslatingbetweenChineseandEnglish,aclauseinEnglishSentencegroupisIfthetranslatorsaCanberenderedtoonesentenceormanysentencesinChinese.characteristic.111iskindoftechniqueisusedbymosttranslationexperts.canmakefhlluseofthetheoryofCatford’Stranslationshifts,theversion一23—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts····-······--···ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyrewillbeproficientverymuch.4.2.1ShiftsfromWordstoPhrasesItisfrequentphenomenonthattheshiftfromwordstophrasescanberealizedintranslationintermsofunit·shifts.ThefollowingexamplesillustratetheapplicationoftheshiftfromwordstophrasesasonekindofthetheoryofCatford’Stranslationshifts.8)Therefreshingmeal,thebrilliantfire,thepresenceandkindnessofherbelovedinstructress,or,perhaps,morethanallthese,somethinginherownuniquemind,hadrousedherpowerswithinher.(CharlotteBronte,2000:62)"version1:因为茶点振奋了精神,炉火在熊熊燃烧,因为亲爱的导师在场并待她很好,也许不止这一切,而是她独一无二的头脑中某种东西,激发了她内在的种种力量。(HuangYuanshen,1994:78)Version2:振作精神的食物,明亮的火,她所爱的女教师的风采和仁慈,或者胜过这些,她自己奇特的心里的一种东西,引起她内心的力量来。(LiJiye,198284)Words‘‘refreshing’’and‘‘brilliant’’areregardedasadjectivebothintheorignialandthetarget.Thewordsmeans“振奋的”明亮的”inChineseinthedicttionary.“Presence”andkindness’’arenounswhicharecombinedwith“mealandfire”andregardedasthesubject.InveF。,.ion2,theversionkeepstheclassinthetargettext.Inversion1“refreshing,brilliant,pr.‘:senceandkindness’’whichareadjectivesandnounsintheoriginalarechangedintoverbphrasessuccessfully“振奋了精神”,“在熊熊燃烧”inChinese,”inwhichthestaticwordsexistingtheoriginalarenotonlyexchangedwiththedynamicwordsbutalsoonesentenceintheoriginalcanbedividedintothreesentencesintheprocessoftransferring.AccordingtoNida’Stranslationtheory,inversion2thetranslatormakesuseofNida’Stranslationtheory.AlthoughthereadersCanunderstandthemeaningofthenovelinversion1,theversion2soundsmorenaturalandtightened.9)Doyouthink,becauseIalTlpoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!-Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou,一andfullasmuchheart!(CharlotteBronte,2000:221)Versionl:难道就因为我一贫如洗、默默无闻、长相平庸、个子瘦小,就没有灵魂,没有心肠了?(HuangYuanshen,1994:291)Version2:你以为,因为我贫穷、微贱、不美、矮小,我就没有灵魂,没有心吗?(LiJiye,1982:307)Intheaboveversion1,thefouradjectivesareoverlappedinit.Inversion2,althoughthefourdifferentadjectiveshavebeentransferredaccuratelyandlogically,itsChinesecorrespondingversionisbasedonNida’Sformalequivalent.Nida’Stheorypaysattentiontothesemanticswithoutthinkingtheimportantaspectofpragrnatics.Buttheversion1isnotas一24—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文fancyastheoriginalthoughtheauthordidn’tchangethemeaningandconstituentoftheoriginal.ReadersCannotfeeltheankindofintentionalemotionandfeelingthatJaneEyreunfortunateversion.Thefour-characterisaintendstoexpress.ItwillleadtooftheChinesewhichcontainsacharacterisriclargeamountofChinesewritting’Sculturewithlonghistory.asThefourwordsfromtheoriginalCanbeinclinedtobeconvenedintofourphrasessuchwhichtheinspecificfour-characteadjectiveexpressionsbecomeconciseandpowerfulexpressioninthisway.Thefollowingversionshiftstechnique.10)Sophiecameatsevengivesfurtheranalysistoexpressthetranslationtodressme;shewasverylongindeedinaccomplishinghertask;(CharlotteBronte,2000:252)Version1:索菲娅七点钟来替我打扮,确实费了好久才大功告成。(HuangYuanshen,2:苏菲娅七点钟来替我梳妆:她完成工作所费的时间实在长。(LiJiye,1982:1994:332)Version352)Theaboveversionsalsoexpressthesimilarshiftintheprocessoftranslationfromwordstophrases.Inordertoachieveabetterversionandtransferitnaturally,“Long’’isandversion1transferredtheadjectivewhichisusedaasapredicativeintheoriginalword’’long”intoverbphrase.ThealterationbyusingthetechniqueofCatford’StranslationshiftsemphasizingthesystematicfunctionallinguisticsmakestheChineseversionmuchmorecoherentin4.2.2Shiftsfrommeaningandthenavoidsthecumbersome.WordsorPhrasestoClauseWhenthesentencestranslatorswanttotranslatealongtext,itisnecessarytotranslatethelongsandtext.Let’Sinvestigatetheunit.shifts:shiftsfromphrasestoclauses.Thefollowingexample1sincewillillustratetheapplicationoftheshifts.leaflessshrubbery1)Wewithhadbeenwandering,indeed,inthethereWasanoanhourinthemorning;butdinner(Mrs.Reed,whenitcloudsSOcompany,dinedearly)theSOcoldwinterwindhadbroughtsombre,andrainpenetrating,thatfurtheroutdoorexercisewasnowoutoftheVersionquestion.