上海交通大学英语语言学真题2005年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互_

上海交通大学英语语言学真题2005年

(总分96, 做题时间180分钟)

Ⅰ

Define the following linguistic terms with at least one appropriate

example for each.

1. Assimilation

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Assimilation. It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all

the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used

synonymously with co-articulation. Nasalization, dentalization and

velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two

possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a

preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation; the converse process,

in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known

as progressive assimilation. For example, in "mink", "n", which is

originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following "k"

/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as

2. Functional morpheme

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Functional morpheme. This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one

consists largely of the functional words in language such as

conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, "and,

about when on, near, the" and so on.

3. Concord (or: Agreement)

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Concord (or Agreement) may be defined as the requirement that the

forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in

specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be

characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or

categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between

this

pen and

it in the following dialogue:

—Whose is this pen?

—Oh, it's the one I lost.

本题考查一致关系的定义，考生也应了解语法范畴中的性、数、格等重要概念。

4. Backformation

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Backformation. It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where

a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer

form already in the language. For example, from "editor" the word

"edit" was generated.

5. Register

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Register. It is a speech variety used by a particular group of

people, usually sharing the same occupation or the same interests. A

particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers

by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in

a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions.

For example, there is the register of military language, register of

political language, and so on.

6. Polysemy

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Polysemy. It refers to the fact that one word may have several

related meanings. For example, the word "bank" is polysemous in the

sense that it can mean a financial establishment or the slope of land

adjoining a river, lake and the like.

7. Interlanguage

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

Interlanguage. It refers to the type of language constructed by

second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of

learning a language. It's a language system between the target

language and the learner's native language, and **pared with the

target language, but not mere translation from the learner's native

language. For example, when a Chinese student is learning English, he

may make errors like "to touch the society".

8. The critical period

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答案:

The critical period. The critical period refers to a time period

(usually from the age of 2 to puberty), in which children have a

special propensity for acquiring language, and after which language

learning will be more difficult and incomplete. Typical examples are

the well-known Victor's and Genie's cases.

9. Indirect speech act

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该问题分值: 4

答案:

According to Searle, indirect speech acts refers to the kind of

speech acts, or illocutionary acts, in which one illocutionary act is

performed by way of performing another. For example, the sentence

"Could you do this for me?", in spite of the meaning of the lexical

items and the interrogative illocutionary force-indicating devices is

not characteristically uttered as a subjunctive question concerning

your abilities; it is characteristically uttered as a request.

本题考查间接言语行为定义，考生也应了解会话含义、合作原则、关联理论等语用学涉及的重要概念。

Ⅱ

Answer the following questions with examples.

1. What are the dates roughly associated with the three historical

periods in the development of the English language?

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该问题分值: 12

答案:

In the development of the English language, there are three periods,

namely, Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.

Old English. The primary sources for what developed as the

Englsih language were the Germanic language spoken by the three

tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes from northern Europe who invaded

the British Isles in the 5th century AD.

Middle English. The event which marks the end of the Old English

period and the beginning of the Middle English period, is the arrival

of the Norman French in England in 1066.

Modem English. Around the end of the 15th century, English had

gradually lost most of its Old English inflection, and its

pronunciation and word order closely resembled those of today.

2. What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which

maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: "Well,

to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today."

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该问题分值: 12

答案:

The four maxims of the cooperative principle are as follows:

Quantity. (1) Make your contribution as informative as is

required (for the current purposes of the exchange). (2) Do not make

your contribution more informative than is required.

Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. (1) Do

not say what you believe to be false. (2) Do not say that for which

you lack adequate evidence.

Relation. Be relevant.

Manner. Be perspicuous. 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. (2)

Avoid ambiguity. (3) Be brief. (4) Be orderly.

In the utterance given, it is probable that the speaker is

particularly careful about the maxim of Quality, which rules that do

not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

3. Does the "constancy under negation" test work as a means of

finding the presuppositions of the following sentences? What are the

presuppositions:

(a) John regrets that he broke your window.

(b) The pregnant teacher went on a holiday.

(c) The King of France is bald.

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该问题分值: 12

答案:

What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer can be

described as a presupposition. If someone tells you Your brother is

waiting outside for you, there is an obvious presupposition that you

have a brother. Constancy under negation test for presupposition is

one of the tests used to check for the presuppositions underlying

sentences involving negating a sentence with a particular

presupposition and considering whether the presupposition remains

true. Take the sentence My car is a wreck. Now take the negative

version of this sentence: My car is not a wreck. Notice that,

although these two sentences have opposite meanings, the underlying

presupposition, I have a car, remains true in both. The

presuppositions are as follows:

(a)You have a computer; John broke **puter.

(b)The engineer is female; The engineer is pregnant.

(c)He has a brother.

本题考查语用学中的预设。

4. (a) List the 'bound' morphemes to be found in the following

words:

misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly

(b) In which of the following examples should the 'a' be

treated as a bound morpheme:

a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL

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该问题分值: 12

答案:

(a) misleads: mis-, -s shortened: -en, -ed

unhappier: un-, -er fearlessly: -less, -ly

(b) Among these examples, the "a" in "atypical" should be

treated as a bound morpheme.

5. In what ways are the following expressions 'structurally

ambiguous'? Illustrate your analysis by way of labeled tree diagrams.

(a) The parents of the bride and the groom were waiting.

(b) Flying planes can be dangerous.

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答案:

(a)

The sentence can also be interpreted as:

(b) "Flying planes" could be interpreted as an action which

means "to fly planes"; in this sense, "flying planes" is the gerund

of the VP "fly planes". The tree-diagram could be illustrated as:

(fly plane) Flying planes can be dangerous.

The structure of "flying planes" could also be seen as a nominal

phrase meaning "planes which are flying", with "planes" as the head.

And "flying" could be seen as approximant to an adjective.

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