学术英语pre总结

Unit 1

1. Do you agree that it is sheer neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to the

complaint that doctors don’t listen? (Pre. 1)

Neuron overload

Patients’ high expectations

Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician

2. One stray request （偏离正题的要求）from Mrs. Osorio sends the delicately

balanced three-ring circus tumbling down. (Pre. 4)

The author was in moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs.

Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all

Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions

Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent—and completely

justified—request”: the form signed by her doctor

The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patients while

completing documentation

The doctor could no longer handle everything properly.

3. Compare multitasking in human beings and in the computer field. (Pre. 5)

Multitasking originated in computer science.

Microprocessors in fact linear, actually performing only one task at a time

Multitasking is just as an illusion both in computer and humans.

At best, human juggling only a handful of thoughts in this manner

The more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given

thought.

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4. Use numbers to justify that it is juggling mind that keeps doctors awake at night.

(Pre. 6)

If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves ten thoughts

that might get lost in the process.

5. Possible solutions to the impossible high-wire act of juggling competing details

and panicking about slipping a critical one. (Pre. 7)

computer-generated reminders (计算机提示)

case managers (病例管理人)

ancillary services (辅助服务)

the simplest: time

Unit 2

1. What does the author imply by mentioning two choices? (Pre. 1)

The war against infectious diseases is not over.

If we do not do anything about the reemerging diseases, there will be serious

consequences.

People are wrongly complacent about the prevention and control of infectious

diseases.

2. Describe the heady days (令人兴奋的日子) of victory declarations and what

followed ever since. (Pre. 2)

Victory declarations

Surgeon General William Stewart’s hyperbolic (夸张的) statement of closing “the

book on infectious disease”

A string of (一系列的) impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines

The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over

Unexpected outcome

Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola

Comeback of the old afflictions

Diphtheria (白喉) in the former Soviet Union

TB in urban centers like New York City

Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever (猩红热)

The fear of a powerful new flu strain (流感病毒) sweeping the world

3. Justify “the realization that world health is indivisible”. (Pre. 4)

We can not meet most local needs without proper attention to the health conditions

of the globe.

National borders are meaningless as pathogenic microbes may spread across the

world.

4. What are the four areas of focus according to Bob Howard? (Pre. 7)

Need for surveillance

Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field

Appropriate prevention and control

Strong public health infrastructure (基础设施)

5. “Old enemies never dies.” Justify it medically. (Pre. 8)

Resurgence of infectious diseases

TB

Flu

Diphtheria

Scarlet fever

Unit 3

1. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Pre. 2)

Symptoms as mentioned by the author

loss of stamina and strength体力和精力下降

problems with balance平衡问题

bouts of horrific facial pain可怕的脸部疼痛

dips in visual acuity视敏度下降

Cause as mentioned by the author

the assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up

and/or combination of environmental factors

Treatment as mentioned by the author

Interferon(干扰素) and copolymer-1(共聚物-1)

2. What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Pre. 3)

Relearning much of what I had forgotten in my basic science years: cellular

physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology

温习了基础科学中遗忘的内容：细胞生理学、生物化学和神经生理学

Turning to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types—dementia, Parkinson’s

disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s disease

开始研究各种神经退化疾病的相关文章，包括痴呆、帕金森症、亨廷顿舞蹈症和路·盖里格氏病

3. What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? (Pre. 4)

self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on

literature reports on animal models

self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on

literature

online search to identify the sources of micronutrients

reduction of food allergy and toxic load

4. One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and disease (Pre. 5)

Pesticide/mercury exposure and neurodegeneration

接触杀虫剂/汞和神经退化

5. What does the tile “The Seventy Percent Solution”mean? (Pre. 6)

With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity

being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real

solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our

environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.

Unit 4

1. Give a brief explanation of the concepts: complementary medicine，alternative

medicine. (Pre. 1)

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)

CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products

that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine

Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine

Alternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicine

2. Traditional Chinese medicine as being “affordable, low tech, safe, and effective”?

Facilities: simple, inexpensive (needles, cups)

Low tech: easy to manage (massage and Tai Chi)

Nature of the procedures: mostly noninvasive

The substances used as medicine: all natural, from raw herbs or abstracts from them

Effectiveness: proven and ensured with a long history

3. Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture. (Pre. 3)

An adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management

program fortennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain,

carpal tunnel syndromeand asthma, post-operative and chemotherapy induced

nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation,

headache, menstrual cramps.

4. Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of

acupuncture in the US? (Pre. 4)

More intense research with increased funding and scientific vigor

More interest from healthcare providers

More demand from patients

More push for insurance companies to provide coverage of acupuncture treatment

5. Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. (Pre. 5)

Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance

Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient

正确诊断患者之“证”（病例生理状况）

Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that

guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas

正确选择相应的治疗策略和草药/草药配方挑选原则

Misuses of herbs will result in a wide array of complications in patient

6. What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies? (Pre. 6)

Dependence of synthesis of evidence on

The completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies)

The accuracy of evaluation

7. What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western

medicine?(Pre. 8)

Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society

Research and education

Political, economic and social factors

Unit 5

1. Clarify the differences between disease and dis-ease. (Pre. 1)

Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from a continuous stress, pain and hardships

Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases

Ease: the state of being very comfortable and able to live as you want, without any

worries or problems.

Dis-ease: lack of ease.

Disease: the result of lack of ease——an impairment of health or a condition of

abnormal functioning.

