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可穿戴行为识别—Deep Convolutional and LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks
- 概述
- 论文框架：
- 实验设置
- 实验代码
- 数据集下载及预处理(preprocess_data.py)
- 滑窗切割数据(sliding_window.py)
- 主程序
- 实验结果及进一步修正
- 实验结果
- 对数据进行下采样
- 调整样本权重
概述
本文是参考《Deep Convolutional and LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Multimodal Wearable Activity Recognition》这篇文章，以及对文章的一个复现尝试。
那篇文章是16年提出的，是在现有的多传感器监测人类行为的数据集上，使用了深度学习模型DeepConvLstm来进行识别，影响较大，对18种类型识别的F_score可以达到0.915。
主要贡献：
- 提出了DeepConvLSTM：一个由卷积层和LSTM递归层组成的深度学习框架，能够自动学习特征表示和并对各活动之间的时间依赖性的进行建模。
- 该框架可以分别无缝地应用于不同的传感器（加速度计、陀螺仪），并可以将它们融合以提高性能。
论文框架：
论文中给出的网络框架如上图所示：
文章所需要处理的数据集为包含113维传感器信号的时序数据，要分类的类别数为18类。文中表示以24帧的数据作为一个样本输入，样本的滑窗步长为12帧。每个样本以该样本的最后一帧的标签作为样本标签。
网络包括一个输入层，四个卷积层，2个LSTM层及一个softmax输出层，batch-size为100。
每个卷积层的卷积核长度为(5*1)，卷积核个数为64个，没有padding，因此相当于每过一个卷积层，长度缩水4。每个LSTM层包括128个LSTM单元，其参数表如下：
由于是二维卷积层（github上复现的代码不少是一维的卷积层），因此参数表如下：
实验设置
实验配置为 ubuntu + anaconda3 + pytorch
参考了github 上的几篇源码：
https://github/sussexwearlab/DeepConvLSTM
https://github/yminoh/DeepConvLSTM_Python3
实验代码
数据集下载及预处理(preprocess_data.py)
运行代码如下：
# 获取OpportunityUCIDataset数据集
wget https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/00226/OpportunityUCIDataset.zip
# 对数据集中的数据进行预处理
python preprocess_data.py -h
python preprocess_data.py -i data/OpportunityUCIDataset.zip -o oppChallenge_gestures.data
preprocess_data.py 中的代码：
import os
import zipfile
import argparse
import numpy as np
import _pickle as cp
from io import BytesIO
from pandas import Series
# Hardcoded number of sensor channels employed in the OPPORTUNITY challenge
NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS = 113
# Hardcoded names of the files defining the OPPORTUNITY challenge data. As named in the original data.
OPPORTUNITY_DATA_FILES = ['OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-Drill.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-ADL1.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-ADL2.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-ADL3.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-ADL4.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S1-ADL5.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-Drill.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-ADL1.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-ADL2.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-ADL3.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-Drill.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-ADL1.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-ADL2.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-ADL3.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-ADL4.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S2-ADL5.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-ADL4.dat',
'OpportunityUCIDataset/dataset/S3-ADL5.dat'
]
# Hardcoded thresholds to define global maximums and minimums for every one of the 113 sensor channels employed in the
# OPPORTUNITY challenge
NORM_MAX_THRESHOLDS = [3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000,
3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000,
3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000,
3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 3000,
3000, 3000, 3000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 1500, 1500, 1500,
3000, 3000, 3000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 1500, 1500, 1500,
3000, 3000, 3000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 1500, 1500, 1500,
3000, 3000, 3000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 1500, 1500, 1500,
3000, 3000, 3000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 1500, 1500, 1500,
250, 25, 200, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000,
10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 250, 250, 25,
200, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000, 5000, 10000, 10000,
10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 250, ]
NORM_MIN_THRESHOLDS = [-3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000, -3000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-3000, -3000, -3000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-250, -100, -200, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000,
-10000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -250, -250, -100,
-200, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000, -5000, -10000, -10000,
-10000, -10000, -10000, -10000, -250, ]
def select_columns_opp(data):
"""Selection of the 113 columns employed in the OPPORTUNITY challenge
:param data: numpy integer matrix
Sensor data (all features)
:return: numpy integer matrix
Selection of features
"""
# included-excluded
features_delete = np.arange(46, 50)
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(59, 63)])
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(72, 76)])
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(85, 89)])
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(98, 102)])
