语言学题目有答案

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.

A. contact B. communication C. relation D.

community

2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang

3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.

A. interrogative B. directive C.

informative D. performative

4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are

likely to say“碎碎(岁岁)平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel

might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?

A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C.

Performative D. Recreational

5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the

barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are

free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Transferability B. Duality C.

Displacement D. Arbitrariness

6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of

language?

— A nice day, isn’t it?

— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive B. Phatic C.

Performative D. Interpersonal

7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of

the rules of his language in utterances.

A. Performance B. Competence C.

Langue D. Parole

8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that

exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or l ost bone. This indicates the

design feature of __________.

A. cultural transmission B. productivity C.

displacement D. duality

9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological

linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied

linguistics

10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.

A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics

C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative

linguistics

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

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11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way

used by the deaf-mute is not language.

12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication

systems.

14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.

15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any

language system can be genetically transmitted.

16. Only human beings are able to communicate.

17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early

20th century, was a French linguist.

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of

the diachronic study of language.

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.

35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human

language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学，

2004)

36. Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外国语大学， 2004)

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青岛海洋大学， 1999)

1~5 BACCC

6~10 BACAC

11~15 FFTFF

16~20 FFFFF

31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the

difference between human language and any system of animal communication.

32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize

objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of

communication.

33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of

his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules.

Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in

competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of

competence.

34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time.

The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic

analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is

contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.

35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be

formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a

small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number

of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn

can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not

have this design feature of human language.

If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system

which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g.

words, which are distinct in meaning.

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36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things.

Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from

limitations.

37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency,

economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data –

check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.

1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice

2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).

A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme

3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p

phoneme.

A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones

4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.

A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula

5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are

known as __________ diphthongs.

A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering

6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.

A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones

7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?

A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics

C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above

8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?

A. [n] B. [m] C.

[ b ] D. [p]

9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?

A. [i:] B. [ u ] C.

[e] D. [ i ]

10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?

A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal

stop D. Consonant

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units

larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.

12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to

acquire the quality of a speech sound.

13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not

contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but

merely a different pronunciation.

14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.

15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.

16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.

17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.

18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into

tense vs. lax or long vs. short.

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19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a

consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.

35. What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学， 2003)

36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of

articulation? (南开大学， 2004)

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;

then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青

岛海洋大学， 1999)

(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop

(2) low front vowel

(3) lateral liquid

(4) velar nasal

(5) voiced interdental fricative

~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB

11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF

31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech,

under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two

neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different

from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.

32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the

segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such

units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress,

intonation, and tone.

33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never

occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur

in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.

34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from

another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other

without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.

V.35Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a

speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments

are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.

the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them

unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are

produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs

repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds

produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.

Chapter 3 Lexicon

1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.

A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function

words D. form words

2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________

morpheme.

A. inflectional B. free C.

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bound D. derivational

3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.

A. three B. four C.

five D. six

4. In English ise and tion are called __________.

A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems

5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.

A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C.

infix D. back-formation

6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words

by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.

A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition

7. The word TB is formed in the way of__________.

A. acronymy B. clipping C.

initialism D. blending

8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.

A. blending B. clipping C.

back-formation D. acronymy

9. The stem of disagreements is __________.

A. agreement B. agree C.

disagree D. disagreement

10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.

A. lexeme B. phoneme C.

morpheme D. allomorph

11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the

second element receives secondary stress.

12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are

removed.

14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the

word-class of the base.

15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.

16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.

17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.

18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of

morphemes.

19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.

20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.

35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?

2003)

36. What are the main features of the English compounds?

37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II

2004)

I II

(1) acronym a. foe

(2) free morpheme b. subconscious

(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO

(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed

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(5) prefix e. calculation

1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB

11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF

31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of

which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)

32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or

adjoining sounds.

33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns,

prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.

34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type

of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

37.

(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b

Chapter 4 Syntax

1. The sentence structure is ________.

A. only linear B. only hierarchical

C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The

syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite

3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical

sentences.

A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D.

combinational

4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in

the mind of native speakers.

A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D.

ungrammatical

5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the

embedded clause.

A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D.

subordinator

6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional

7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.

A. how words and phrases form sentences.

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences

D. all of the above.

8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.

A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city

Rome

9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to ___ _______ construction.

A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D.

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coordinate

10.

__________ sentence.

A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D.

complex

11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise

the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic

competence.

12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the

number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality

belong to the same syntactic category.

15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new

members are allowed for.

16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and

discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.

17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the

verb.

18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words

and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.

19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.

20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate

sentences at the level of D-structure.

2. 35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?

36. Distanalysis.

2004)

2004)

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:

The student wrote a letteryesterday.

3. 1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA

11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT

4. 31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form

sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.

32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the

analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (phrases),

which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process

goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.

33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural

constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP,

VP and PP.

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34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace

left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-

we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may

come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from

the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a

trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by

beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the

object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not

only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.

35.

An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or

approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of

the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The

exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction

whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional

phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.

36.

(1) more | beautiful flowers

(2) more beautiful | flowers

5. 1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth

2.

A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4.

A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with

C. entails D. presupposes

5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning

components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis

6.

A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the

non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense

8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the

same form.

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A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D.

Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.

A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British

English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example,

within British English or American English.

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the

non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the

linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different

situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to

the physical world of experience.

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce

meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which

the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently

according to their degree of formality.

19. -place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic

analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a

sentence.

6. 1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDA

II.

11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT

7.

1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use

in different speech communities.

A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics

C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics

2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.

A. use of words B. use of structures

C. accent D. morphemes

3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes

from.

A. Regional variation B. Language variation

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C. Social variation D. Register variation

4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.