(CharlotteBronte,2000:)1:其实,早上我们还在光秃秃的灌木林中溜达了一个小时,但从午饭时起(无客造访时,里德太太很早就用午饭)便刮起了冬日凛冽的寒风,随后阴云密布,大雨滂沱,室外的活动也就只能作罢了。(I-IuangYuanshen,1994:1)Version2:不错,早晨我们已经在无叶的丛林中漫步过一点钟了;但是午饭后——在没有客人的时候,里德太太是早早吃午饭的——寒冷的冬风刮来的云这样阴沉沉,吹来的雨这样寒透内心,再做户外活动是不可能的了。(LiJiye,1982:1)ThetheoryCatford’Stranslation.shiftsonstressesthecontextofthenovelbaseduseonpragrnatiCSwhereasNida’Stheoryisbasedtheorywhiletheversion2isbasedonsemantics.TheversionlmakesfulloftheNida’S一25—theory.Thatday’Sweatherisilluslxated
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts……--ACaseefficientlyasaStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreandwholly.Mrs.ReedcannotgoforawalkbecauseoftheweathertOreason.AccordingtoNida’Sfunctionalequivalenttheory,itrequirespossibleasachievetheequivalenteffectwecall,ifwewanttoachievetheword-by—wordtranslationofthesentence.Asresult,theversionistranslatedlike“云这样阴沉沉,雨这样寒透内心.”Theversion2isaliUleunnaturaltoChinesereadersfromtheperspectiveofthesyntacticaspectwhichconformtothetargetlanguage.“somberandpenetrating’’aleconvertedfromversion1,whicharecanadjectivestoverbsinthetargettextintranslatedinto“密布”and“滂沱”inChinese.Theversion“阴云密布”asand“大雨滂沱”,readsnaturally.TIleusewords“密布””滂沱”aretranslatedpredicatesinChinese.Theversion1makesfullofCatford’Stranslationshifts.However,theversion2disobeysthetheoryofCatford’StranslationshiftsandChinesecustoms.Catford’Stheorylaysstressesonthes、rstematicfunctionallinguistics.BoththefeaturesofEnglishandChineseusesaretakenintoacceuntfullyandwholly.Althoughtheversion2thetranslationtechniques,itlacksthediscussionofcontext.Thebackgroundofthisnovelisinwinner.Itisimpossible也atthebadwhetherofheavyrainappears.Sothecorrespondingversion“大雨滂沱”doesn’tfittheweatherconditioninwinnter.Sobothversionslacktheconsiderationofcontextfactoralsoplaysaveryimportantroleintheliteraturecontext.Thetranslation.Theversion“大雨clasped.(Charlotte滂沱”isalsoalittleimproper.a12)Hisfigurewasenvelopedinridingcloak,furcollared,andsteelBronte,2000:98)Versionl:他身上裹着骑手披风,带着皮毛领,系着钢扣子。(HuangYuanshen.1994:2:他的身体裹在有皮领和包钢纽扣的骑马外衣里面。(“Jiye,1982:134)time.Whetherthetranslatorisskillfulor126)VersionThebackgroundofthesentenceisthatMr.Rochester’SdressstyleisdiscriptedherewhenheandJanemeetwitheachotherforthefirstnot,theapplicationofthetheoryoftranslationshiftsisessential.Intheversion2.hewillChinesetransferthemintothecorrespondingfidjectivesinlike“有皮领和包钢纽扣的骑马外衣.Fromtheperspectiveofgrammaticallevel,theversioniscorrectabsolutely.Comparing诵ththeversion1.theversion1convertstheadjectivestoverbs.Theversion2describestheadvanngeoftranslationshiits,whichlaysmoreemphasizedonmaketheversionsmoothlyandnaturally.Theversion2Nida’Sformalequivalent,whichmakestheversionawkward.Inversion1thelongsentenceisdividedintotwoclausesandthereforeitisobviousclearreadabletothesemanticandmeaningoftheversion.or4.2.3Shifts-fromSimpleorCompoundSentencestoCompoundorComplexSentencesSentenceGroupsAppliedintheVersions.Itisremarkablethatthechangestakeplacebetweensentences.Itispossiblethat一26—asingle
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文sentencecanbeconvertedintoacompoundoneorasentencegroup.Letdiscusstheshiftfromlowerranktohigherrank.13)Gatheringmyfaculties,Ilookedaboutme.Rain,windanddarknessfilledtheair.(CharloReBronte,2000:34)Version1:我定下神来,环顾四周,只见雨在下,风在刮,周围一片黑。(HuangYuanshen.1994:44)VersionThough2:我镇起精神,向四周看望。风雨和黑暗充满了空中。