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(134, 243)])
features_delete = np.concatenate([features_delete, np.arange(244, 249)])
return np.delete(data, features_delete, 1)
def normalize(data, max_list, min_list):
"""Normalizes all sensor channels
:param data: numpy integer matrix
Sensor data
:param max_list: numpy integer array
Array containing maximums values for every one of the 113 sensor channels
:param min_list: numpy integer array
Array containing minimum values for every one of the 113 sensor channels
:return:
Normalized sensor data
"""
max_list, min_list = np.array(max_list), np.array(min_list)
diffs = max_list - min_list
for i in np.arange(data.shape[1]):
data[:, i] = (data[:, i]-min_list[i])/diffs[i]
# Checking the boundaries
data[data > 1] = 0.99
data[data < 0] = 0.00
return data
def divide_x_y(data, label):
"""Segments each sample into features and label
:param data: numpy integer matrix
Sensor data
:param label: string, ['gestures' (default), 'locomotion']
Type of activities to be recognized
:return: numpy integer matrix, numpy integer array
Features encapsulated into a matrix and labels as an array
"""
data_x = data[:, 1:114]
if label not in ['locomotion', 'gestures']:
raise RuntimeError("Invalid label: '%s'" % label)
if label == 'locomotion':
data_y = data[:, 114] # Locomotion label
elif label == 'gestures':
data_y = data[:, 115] # Gestures label
return data_x, data_y
def adjust_idx_labels(data_y, label):
"""Transforms original labels into the range [0, nb_labels-1]
:param data_y: numpy integer array
Sensor labels
:param label: string, ['gestures' (default), 'locomotion']
Type of activities to be recognized
:return: numpy integer array
Modified sensor labels
"""
if label == 'locomotion': # Labels for locomotion are adjusted
data_y[data_y == 4] = 3
data_y[data_y == 5] = 4
elif label == 'gestures': # Labels for gestures are adjusted
data_y[data_y == 406516] = 1
data_y[data_y == 406517] = 2
data_y[data_y == 404516] = 3
data_y[data_y == 404517] = 4
data_y[data_y == 406520] = 5
data_y[data_y == 404520] = 6
data_y[data_y == 406505] = 7
data_y[data_y == 404505] = 8
data_y[data_y == 406519] = 9
data_y[data_y == 404519] = 10
data_y[data_y == 406511] = 11
data_y[data_y == 404511] = 12
data_y[data_y == 406508] = 13
data_y[data_y == 404508] = 14
data_y[data_y == 408512] = 15
data_y[data_y == 407521] = 16
data_y[data_y == 405506] = 17
return data_y
def check_data(data_set):
"""Try to access to the file and checks if dataset is in the data directory
In case the file is not found try to download it from original location
:param data_set:
Path with original OPPORTUNITY zip file
:return:
"""
print('Checking dataset {0}'.format(data_set))
data_dir, data_file = os.path.split(data_set)
# When a directory is not provided, check if dataset is in the data directory
if data_dir == "" and not os.path.isfile(data_set):
new_path = os.path.join(os.path.split(__file__)[0], "data", data_set)
if os.path.isfile(new_path) or data_file == 'OpportunityUCIDataset.zip':
data_set = new_path
# When dataset not found, try to download it from UCI repository
if (not os.path.isfile(data_set)) and data_file == 'OpportunityUCIDataset.zip':
print('... dataset path {0} not found'.format(data_set))
import urllib
origin = (
'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/00226/OpportunityUCIDataset.zip'
)
if not os.path.exists(data_dir):
print('... creating directory {0}'.format(data_dir))
os.makedirs(data_dir)
print('... downloading data from {0}'.format(origin))
urllib.request.urlretrieve(origin, data_set)
return data_dir
def process_dataset_file(data, label):
"""Function defined as a pipeline to process individual OPPORTUNITY files
:param data: numpy integer matrix
Matrix containing data samples (rows) for every sensor channel (column)
:param label: string, ['gestures' (default), 'locomotion']
Type of activities to be recognized
:return: numpy integer matrix, numy integer array
Processed sensor data, segmented into features (x) and labels (y)
"""
# Select correct columns
data = select_columns_opp(data)
# Colums are segmentd into features and labels
data_x, data_y = divide_x_y(data, label)
data_y = adjust_idx_labels(data_y, label)
data_y = data_y.astype(int)
# Perform linear interpolation
data_x = np.array([Series(i).interpolate() for i in data_x.T]).T
# Remaining missing data are converted to zero
data_x[np.isnan(data_x)] = 0
# All sensor channels are normalized
data_x = normalize(data_x, NORM_MAX_THRESHOLDS, NORM_MIN_THRESHOLDS)
return data_x, data_y
def generate_data(dataset, target_filename, label):
"""Function to read the OPPORTUNITY challenge raw data and process all sensor channels
:param dataset: string
Path with original OPPORTUNITY zip file
:param target_filename: string
Processed file
:param label: string, ['gestures' (default), 'locomotion']
Type of activities to be recognized. The OPPORTUNITY dataset includes several annotations to perform
recognition modes of locomotion/postures and recognition of sporadic gestures.
