加拿大概况

Chapter23

地理与历史

I．地理特点

一、面积与所处位置

1、Canada is the world’s second largest country after Russia. 加拿大是世界上仅次于俄罗斯的第二大国

2、It covers about two fifths of the North American continent. 它覆盖了近2/5的北美大陆

3、Nearly 89% of the land has no permanent population. 89%的国土没有常驻人口。

4、Nearly 80% of Canadians live in large cities near the southern border with the

U.S. 大约80%的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中。

5、Toronto, Canada’s largest city, has a population of over 3.4 million. 多伦多是加拿大最大的城市，有340多万人口。

6、Montreal is the second largest city. Vancouver is the third largest city. 蒙特利尔是第二大城市（290万）。第三大城市是温哥华（130多万人）

7、There are four main centres of population in Canada

加拿大有四大人口密集区。

8、Canada is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 加拿大以西为太平洋.

二、地形

1、The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan, which is in the Yukon Territory

of northwest Canada.

最高峰为洛根峰（6050米）位于加拿大西北部的育科恩辖区内。

2、Among the great lakes in Canada, Great Lakes are shared with the U.S. 五大湖是与美国共同拥有的。

3、The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. 两个

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主要的河系是马更些河和圣劳伦斯河。

三、气候

A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian

prairie. 从东部到加拿大大草原地区为潮湿的大陆性气候。

四、地理区域

1、Canada is made up of ten province and two territories. From east to west they

can be divided into six geographical regions. 加拿大由十个省和两个领地组成，从东到西可以分为六个地理区域。

2、Atlantic provinces include New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward

Island, and Newfoundland. 大西洋诸省包括：新不伦瑞克省、新斯科舍、爱德华王子岛和纽芬兰省。

3、Potatoes grow well there and are particularly important in New Brunswick

and Prince Edward Island. 在新不伦瑞克省和爱德华王子岛，土豆尤为重要

4、Some farming also takes place in the valleys of Nova Scotia, where apples are

grown. 在盛产苹果的新斯科舍省的山谷内也有农业。

5、Dairying and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in

this region. 乳品业和毛皮动物养殖业是该地区农民的另外两种产业。

6、St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces include the St. Lawrence Lowlands and

the southern part of Quebec and Ontario. This is the most highly developed part

of Canada. 圣劳伦斯及五大湖诸省包括对圣劳伦斯低地和魁北克省及安大略省的南部地区，这是加拿大最发达的地区。

7、Most of Canada’s French Canadians live in the province of Quebec. 大多数法裔加拿大居住在魁北克省。

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8、The largest oceangoing ships can travel up the St. Lawrence to get Montreal.

最大的远洋轮船也能沿着圣劳伦斯河到达蒙特利尔。

9、Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. 渥太华，加拿大的首都，也位于安大略省。

10、加拿大地盾：The Canadian Shield. It is a semicircular band of rocky

highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec

to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of rounded hills,

tens of thousands of lakes and swamp. 这是一围绕哈得逊湾的半圆形的石头山地和高原，从魁北克省的北部海岸一直到西北领地的北极沿岸，该地区多圆顶丘陵，还有几万个湖泊和沼泽地。

11、大草原：The Prairie Provinces lie west of Ontario. This region is the

Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Much of the southern

part of the Prairie provinces is ideal for growing wheat. 位于安大略省以西，该地区属北美大平原的加拿大部分，这些省份南部的很多地区由平坦、肥沃的大块草场组成，它很适于种植小麦。

12、British Columbia is lie on the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Mountains. 不列颠哥伦比亚省位于加拿大的太平洋西海岸

13、Vancouver is British Columbia’s largest city and the third largest city in

Canada. Also is the largest cargo port on the Pacific. 温哥华是不列颠哥伦比亚省的最大城市，也是加拿大的第三大城市，也是加拿大太平洋的主要通道及太平洋沿岸最大的货运港口。

14、The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the

country. 光秃秃的、人烟稀少的加拿大北部地区占整个国土的4/5.

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II．加拿大的形成

一、欧洲人的发现

1、The name “Canada” is believed to have come from the native people, the

Indians, who used the word “kanata” to describe a settlement. “Canada”这个名字来自于当地土著人，即印第安人，她们用“kanata”这个词来描述一块定居地。

2、The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th

century. 欧洲人对加拿大的发现可追溯到15世纪末期。

3、In 1608, Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer established his

“habitation” in what now is Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada. In

1670 the English Hudson Bay Company was established. 1608年，法国探险家塞缪尔.德.张伯伦在现在的魁北克城建立了他的“住地”扎下了法裔加拿大人的根，后来，于1670年成立了英国哈得逊公司。

4、In 1731 Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia were lost to England. 在1731年，纽芬兰省、哈得逊湾和新斯科舍省就被交给了英国。

5、After the Seven Year’s War from 1756 to 1763, the French were forced to give

up every inch of land in North America。 七年战争之后，法国被迫放弃了在北美大陆的每一寸土地，因此整个加拿大就归英国统治了。

二、英国统治下的加拿大

1、Sir Guy Carleton recognized the French character of Quebec. This recognition

was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament

granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced

English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right of

Catholic Church.

盖伊.卡莱顿爵士他承认魁北克具有法国特点。1774年的《魁北克法案》使这种承认成为官方认可，在《魁北克法案》中，英国议会赋予了魁北克人作为法裔加拿大

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人的权力。该法令引入了英国的刑法，但保留了法国的民法，还承认了天主教徒的权力。

2、The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to

fight against the British army in the War of American Independence. 第一批在加拿大的英国定居者是美国难民。

3、By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created. 根据1791年法案，建立了上加拿大（英国人）和下加拿大（法国人）

4、The Act of Union: the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again,

and given internal self-government in 1848. 根据《联合法案》，上下加拿大又合二为一，并且在1848年成立了内部自治政府。

5、Canada(Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in 1867

in a “Confederation”, a federal union and was made a dominion in 1867 by the

British North America Act. 加拿大（魁北克省和安大略省）、新不伦瑞克省和新斯科舍省于1867年共同加入“联盟”这是一个联邦统一体。1867年的《英属北美法案》宣布其为自治领。

三、自治政府和联邦制

1、In 1869 Under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought

from the Hudson’s Bay Company the vast middle west from which the province

of Manitoba(1870), and later the other prairie provinces and northern territories

were formed. 1869年第一位首相约翰.麦克唐纳执政时，加拿大从哈得逊公司购买了广阔的中西部地区，并在此建立了马尼托巴省（1870年）后来又建立了其他大草原区诸省。

2、Under Laurier founded the Canadian Navy.

在鲁瑞尔领导下，创立了加拿大海军.

四、加拿大国

1、《威斯敏斯特条例》：By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 the British

Dominions including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with

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Britain and “equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other”, and bound

together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then Canada became a

member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 根据1931年的《威斯敏斯特条例》，包括加拿大在内的不列颠自治领正式宣布成为英国的伙伴国，并且“地位平等，绝无主从关系”，效忠共同君主的信念使他们结合在一起，从那时起加拿大就成为英联邦国家的成员。

2、In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada’s tenth province. 1949年纽芬兰成为加拿大的第十个省。

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