(LiJiye,1982:46)translatingonenovel,thecontextwhichisinvolvedinitistranslators.111enovelgivesakindofsympathicfeelingforthelittlesuffersfromtheterribleindispensablefortheJane.ThelittleJaneweather.Thedescriptionoftheweatherevokesthedeep.placeofthethefeelinginthattime,Agoodversionisveryreaders.Inordertomakereadersessentialwhichversion2,thecailunderstanddelivertherealfeelingofJane.Let’Scomparethetwoversions.Theiscollocatedword“充满”whichaswith“风雨和黑暗”weakensdifficultthesituation.whichisn’tdrammticAstheoriginaltext.ItisalsoYuanshencanforreaderstoprobethatsituation.for“风雨”and”黑暗”.Huangdealwiththecorrecthandlethequestionappropriately.Hehastranslatordoestheirbesttogetcorrectmanagedtocollocation.Whenthebedividedintocollocation,theypointthattheappropriatecollocationversion,thesamplesentenceCanberestricted.InHuangYuanshen’SoneCancompoundandsearchvariouswordstoarrangethecorrectcollocation.Byusingthetranslationtechniques,intheversion1thekindofversiontranslatorcallcollocate“下”,“刮”and“周围一片”with“雨””风””黑”Thisreadsnaturallyandcontainstheoriginalmeaning,whichshowstheadvantageofCatfordtranslationshifts.Thereisantherexampleofillustratingthearetranslationshifts.you.(CharloReBronte,14)Agreatdeal:yougoodtothosewhoaregoodto2000:47)VersionVersion111el:很了不起,别人待你好,你待别人也好。(SuangYuanshen,1994:60)meaningoftheversion12:很有价值:对你好的人你对她也好。皿iJiye,1982:65)structureofthesentenceissimple.AndweCallunderstandthearesentence.Twodifferentstrategiesappliedinthetwodifferentsentences.ThetranslationbreaksthestructureoftheoriginalwhichconformstoChinesecustom.However,theversion2keepsthesentencecanstmcture.Theversion1isbasedonCatford’Sshiftswhichbeunderstandablebymostreaders.Theversion1ismoreacceptableandsentenceunderstandabletounderstandthantheother.Bychangingtheoriginalstructure,thereadersareeasytherealmeaningoftheoriginalinthewayofconvertingtehoriginalsentence.Sotheversion1iseasytobeacceptedbypeople.Catford’Stheoryemphasizessystematicfunctionallinguistics,thecontextofthenovelisalsothekeypointwhichhelpstheChinesereaderstounderstandtheplotofthenovel.Catfordemphasizesthelinkbetweenlinguisticonandsocie够andstudytheaspectsofthesociety.However,Nida’Stheoryisbased一27—NoamChomskey’S
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford'sTranslationShifts..—.-...-..-.--.ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreT-GGrammar.Heputsupwiththeimportanceofsemanticcategory.Therearefoursemanticthedynamicequivalentwhichiscategoriesintheprocessoftranslation.Nidaemphasizesaimedtostresstherealmeaningoftheoriginal.Infact,thepurposeoftranslationistoequivalentmeansthereceptors’sourceasachievetherealequivalentelement.However,therealrespondtothetargettextcallcoincidewiththereceptors’respondtotheonsimilaraswecan.Fromthetwodifferentversionsbasedopinion,Catford‘stheorycandifferenttranslationtechniques,inmyrelatewiththenatureofthelanguage.BecauseofthefeaturesofEnglish,Englishsentenceisoftencomplicated,sotheshiftfromcompoundsentencestosentencegroupsisnormal.Lotsofinvestigatorsmakegreateffertstomaketranslationshiftscanasurvywhethertheapplicationofgetabetterandappropriateversion.Theconsiderationofthewholethetranslatorsobservethetypesofshifts.Theunit.shiftsisasentenceisessentialwhenfrequenttranslationtechniques.FromthefamousnovelcalledJaneEyre.somesentencesselected.Thesamesentenceareintheoriginalcanbetranslatedvariousversions.Byinvestigating,HuangYuanshenmakesthepercentageof95oftheCatford’stranslationshiftstotrmlslatetheoriginalintothetarget.Besides.fromtheangelofcriticism,criticsinthecanpercentageof80holdthatHuanYuanshen’sChineseversionChinese.Byabeeasytobeacceptedbymountofinvestigation,itisobvioustoprovethesignificanceofthetranslationcanshifts.What’smore,theadvantageofthetranslationshiftsbealsoexhibited.4.2.4ShiftsfromClausesandSentencestoPhrasesandW6rdsWeseeallthechangesfromthelowerrankstothehighranksintheprocessoftheE.Ctranslation.Thefollowingexamplewillillustratetheconversion.15)Iresoh,ed,inthedepthofmyheart,that1wouldbemostmoderate—mostcorrect;(CharloReBronte:2000:60)VersionVersion1:我暗下决心,要把话说得恰如其分,准确无误。(HuangYuanshen,1canbedividedinto994:76)2:我在心的深处决定了,我要极力不夸张,极力准确。