"""
data_dir = check_data(dataset)
data_x = np.empty((0, NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS))
data_y = np.empty((0))
zf = zipfile.ZipFile(dataset)
print('Processing dataset files ...')
for filename in OPPORTUNITY_DATA_FILES:
try:
data = np.loadtxt(BytesIO(zf.read(filename)))
print('... file {0}'.format(filename))
x, y = process_dataset_file(data, label)
data_x = np.vstack((data_x, x))
data_y = np.concatenate([data_y, y])
except KeyError:
print('ERROR: Did not find {0} in zip file'.format(filename))
# Dataset is segmented into train and test
nb_training_samples = 557963
# The first 18 OPPORTUNITY data files define the traning dataset, comprising 557963 samples
X_train, y_train = data_x[:nb_training_samples,:], data_y[:nb_training_samples]
X_test, y_test = data_x[nb_training_samples:,:], data_y[nb_training_samples:]
print("Final datasets with size: | train {0} | test {1} | ".format(X_train.shape,X_test.shape))
obj = [(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test)]
f = open(os.path.join(data_dir, target_filename), 'wb')
cp.dump(obj, f, protocol=-1)
f.close()
def get_args():
'''This function parses and return arguments passed in'''
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description='Preprocess OPPORTUNITY dataset')
# Add arguments
parser.add_argument(
'-i', '--input', type=str, help='OPPORTUNITY zip file', required=True)
parser.add_argument(
'-o', '--output', type=str, help='Processed data file', required=True)
parser.add_argument(
'-t', '--task', type=str.lower, help='Type of activities to be recognized', default="gestures", choices = ["gestures", "locomotion"], required=False)
# Array for all arguments passed to script
args = parser.parse_args()
# Assign args to variables
dataset = args.input
target_filename = args.output
label = args.task
# Return all variable values
return dataset, target_filename, label
if __name__ == '__main__':
OpportunityUCIDataset_zip, output, l = get_args();
generate_data(OpportunityUCIDataset_zip, output, l)
滑窗切割数据(sliding_window.py)
按照文章中设计，使用滑窗对数据进行切割，每24个采样点为一个样本，使用最后一个采样点时刻的label 作为整个样本的label。
import numpy as np
from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided as ast
def norm_shape(shape):
'''
Normalize numpy array shapes so they're always expressed as a tuple,
even for one-dimensional shapes.
Parameters
shape - an int, or a tuple of ints
Returns
a shape tuple
'''
try:
i = int(shape)
return (i,)
except TypeError:
# shape was not a number
pass
try:
t = tuple(shape)
return t
except TypeError:
# shape was not iterable
pass
raise TypeError('shape must be an int, or a tuple of ints')
def sliding_window(a,ws,ss = None,flatten = True):
'''
Return a sliding window over a in any number of dimensions
Parameters:
a - an n-dimensional numpy array
ws - an int (a is 1D) or tuple (a is 2D or greater) representing the size
of each dimension of the window
ss - an int (a is 1D) or tuple (a is 2D or greater) representing the
amount to slide the window in each dimension. If not specified, it
defaults to ws.
flatten - if True, all slices are flattened, otherwise, there is an
extra dimension for each dimension of the input.