2. Your personal understanding about the claim that Health is a multidimensional

experience of body, mind and spirit. (Pre. 2)

Wellness as a state involving every aspect of our body: body, mind, and spirit

Manifestations of a healthy person

Energy and vitality (精力和活力)

A certain zip in gait (步伐有力)

A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior (内心平和温暖，呈现于行为)

3. Illustrate the relationship between life on automatic pilot and wellness. (Pre. 3)

Constant messages, positive and negative, sent to our mind about the health of our

body

Physical symptoms suppressed

Wellness confused with an absence of symptoms

=> Ignore key information about health

4. Describe the time of great confusion we live in. (Pre. 4)

People’s mind infected by spin

half-truth

fearful fictions

blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit

Spin as a result of unconscious living

Pandemic falseness

Showing up on every front in society and the media

Spreading to all corners of the globe

Deeply embedded in our minds

5. Comment on “a culture that values thinking more than feeling and emphasizes

reason over intuitive awareness and knowing”. (Pre. 5)

Our body intelligence suppressed and dormant

Tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis

Limiting, self-defeating, and even self-destructive behaviors that undermines our

well-being and keeps them from achieving our full potential

6. Explain the process where we change from “playing full-out” to “play it safe, or

play not to lose”. (Pre. 6)

Play full-out:全面发挥Play it safe / play not to lose: 不冒险，避免失败

Unable to feel and acknowledge our feelings and the courage to speak out.

No sense of self-confidence.

Reluctant to take risks.

An unconscious and self-protective habit——fear, denial, and disconnection from our

bodies and feelings

7. Explain how wellness can be established? (Pre. 7)

A multi-faceted process (多方面)

Issues rooted and resolved in different dimensions

Building our wellness toolbox slowly

Picturing our whole state of being

Attention to the little stuff (细节)

Wellness not a goal but a process

Maintenance of a balance of our mind, body, and spirit

8. Make a list of the tips on how to become a fully integrated human being. (Pre. 8)

Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously

Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions

Come to terms with / Make peace with the toxic emotions

Unit 6

1. How has the end-of-life care changed over time?(Pre.1)

In the past: died at home

At present: stay in hospitals or nursing homes at the end of life

2. What advantages does a hospital have over a nursing home for end-of-life

care?(Pre. 3)

Availability of medical resources, including doctors, nurses and facility around the

clock

Anything else you can add to that?

Advantages of Nursing Home

Prearranged plans for end-of-life care

Establishment of a relationship between the staff and family

More personalized care

Privacy arrangement: time alone

3. What’s the role of family and friends when the patient is cared at home? (Pre. 4)

Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially；

Hiring a home nurse for additional help;

Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital

bed or bedside commode)

4. What needs to be considered to make comfort care available at home? (Pre. 5)

Health insurance

Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge planner or a social worker

Help from local governmental agencies

Doctor supervision at home

Unit 7

1. What difficult situation is the young doctor facing? (Pre. 1)

A dying patient

Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start

comfort measures

The family’s refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments

2. What is paternalistic decision-making in medicine? (Pre. 2)

Doctors as exclusive decision maker

Patients as participants with little say in the final choice

3. In what way can patient empowerment be good for the patient? (Pre. 3)

Respect for the patient, especially the patient’s autonomy

Patient-centered care

4. Why does the author say too much physician restraint may not be that good for the

patient? (Pre. 4)

The patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.

Patients, at least a large majority, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.

Shifting responsibility of decision making to the patients will bring about more stress

to the patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is

uncertain

5. What kind of considerations may have prevented doctors from making decisions

for their patients? (Pre. 5)

Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical transgression.

‘Who am I to presume to know what my patients need?’

6. Do you agree that doctors should be prepared to make any decisions together with

their patients? (Pre. 6)

Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the

patient make decision on their own alone.

Balancing between paternalism and respect for patient’s autonomy constitutes a

large part of medical practice.

Unit 8

1. How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1)

Practice: interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or

client and that have a reasonable expectation of success.

to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individuals

Research: an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby

to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge

expressed in theories, principles, and statements of relationships

Blurred distinction 区分模糊

Cooccurrence of research and practice in research designed to evaluate a therapy

2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre. 2)

Autonomy: Individuals treated as autonomous agents

Voluntary involvement in the research

Adequate information

Protection: Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection

An Instructive Example: prisoners involved in research

Not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research

Be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they

would not otherwise volunteer

3. What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre. 3)

Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence.

The term "beneficence" is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that

go beyond strict obligation.

Two rules:

1. Do not harm.

2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.

4. How is the principle of beneficence related to Hippocratic Oath? (Pre. 4)

Hippocratic Oath (excerpts)

Whatsoever house I may enter, my visit shall be for the convenience and advantage

of the patient; and I will willingly refrain from doing any injury or wrong from

falsehood…

To benefit patients according to the best judgment.

Claude Bernard extended to the realm of research

5. What concrete examples can be given to illustrate the principle of justice? (Pre. 5)

Benefits denied or burdens imposed with no good reason.

Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: who should be enrolled and who should not?

Equal treatment of equals

Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status,

social status

6. What is informed consent and its application? (Pre. 6)

Definition: the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them

Application

A process rather than signing a written form

Adequate information as the premise

A well-informed decision as the expected result

7. What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research?

(Pre. 7)

Requirement for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons

Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence

More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice

At the individual level: fairness

At the social level: distinction between classes