(LiJiye,1982:82)aIntheprocessoftranslating,someEnglishphrasesForexampleiifthetranslatorsusewordsometimes.asthewayofword-by.wordequivalent.suchantheprepositionalphrase“inthedepthofmyheart”,itsversionwouldbeadverbialphrase“在我一11,的深处”,whichusedasaseems1ikeasoundphrase.InChineseversion,theadverbialphraseisusesubjectorpredicate.itwillreadminatural.TheversionlmakesfullofCatford’stranslationshiftswhichstressestheequivalentofthecontextandinnerstructureoflanguage.Nida’sdynamicequivalentisinclinedtothestudyoflinguisticsandsemeiotics.Inversion2.thesimpleword“暗”conveysthemeaningoftheoriginalandreadsnaturallyandsmoothly.ItisobviousthatCat-ford’stheoryoftranslation-shiftsismoreappropriatethanNida’sdynamictheory1between6)Herthetwodifferenttranslationtheories.beauty,herpinkcheeksandgoldencurls,seemedtogivedelighttoallwho一28—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文lookedather,andtopurchaseindemnityforeveryVersionfault.(CharlotteBronte,14)l:她的美貌,她红润的面颊,金色的卷发,使得她人见人爱,一俊便可遮2:她的美,她的微红的面颊和金色的卷发,似乎使所有看她的人都欢喜,Jiye,11)百丑。(HuangYuanshen,9)Version而且一切缺陷人家都不计较了。(LiIntheaboveoriginal,accordingtothecorrespondinglinguisticgrammartranslation,thephrase‘‘givedelighttoallwholookedather'’containsallattributiveclausethatistranslatedas“看她的人’飞yusingtheword.for-word.Theversion2ismostlybasedNida’Sfunctionalequivalent,whichseeksequivalentintheprocessofdeliveringmessage.Intheprocessofdecodingmessage,Nidaisaimedtoconveythemessagesmoothly.Inmyopinion,Theversion1ismoremeaningbyusingcharmingandunderstandable,iftheoriginalChinesefour-charactertextpassesonthesameexpression“人见人爱”.InChinese,thefour-characterexpressionisusualandcharming.FromthediscussionbetweenHuangYuanshen’SversionandLiJiye’Sversion,Huang’SversionisinclinedtoapplymoreSOasunit—shifttomakethetargettextmorereadable.Theversion2theabsoluteUSeStheNida’SfunctionalNidaequivalentwhichemphasizesdomestication.Althoughadmitsthattranslationisakindofcommunicativebehaviorandculturaldifference.However,byusingthewayofdomesticationtodealwithculturalfactors,itisalsodisadvantageofNida’Sfunctionalequivalent.4.3Class-shiftsAppliedintheversionsItiSdifferentabouttheusageofwordsandexpressionsbetweenEnglishandChinese.ChinesecontainsakindofpowerfulgrammaticalOfunction.Thetwolanguagesaredifferentingrammaticallevel.Inordertseekthecompletedequivalentinmeaning,itisimpossibletotranslatetheEnglishequivalenttoChineseequivalentabsolutely.ItisnecessarytoshiftthepartofthetargetlanguageSOastoconveythesamemeaning.4.3.1ShiftsfromEnglishAbstractNounstoChineseSpecificVerbAlargenumbersofEnglishabstractnounsindicateabstract,generalandobscuremeaningwhichisnoteasytobecomprehendedbymostChinesereaders.TheapplicationoftheseabstractwordscanexpresscomplicateandsubtleemotioninEnglish.However,Chineseisinclinedtocitethegivenverbtoexpresstheabstractmeaning.ChineselackstheformofnominalizationwhichappearsinEnglishfrequently.Chineseisorientedtosubstituteabstractforverbs.TheverbsinChineseusuallyfollowingexamplewillgiveUSCanexpressthesubtlefeelinginthenovel.The1wasverythecorrectexplanation.17)Tospeaktruth,Ihadnottheleastwishtogointocompany,forincompanyrarelynoticed…(CharlotteBronte,27)Version2:说实话,我绝对无意去凑热闹,因为就是去了,也很少有人理我…。(Huang一29—
AStudyOiltheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts····—-·---··-··-ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreYuanshen,27)Version1:说老实话,我一点也不愿到人群中去,因为在人群中我被人注意的时候是existinEnglishfrequently,inwhichthetwo‘‘company’’areacted很少的…(LiJiye,29)Manyasabstractnounsobjectofpreposition.Inversion1,both“company“aretranslatedinto“人群”asnouns.However,inversion2,thetranslatortranslatescontextoftheminto“凑热闹”and“去”,whicharebothverbs.Fromtheperspectiveofthethenovel,itisthekeypointofCardford’Stheoryandthentheword’’company’’givesthemeaningofaccompanyingtheotherpeopleinGatesheadHall.VersionlisbasedandonCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftswhichisnaturalmakesaconcise.Catford’StheoryoftranslationshiftsgreatprogressonNida’Stranslation.TheClass—shiftsisaimedtochangetheclassofanywordatthesyntacticallevelbycomparingthetwodifferentversionsbelow.18)Ithinkyouhavesaiditwithsuchallearnest,religiousenergy;andbecauseyourupwardgazeatmenowistheverysublimeoffaith,truthandVersiondevotion.