Returns
an array containing each n-dimensional window from a
'''
if None is ss:
# ss was not provided. the windows will not overlap in any direction.
ss = ws
ws = norm_shape(ws)
ss = norm_shape(ss)
# convert ws, ss, and a.shape to numpy arrays so that we can do math in every
# dimension at once.
ws = np.array(ws)
ss = np.array(ss)
shape = np.array(a.shape)
# ensure that ws, ss, and a.shape all have the same number of dimensions
ls = [len(shape),len(ws),len(ss)]
if 1 != len(set(ls)):
raise ValueError(\
'a.shape, ws and ss must all have the same length. They were %s' % str(ls))
# ensure that ws is smaller than a in every dimension
if np.any(ws > shape):
raise ValueError(\
'ws cannot be larger than a in any dimension.\
a.shape was %s and ws was %s' % (str(a.shape),str(ws)))
# how many slices will there be in each dimension?
newshape = norm_shape(((shape - ws) // ss) + 1)
# the shape of the strided array will be the number of slices in each dimension
# plus the shape of the window (tuple addition)
newshape += norm_shape(ws)
# the strides tuple will be the array's strides multiplied by step size, plus
# the array's strides (tuple addition)
newstrides = norm_shape(np.array(a.strides) * ss) + a.strides
strided = ast(a,shape = newshape,strides = newstrides)
if not flatten:
return strided
# Collapse strided so that it has one more dimension than the window. I.e.,
# the new array is a flat list of slices.
meat = len(ws) if ws.shape else 0
firstdim = (np.product(newshape[:-meat]),) if ws.shape else ()
dim = firstdim + (newshape[-meat:])
# remove any dimensions with size 1
# dim = filter(lambda i : i != 1,dim)
return strided.reshape(dim)
主程序
导入pytorch等库和并初始化相关数据、
程序中设置每个样本的长度（seq_len）为24，滑窗步长为12，共计113个通道，样本共有18种类别。
import numpy as np
import _pickle as cp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sliding_window import sliding_window
NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS = 113
NUM_CLASSES = 18
SLIDING_WINDOW_LENGTH = 24
FINAL_SEQUENCE_LENGTH = 8
SLIDING_WINDOW_STEP = 12
BATCH_SIZE = 100
NUM_FILTERS = 64
FILTER_SIZE = 5
NUM_UNITS_LSTM = 128
定义数据加载模块，加载之前处理好的数据集，并进行滑窗处理，生成样本集。
#load sensor data
def load_dataset(filename):
f = open(filename, 'rb')
data = cp.load(f)
f.close()
X_train, y_train = data[0]
X_test, y_test = data[1]
print(" ..from file {}".format(filename))
print(" ..reading instances: train {0}, test {1}".format(X_train.shape, X_test.shape))
X_train = X_train.astype(np.float32)
X_test = X_test.astype(np.float32)