A. Geographical barriers

B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech

C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change

D. Social barriers

5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular

speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.

A. Language interference B. Language changes

C. Language planning D. Language transfer

6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or

colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions

C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation

7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups

of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

A. lingua franca B. register

C. Creole D. national language

8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are

rule-governed, like any human language.

A. vernacular languagesB. creoles C. pidgins D. sociolects

9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____

counterparts with the same social background.

A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old

10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”

society from general use.

A. slang B. euphemism C. jargon D. taboo

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a

homogeneous group of speakers.

12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language

use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.

13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term “speech variety” can not be used to refer to

standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.

14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of

vocabulary.

15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic

features.

16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.

17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among

groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.

18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon

and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.

19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.

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20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the

disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.

8. 1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACAD

11~15 FTFFF 16~20 TFTFF

9.

——

1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of

meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context

2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in

isolation.

A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual

3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it

becomes a (n) _________.

A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive

4. Which of the following is true?

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.

B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.

C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.

D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.

5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.

A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s

C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century

6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the

consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act

C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act

7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.

A. to get the hearer to do something

B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case

C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs

8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ

__________.

A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed

C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about

9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice

A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle

10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

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11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.

12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of

language use was left unconsidered.

13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of

meaning the context of use is considered.

14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not

uttered while an utterance is.

15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.

16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.

17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.

19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.

20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.

10. 1~5 DBCBA 6~10 CBCAD

11~15 FTTFF 16~20 FFFTT

——

1. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..

A. Firth B. Saussure C. Halliday D.

Chomsky

2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees

language in terms of __________.

A. function B. meaning C. signs D.

system

3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.

A. Boas B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D.

Harris

4. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position

of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.

A. Slot B. Class C. Role D.

Cohesion

5. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of

discussing Indo-European languages.

A. Traditional B. Structural C. Functional D.

Generative

6. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late

1950s and the early 1960s.

A. Stratificational B. Case C. Relational D.

Montague

7. In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know

about his surroundings.

A. personal B. heuristic C. imaginative D.

informative

8. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.

A. On it B. stood C. On it stood D. Jane

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9. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.

A. empiricism B. behaviorism C. relationalism D.

mentalism

10. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.

A. three B. four C. five D. six

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that

phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.

12. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.

13. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.

14. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at

some point in a linguistic structure.

15. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently

in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

16. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.

17. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.

18. Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole,

while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue.

19. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to

description.

20. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would

be the same in terms of textual coherence.

35. Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?

36. What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism in linguistics? What is the relationship

between linguistics and behaviorism according to Bloomfield? Does behaviorism have any

limitations? If yes, what are they?

VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37. Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools and their influential

representatives in modern linguistics?

1~5 BACAA 6~10 ABDCC

11~15 FFTTF 16~20 FTTTF

1. FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis

which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.

32. Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes

or is dominated by others.

33. LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a

device effectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native

language is constructed.

34. Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence.

It is a type of generative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.

2001

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Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighbo rhood would

have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active discipline o f heightening one’s

perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved

from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of

starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him

functioning for more impor tant efforts.

Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life- engaging

difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactio n we get from a lifetime

depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like

the same terms when he spoke of The pleas u re of taking pains . The mortal flaw in the

advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.

We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without diffi culty

there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of

the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always

does so by refusing to play by the roles. It is e asier to win at chess if you are free, at your

pleasure, to change the wholly ar bitrary roles, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No

difficulty, no fun.

Qiao Yu took to fishing in his old age. He said: “Where there is fish and w ater, there is

good environment, and good environmen t fills one’s heart with joy (makes one feel delighted,

delights everyone, gives delight to everyone). I thi nk the best place for fishing is not a

comfortable man-made fish-pond where hung ry fish are ready (provided) for you, but an

enchanting place in the wild where everything is natural. ”Fishing (Angling) is a game that can

help improve one’s temperament (character). It is good for mental and bodily health. Qiao Yu

said: “Fishing falls into three stages. The first stage is just for eating fish. The s econd stage is

for eating fish and for enjoying the pleasure of fishing as well. (The second stage is for enjoying

the pleasure of fishing as well as eating fis h. ) The third stage is mainly for the pleasure of

fishing facing a pool of gree n water, one casts (throws) aside all anxieties and worries and

enjoys (takes) a good rest, both mental and physical.

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prevail preposterous

niche

tumultuous demographer

cirrhosis

bedraggled

bottom out annihilation

up

for

average out

fall off

sweep

strive in a way

2003

15 / 18

with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He decribes the broad streets, rows of

houses, a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest.

yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were

already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,

future-mindeness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the

freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.

As Albert Einstein once said, Life for the American is always becoming, never being.

Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot. I could have my way at home. Once I was

isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected

and became very depressed. One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden,

where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and

laughter was heard all over there. I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room,

only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters,

brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.

Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded

by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.

?!

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confound

burgeon

mercenary

venerated

nomadism

founder

holster

()

fragmented and fractious

decryas

downplay their profile

runride roughshod over

at peak level

97

5

7 10

3

5 1990

12

14

My advisor was an Asian American. He indulged himself in smoking and alcoholic drinking

and was hot-tempered. But he appreciated the diligence and the sound basic knowledge of

students of Asian origin very much, and shared their sentiments (understood their feeling).

Therefore, of the six students who were permitted to study in his laboratory, only one was

from Germany, the other five were all from Asia. He was so straight forward as to put up a

week, from to midnight every day, and must spare no effort (go all out) in work

severity. During the

three and a half years of my work there fourteen students entered hislab, but only five left with

a doctors degree. In the summer of 1990, irrespective of other s advice, I forced myself to

receive his assistance and began my hard journey for schooling.

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Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevitably the

and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it.

The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defence,

health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to

eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and

explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this

desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These

masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the

possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most

profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.

?

18 / 18