(CharlotteBronte,2000:247)1:我想是因为你说的那么虔敬,那么富有力量,因为你抬眼看我时,目光里2:我想是因为你说这话带着这样热切宗教的力,因为现在你向上看着我的那languageandthemiserable透出了极度的信赖、真诚和忠心。(HuangYuanshen.1994:327)Version凝视,是崇高的信仰、真理和忠诚。(“Jiye,1982:345)TheconciseandpowerfuldialogueshappeningbetweenMr.RochesterandJaneEyreimpressmedeeplybyreadingthefamousnovelcalledJaneEyre.InordertoachievethesamefeelingbyreadingtheChineseversion,thetranslatorstrytomakefullauseoftranslationtechniqueswhichtoexpresstherealemotion.Forexample,itisnecessaryfortranslatortochangethestructureinitisnecessary.Thewords‘‘Earnestandreligious’’areareadjectivesfunctionalappliedtomodifythenoun“energy”.Theversion2isbasedonNida’Sequivalent.TheaoppositeequivalenceinChineseshouldbetranslatedinto“这样热切宗教力量”byChineseisword-by.wordtranslation.Theversion2hasviolatedthehabitualusageoffidelitytothesource,butitonexpression.Thisthatittypeofword-by—wordcausetranslationCanbeunfortuanteCanheavytranslationesscausingthenegativeeffect.BasedatheCatford‘Sview,theversion1convertedtheword“religiOUS”intonoun“虔敬”inaChinese.“虔敬”isregardedasapredicatewhiletheadjective“earnesttocailtransferintooneverb“富有”.Thefollowingexamplegivesthefurtherdiscussionimprovethatflexiblechangemakesthemeaningsmoothlyandreadable.(19)ThepromiseseemedtoofasmoothcareeLwhichmyfirstcalmintroductiontoThronfleldHallpledge,Wasnotbeliedonalongeracquaintancewiththeplaceanditsinmates.(CharlotteBronte,2000:94)一30一
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文Versionl:我初到桑菲尔德府的时候,一切都显得平平静静,似乎预示着我未来的经历会一帆风顺。我进一步熟悉了这个地方及其居住者以后,发现这预期没有落空。(HuangYuanshen,1994:120)Version2:我第一次安安静静来到桑恩费尔得府,似乎保证我有希望一帆风顺做点事,对这地方与居住者更进一步认识,这希望也并未破灭。(LiJiye,1982:128)There疵manyabstractnounsexistinginEnglish.Thewords‘'promise’’and‘‘acxluaintaa∞"玳abstractnounswhichappearinanounphraseandaprepositionalphraserespectively.InChinesetheseareconvenedintoverbs.ThiskindofchangeoccursfromanountoaverbinChineseversion.Theword“calm'’alsoOCCURSherewhichisanadjectiveintheoriginaa,andthechangeexistshere.Theword“calm'’isanadjectiveinEnglishbutitisnecessarytoeonverttheadjectivet0averbasthepredicate,whichactsasapredicate.Accordingtocomparewiththetwoversions.AlthoughtheChineseversion“安安静静”and“来到”inthissentencedisobeysChineserolesinthissentence,itcannotbeunderstandableandunnatmny.TheChinesephrase“平平静静”isrenderedintoanadjectiveintheversion1,whichis托四aIdcdasthepredicativeofthesentence.Thefour-characterOccursinChineseandthiskindofversionconformstoChinesecustom.Thefollowingexampleillustratesthetechnique.Fromtheabovesentences,theoriginalsentenceisveryvividindescriptionandSOitisdi伍culttotranslatethesourceintoChinesevividly.Theversion2leadsthereadersinconfusion.ThetranslatorinversionlCan’tchangethepartofthespeechbuthejustpilesthem坤,whichlosesthevividnessofthecomplicatedsentence.Theword“calm'’istranslatedintoaverbphrase.Intheversion1,themeaningoftheoriginalhasnotonlybeenconveyedandappropriately,butalsoretainstherealtasteoftheoriginal.me呻m'guecorrectlythattheadvantageofthetranslationshiftsappliedinthenoveltranslationbysuryingWholly,HuanYuanshen’Sversionisaccessibletogetgoodversionwiththetranslationshifs.Intheaboveversion.HuanYuanshen’Sversioncontains90percentofthetranslationshiftswhichisappliedtotheversion1.However,Just20percentofthetranslatinshifts啪makeuseofthetranslationstrategy;What’Smore,mostreadersandexpertsaleoriented幻HuaagYuanshen’Sversions.FewpeopleareinelinedtotheliJiye’Sversions.一31—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts............-...ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyre5ConclusionThethesisemphasizesthemeritsofCardford’StranslationshiftfromtheversionsofJaneEyreaccordingtocomparewithNada’Stheory.Inthiscase,HuangYuanshenhasmadefulluseofthetranslationshiftstoresolvethesetranslationproblems.5.1MajorFindingsoftheStudyThethesisiSaimedtoevoke也eadvantageofCatford’Stheoryoftranslationshiftsfromtheliteraryworksatdifferentlevelssuch嬲grammatical,syntacticandsemanticlevels.IntermsoftheChineseliteratureworks’translationversions,itiscleartlIatHuangYanshenmakeschangesorshiftsindifferentlevelsanditisacceptedbythereaderseasily.HuangYuanshen’Sversionsarebetterthanothers.Bycontrastive,fromtheperspectiveofthedegreeof“faithful'’totheoriginal,LiJiye’SversionismoreinclinedtobefaithfultothesourcethanHuangYuanshen’Sversion.However'LiJiye’Sversionisuncomfortableandawkward.LiJiye’SversionisunfitnesstotheChineseliferoutine.HuangYuanshen’SversionadoptsthetranslationshiftssuccessfullyThethesisgivestheviewthatthetranslationshiftscanbeusedintheprocessoftranslationandprocedures.Ifthetheoryoftranslationshiftsisappliedtotheversions,theversionreadnaturallyandsmoothlyforexampleHuangYuanshen’Sversion.ThetranslationtechniquecalledtranslationshiftsplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessoftranslationfromtheSoucetexttothetargettext.Catfordprovidesavaluableviewinthepaveoftranslationstudiesinfurture.ItisobviousthatHuangYuanshen’SversionisbetterthanLiJiye’Sversion.LiJiye’SversionreadawkwardandheignoresChineseroutine,whichisequivalentbyone—by—oneword.Secondly,thelanguagematerialisextractedfromthenovelcalledJaneEyre.Theliteraturetranslationispainstakinganddifficult.Skillfultranslatorstrytodiscusstranslatabilityfromtheoriginallanguagetothetargetlanguage.Asaskillfultranslator,itisnecessaryforUStograsptheabundantlinguisticknowledgeandliteratureknowledge.Thetranslationexpertsshouldke印apositiveandacademicattitudetotheirworks.WeCanmakeagreatprogressinthewayofthetranslationaspossibleaswecan.Itisimpossibletoachievetheabsoluteformalequivalentintheprocessoftranslationfromthesoucetexttothetargettext.Inordertogettotheequivalentbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageaspossiblyaswecan,Catfordputsupwiththeimportanttheorycalledthetheoryoftranslafionshifts.Althoughtheyhavesomesimilarpartstotheothertranslationtheories,thetheoryoftranslationshiftsismoreadvancedandimprovedbycomparingthetwoversions.ThemajorfindingisthatthepracticalvalueofCartford’Stranslationtheory.HuangYuanshen’SversionwhoisappliedCatford’StranslationtheoryCallachivethegoodresultsoftranslation.FromCatford’SviewstowardsthenatureoftranslationisⅡlateverylanguageisaunquesystem,SO一32—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文theeachlanguagesystemnatureofarealmostneverthesame.ItiSobviousthatCat-ford’Sviewoftranslationisveryusefulforthetranslators.toapplythetheoryoftranslationshifts.ThedevelopmentofCatford’StranslationtheoryiSbasedonothertranslationtheoriesanditcomplementwithothertheories.InthestudyofLiJiye’Sversions,thetheoryoftranslationshiftsdoesn’tappear.Hetranslatesthetextwithouttheapplicationofthetheoryoftranslationshifts.LiJiyepaysliUleattentiontoChinesehabitualWays.5.2LimitationsoftheStudyandSuggestionsforFurtherResearchTheacenterofCtaford’Stranslationisitspracticalvalue.equivalence.Thetranslationisbranchofcomparativelinguistics.Thefamousscholar“ItsmainweaknessbeingtothatasaCatford’Samodelnevergoesbeyondthesentenceincorporatethetextunitofmeaning.”(MonaBaker,2004:12l1.ChinesescholarspointthatitistrivialwithoutgoodguidingvaluetoChinesebecauseofthecomparisonsofIndo—EuropeanOfcourse,therearelanguage.S01Tlesomelimitationsinapplicationoftranslationshifts.Inmyopinion,aTheweaknessisthathetakesextend.thesentenceassemanticunitbutnotthewholetext.TotranslationshifthasgreateradvantagethanNida’Stheoryinthisthesis.However,theresomelimitationsherewithoutdiscussing.Fromtheperspectiveofequivalence,1)howtodeterminewhetherthe‘'transference”iSbuilttheequivalencebetweenthesourceandaretargettext?2)Whatkindofrulesthatthetranslatorsshouldobeyduringthe“translationofcultureconverting.Differentlanguagesaareprocess”.Catfordignoredtheimportancerootedinthecorrespondingculture.31Howtogetgoodtranslationeffectwithoutignoringtheculturefactorscannotgiveasatisfyinganswer.