# The targets are casted to int8 for GPU compatibility.
y_train = y_train.astype(np.uint8)
y_test = y_test.astype(np.uint8)
return X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test
#Segmentation and Reshaping
def opp_sliding_window(data_x, data_y, ws, ss):
data_x = sliding_window(data_x, (ws, data_x.shape[1]), (ss, 1))
data_y = np.asarray([[i[-1]] for i in sliding_window(data_y, ws, ss)])
return data_x.astype(np.float32), data_y.reshape(len(data_y)).astype(np.uint8)
继承pytorch 的 Dataset 类，生成可构建自己数据集的Dataset 子类，能够将将numpy格式的数据集转换成pytorch 能处理的Tensor形式的Dataset
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.autograd import Variable
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.utils.data.dataset as Dataset
import torch.utils.data.dataloader as DataLoader
#创建子类
class subDataset(Dataset.Dataset):
#初始化，定义数据内容和标签
def __init__(self, Data, Label):
self.Data = Data
self.Label = Label
#返回数据集大小
def __len__(self):
return len(self.Data)
#得到数据内容和标签
def __getitem__(self, index):
data = torch.Tensor(self.Data[index])
label = torch.Tensor(self.Label[index])
return data, label
进行网络结构初始化，包括四层Conv2d卷积层和2层LSTM层，根据文章设定，卷积层的卷积核大小为(5,1)，输出64个feature_maps。
由于Batch_size 为100，因此对于卷积层而言，其tensor size 的变化为：
100 * 1 * 24 * 113 --> 100 * 64 * 20 * 113 --> 100 * 64 * 16 * 113–> 100 * 64 * 12 * 113–> 100 * 64 * 8 * 113
然后为了与Dense层(LSTM层)相连接，需要reshape 一次，转成大小为 100 * 8 * 7232的tensor
LSTM层的隐藏单元为128个。
输出层的激活函数为softmax，其它层则为relu。
注：
每个Dense 层之前需要增加一个Dropout层，p 设置为 0.5
class Net(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels = 1, out_channels=NUM_FILTERS, kernel_size = (5,1))
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(NUM_FILTERS, NUM_FILTERS, (5,1))
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(NUM_FILTERS, NUM_FILTERS, (5,1))
self.conv4 = nn.Conv2d(NUM_FILTERS, NUM_FILTERS, (5,1))
self.lstm1 = nn.LSTM(input_size= (64*113),hidden_size=NUM_UNITS_LSTM,num_layers=1)
self.lstm2 = nn.LSTM(input_size=NUM_UNITS_LSTM,hidden_size=NUM_UNITS_LSTM,num_layers=1)
self.out = nn.Linear(128, NUM_CLASSES)
def forward(self, x):
x = (F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
x = (F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
x = (F.relu(self.conv3(x)))
x = (F.relu(self.conv4(x)))
x = x.permute(0,2,1,3)
x = x.contiguous()
x = x.view(-1, 8， 64*113)
x = F.dropout(x, p=0.5)
x,(h_n,c_n)=self.lstm1(x)
x = F.dropout(x, p=0.5)
x,(h_n,c_n)=self.lstm2(x)
x = x.view(-1, 1 * 8 * 128)
x = F.dropout(x, p=0.5)
x = F.softmax(self.out(x), dim=1)
return x
权重初始化，每层参数都进行正交初始化。
正交初始化：
用以解决深度网络下的梯度消失、梯度爆炸问题，在RNN中经常使用的参数初始化方法。
https://blog.csdn/shenxiaolu1984/article/details/71508892
def weights_init(m):
classname=m.__class__.__name__
if classname.find('conv') != -1:
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.weight.data)
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.bias.data)
if classname.find('lstm') != -1:
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.weight.data)
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.bias.data)
if classname.find('out') != -1:
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.weight.data)
torch.nn.init.orthogonal(m.bias.data)
主函数:加载上文所述各模块，进行网络的训练和预测，并使用F_score来衡量模型在测试集的表现。
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Loading data...")
X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = load_dataset('data/oppChallenge_gestures.data')
assert NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS == X_train.shape[1]
# Sensor data is segmented using a sliding window mechanism
X_train, y_train = opp_sliding_window(X_train, y_train, SLIDING_WINDOW_LENGTH, SLIDING_WINDOW_STEP)
X_test, y_test = opp_sliding_window(X_test, y_test, SLIDING_WINDOW_LENGTH, SLIDING_WINDOW_STEP)
# Data is reshaped
X_train = X_train.reshape((-1, 1, NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS, SLIDING_WINDOW_LENGTH)) # for input to Conv2D
X_test = X_test.reshape((-1, 1, NB_SENSOR_CHANNELS, SLIDING_WINDOW_LENGTH)) # for input to Conv2D
print(" ..after sliding and reshaping, train data: inputs {0}, targets {1}".format(X_train.shape, y_train.shape))
print(" ..after sliding and reshaping, test data : inputs {0}, targets {1}".format(X_test.shape, y_test.shape))
y_train= y_train.reshape(len(y_train),1)
y_test= y_test.reshape(len(y_test),1)
net = Net().cuda()
# optimizer, loss function
optimizer=torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=0.00001)
loss_F=torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# create My Dateset
train_set = subDataset(X_train,y_train)
test_set = subDataset(X_test,y_test)
print(train_set.__len__())
print(test_set.__len__())
trainloader = DataLoader.DataLoader(train_set, batch_size=100,
shuffle=True, num_workers=2)
testloader = DataLoader.DataLoader(test_set, batch_size=9894,
shuffle=False, num_workers=2)
for epoch in range(800): # loop over the dataset multiple times
running_loss = 0.0
for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
# get the inputs
inputs, labels = data
labels = labels.long()
# wrap them in Variable
inputs, labels = Variable(inputs).cuda(), Variable(labels).cuda()
labels = labels.squeeze(1)
# zero the parameter gradients
optimizer.zero_grad()
# forward + backward + optimize
outputs = net(inputs)
loss = loss_F(outputs, labels)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
# print statistics
running_loss += loss.item()
if i % 100 == 99: # print every 2000 mini-batches
print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f' %
(epoch + 1, i + 1, running_loss / 100))
running_loss = 0.0
print('Finished Training')
corret,total = 0,0
for datas,labels in testloader:
datas = datas.cuda()
labels = labels.cuda()
outputs = net(datas)
_,predicted = torch.max(outputs.data,1)
labels = labels.long()
total += labels.size(0)
corret += (predicted == labels.squeeze(1)).sum()
predicted = predicted.cpu().numpy()
labels = labels.cpu().squeeze(1).numpy()
# F_score
import sklearn.metrics as metrics
print("\tTest fscore:\t{:.4f} ".format(metrics.f1_score(labels, predicted, average='weighted')))
实验结果及进一步修正
实验结果
上述代码跑完之后，可以得到的f_score的结果为：0.7564，和文章中展示的最后结果0.915相去甚远。
经测试，发现应该是训练集数据严重不均衡导致：
训练数据样本集共包含了46495个样本，其中类型0的数据就有32348个，所占比例过大。因此会导致网络倾向于将所有数据都判定成0。
数据分布如下：（单位：个）
类型0：32348；类型1：864；类型2：887；类型3：806；类型4：846；类型5：921；类型6：850；类型7：666；类型8：628；类型9：490；类型10：413；类型11：457；类型12：457；类型13：566；类型14：564；类型15：904；类型16：3246；类型17：623
对数据不均衡场景下的处理方法通常有两种：
- 对数据进行下采样或上采样，使各样本数据分布均衡
- 对样本权重进行调整，样本数量少的权重调高，样本数量多的权重调低
对数据进行下采样
import random
x_0 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==0))[0])
x_1 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==1))[0])
x_2 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==2))[0])
x_3 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==3))[0])
x_4 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==4))[0])
x_5 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==5))[0])
x_6 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==6))[0])
x_7 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==7))[0])
x_8 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==8))[0])
x_9 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==9))[0])
x_10 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==10))[0])
x_11 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==11))[0])
x_12 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==12))[0])
x_13 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==13))[0])
x_14 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==14))[0])
x_15 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==15))[0])
x_16 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==16))[0])
x_17 = list(np.array(np.where(y_train==17))[0])
x_0 = random.sample(x_0, 2000)#1600:0.8151 2000:0.8275
x_16 = random.sample(x_16, 800)
Down_sample = x_0+x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6+x_7+x_8+x_9+x_10+x_11+x_12+x_13+x_14+x_15+x_16+x_17
print("Down_sampel_size:",len(Down_sample))
X_train = X_train[Down_sample]
y_train = y_train[Down_sample]
进行下采样后：
当类型0保留1600个样本时，F_score得分为0.8151，当类型0保留2000个样本时，得分为0.8275。
可见，当继续调整训练集样本分布时，可以达到更高的得分，在此就不一一尝试了。
调整样本权重
根据训练集不同类型的样本数量，调整类型的权重。
sample_numbers = [32348,864,887,806,846,921,850,666,628,490,413,457,457,566,564,904,3246,623]
weights = []
for i in sample_numbers:
weights.append(1000.0/i)
weights = torch.from_numpy(np.array(weights)).cuda()
weights = weights.float()
net.apply(weights_init)
# optimizer, loss function
optimizer=torch.optim.RMSprop(net.parameters(), lr=0.000001)
#optimizer=torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=0.000001)
loss_F=torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(weight=weights)
再根据loss 值手动调整学习率，最终的F_score得分为0.8665.
本文标签： 穿戴 LSTM Convolutional deep Networks
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