一33—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts-..-..·---·-····ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreRefe}Fence[1】Baker'M.2000:InOtherWords:ACoursebookonTranslation.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.【2】Baker,M.2004.RoutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.[3】Bassnett,S.2004TranslationStudies(3rded.).London:Methuen&Co.Ltd.[4】Bronte,C.2000.JaneEyre.Columbus:Glencoe/McGraw—Hill.[5]Catford.J.C.1965.ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation:AnEssayonAppliedLinguistics.London:OxlbrdUniversityPress.f6:Chao,Yuan—ren.1968.AGrammarofSpokenChinese.Berkeley,LosAngeles,London:University.ofCalifomiaPress.[7】Dclisle,J.1988.Translation:AnInterpretiveApproach.Ottawa:UniversityofOttawaPress.HNida,E.A.2004.TowardaScienceofTranslation(2nded.).Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLangnaageEducationPress.[9』Gentzler,E.1993.ContemporaryTranslationTheories,LondonandNewYork:Routledge,133-4[】0]Levy,J.1967/2000.Translation嬲aDecisionProcess,inL.Venuti(ed).[11】Munday,Jeremy.2001.IntroducingTranslationStudies!TheoriesandApplications.London:Routledge.[12]Nida,E.A.&Taber.C.R.2001.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation(2nded.).Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.[13]Newmark,P.1981.AnApproachtoTranslation.England:PergamonPressLtd.[】4】Newmark,P.2001.ATextbookofTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,P.85.[15】VanLeuven-Zwart.1989.Translationandoriginal:Similaritiesanddissimilarities,l’,Target.1.2:151—81[16】Vinay,J.P&Darbelnet,J.1995.ComparativeStylisticsofFrenchandEnglish:AMethodologyforTranslation.AmsterdamandPhiladelphia:JohnBenjamins.【17】Toury,G.1995.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond.Amsterdam:JohnBenhamins,57[18】黄源深译.1994.简·爱.南京:译林出版社.[19]李霁野译.1982.简·爱.西安:陕西人民出版社.[20】刘重德.2003.文学翻译十讲.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,66.78[21】刘宓庆.2003.翻译教学:务实与理论.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.一34—
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文[22】刘宓庆.2001.语言哲学与翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版社.[23】李德超.2005.从维内、达贝尔到图里:翻译转移研究综述.成都:四川外国语学报,21(1),94.99.[24]彭长江.1999.译海探秘.长沙:湖南人民出版社,87[25】谭载喜.2000.翻译学.武汉:湖北教育出版社.【27】苏【26]周志培,邵志洪.2003).汉英对比与翻译中的转换.上海:华东理工大学出版社.留华.2004.小说对话的翻译—从符号学角度分析《简·爱》.广州:广州大学学报.【28】王寅.1993.英译汉:句法结构比较.中国翻译.【29】张德让,龙云平.2001.主语显著和话题显著一评《简·爱》的两个中译本.合HE:安徽师范大学学报.[30】张焰明.2004.剩余信息在翻译中的应用一兼评祝庆英和黄源深的《简·爱》译本.韩山:韩山师范学院学报.【31】郑雪青.2001.《简·爱》两个译本翻译比较.齐齐哈尔:齐齐哈尔大学学报.[32】赵瑛瑛.2006.《简爱》两种中译本的对比研究,未出版硕士论文.合肥:合肥工业大学.[33】赵庭弟.2005.英汉互译中肯定与否定的处理。大学英语(学术版.北京:北京航空航天大学.[34】郑雪青.2000《简·爱》不同时代译本的语言风格.大连大学学报.[35】钟信义.1998.信息科学原理.福州:福建人民出版社.一35—
AStudyontheTranslationofEnglishNovelBasedonCatford’STranslationShifts··-·-·-·--···--·ACaseStudyoftheChineseVersionofJaneEyreAcknowledgements1wouldliketobegratefultothosewhohavebeenhelpingmeandencouragingmeduringmystudylifeinLiaoNingNormalUniversity.Firstofallm),sincereandspecialgratitudeowestomydearestsupervisorFanXiaobowiththehelpofhisgreatpatienceandvaluableadvice.IfIcan’tgethiscorrectguidance,SOinsightfulremarksandprofoundknowledge,Icouldn’tfinishthispaperfluently.smoothlyandSecondly1willexpressmydeepgratitudetoalltheteachersintheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofLiaoNingNormalUniversity.TIlcyprovidemewithcorrectdirectionbothintothankallmyacademicfieldandlifepath.What’Smore,1wantgivemegreathelpinstudyandthethrceyears.Mendsandclassmates,whoalife.WehadawonderwithwhomIhavewonderfultimeinFinally1wanttoshowmygreatgratitudeformyfamily,especiallymydearestparents.Theyalwaysencouragemeandgivemeendlesslove,courageandsupport.一36—
以《简爱》为例研究卡特福德翻译转换理论在英文小说翻译中的应用--以《简爱》的汉译本研究为例作者:学位授予单位:冯建秀辽宁师范大学
引用本文格式:冯建秀
以《简爱》为例研究卡特福德翻译转换理论在英文小说翻译中的应用--以《简爱》的汉译本研究为例[学位论文]硕士 2014
华中科技大学硕士学位论文“假”的生产及其逻辑——对“华南虎事件”的分析姓名:张斌申请学位级别:硕士专业:社会学指导教师:吴毅20080603
摘 要
“华南虎事件”是2007年公众关注的焦点,本研究起始于这样一个疑问:“华南虎事件”中陕西省有关方面为何要造假?
本研究以故事的形式将事件较为完整地呈现出来,通过对事件的参与者陕西省林业厅、地方政府、评审专家、周正龙、官僚系统、网络、傅德志、新闻媒体、国家林业局等在事件中的表现的描述,揭示了他们背后的结构性力量,并由此逐渐呈现出了整个事件的逻辑。本研究最终将这一逻辑用“体制性造假”来概括。
体制性造假是受到体制逼迫的产物,是地方政府在面临体制的困境时不得不为的选择,而为了达到体制性造假的目的,地方政府又充分利用其所掌握的体制资源和力量来造假,“华南虎事件”讲述的也就是地方政府在体制困境之下如何“趋利避害”的故事。
体制性造假受到网络、媒体、公众等的制约,造假将使政府公信力受损,但造假又不得不为,因此地方政府凭借体制对专家的控制来造假。
为了掩盖造假行为,地方政府对信息加以严格控制。
但对信息的控制遭遇到网络、媒体和专家的挑战,他们既是体制性造假的障碍,又刺激地方政府不断动用体制维护造假。
而意在对造假进行惩处的制度又被体制歪曲,从而变相加剧了体制性造假,这更是一种吊诡。
关键词:体制性造假 信息控制 行政问责
I
Abstract
In 2007, the public focus on the Controversy of Huanan Tiger, and the doubt of why
the local government has to fake spur me to start this disquisition.
This paper inextenso narrate the story, throw the characterization of State Forestry
Bureau, the local government, officeholder, the public, and the media, indicate the
dominator behind them, then gradually get to the logic of the Controversy, and conclude it
with "institutional fake".
The institutional fake is caused by the unreasonable system, the local government
have to fake in the dilemma caused by the system, in order to fake successfully, the local
government use all his forces, the Controversy of Huanan Tiger is a story of how the
local government fake in the dilemma.
The institutional fake is enslaved to the public, the media, the public opinion, the
validity would be damaged by the fake, but the local have no choice, so he has to use the
experts to help to fake.
information.
But now the monopolization of information is challenged by the public, the media.
They are the limiting factors of faking but also the accelerating factors, which is
self-contradictory.
Key Words: The Institutional Fake; Monopolization of Information;
the Condemn to Bureaucracy
In order to deceive the public, the local government has to blank off all the
II
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本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除文中表明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体,均已经在文中以明确的方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
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“踏踏实实做形式,认认真真走过场”
——官场流行的一个“段子”
中国人似乎对虎有种特殊的情结,2006年出版的一部畅销小说《中国虎》,编织了一个发现华南虎的故事,让无数人心潮澎湃。
科学研究认为,最早的虎栖息于亚洲东北部,后来逐渐分为两支,分别向西、向南扩展,共形成8个虎的亚种:巴里虎、爪哇虎、里海虎、东北虎、印支虎、孟加拉虎、苏门答腊虎和华南虎。8种虎中,分布于我国的有4种:东北虎、印支虎、孟加拉虎和华南虎,其中华南虎为我国特有的老虎品种,仅分布在中国境内,因此,华南虎又被尊为“国虎”1。
历史上,秦岭以南的东南、西南、华南各省,都是华南虎的分布区,面积几乎占到全国国土面积的1/3。上世纪50年代初期,中国尚存华南虎4000多只,但随后兴起的全民“打虎”运动使华南虎遭受灭顶之灾,华南虎大量遭到人为捕杀,1973年中国政府颁布法律明令禁止捕猎老虎,但此时国内的华南虎已经所剩无几。1986年11月6日,在湖北某林场发现一只华南虎幼虎,这是我国最后一次发现野生华南虎,距今已有21年。据估计,目前全球野生华南虎仅有20余只,数量极度稀少,因此华南虎被列为我国一级保护动物。在联合国国际自然与自然资源保护联盟1996年发布的《濒危野生动植物国际公约》中,华南虎被列为“世界十大优先保护动物”的第一号,其珍贵程度不亚于中国国宝大熊猫2。
中国人从未放弃对华南虎的搜寻努力:1999年到2001年,国家林业局组织全国性的野生华南虎资源状况调查;2001年拯救中国虎国际慈善联合会邀请国内外专家赴湖南、江西、福建三地进行野外考察;2006年10月,广东省华南濒危动物研究所在粤北山地开展预计10年的华南虎野外探访。但所有的搜寻最终都宣告无功而返,
有关华南虎的资料很多,本资料来源于新华社报导中的附带介绍. 见新华社(北京)报导2007年10月12日“最新照片证实野生华南虎再现陕西巴山腹地”.
2该资料来源于新京报2007年7月15日报导“据称陕西秦巴山区可能再现野生华南虎”,在互联网上可以找到相关资料.
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