Essay Linking Words

论文

1)先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next；previously; simultaneously同时地; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；由于，因为；since then；first of all；afterwards后来; following this; preceding先前的 ;originally最初的ultimate最终的，极限的，根本的

2) 因果关系：because；because of this；being that（口语）既然，因为；another important factor／ ； since； as； for； ； owing to由于，通常负面； due to由于； for the ；

in view of鉴于，考虑到 result from归因于the reason seems to be obvious; there are

；for this reason; as a result of this； therefore；...； consequently所以，因此；as a result； thus这样，如此，因而； hence因此； so；； in consequence结果，结果； as a consequence； accordingly因此，于是，相应地; inevitably不可避免地; under these

conditions thereupon因此于是upon迫近

3) 转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of不顾 ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of不顾; ；and yet； but unless. Nonetheless尽管如此

4) 并列关系： and; also；too；as well as；，or...；

5) (补充)递进关系： furthermore此外，而且；moreover而且，此外；further进一步地，此外；In this way ；still； ； ； in addition (to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically更具体地说, next, besides； as is concerned至于; moreover此外；in other words；

along this line of consideration；on (the) 在一方面，on the ； even； as a ；in order to ; meanwhile同时； at the same time； accordingly因此； In the ，in the ;equally important; of even greater appeal.

6) 比较关系： similarly; in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when ; ； likewise同样地，也； similarly important； apart from (doing)...； ... ，by doing so ；both…; in the same way; but (also).

7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding虽然，尽管; rather当然，的确，宁愿，相当; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around；yet; conversely相反的； unlike； opposed to; as opposed to this与不同 ； in contrast (to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this； nevertheless然而，不过，虽然如此; contrary to； whereas但是，鉴于； while；but on the other hand

8) 举例关系:for example； for instance例如； in this case既然假若这样; namely也就是 instance例子实例

换句话说； as you know； you may as／say； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is一个恰当的例子是...; ； in particular尤其特别；；for 首先，；put it simply；stated roughly粗糙地，概略地； as an illustration， I ； a good example (of...)；to detail this，I would ； It is interesting to ；in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something)； as for; as regards； as to； according to; on this occasion.

9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly特别，尤其；moreover(此外)；naturally;

what is more important；in reality事实上； certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；not ；believe it or not；undeniably(无可置疑); other thing being equal；it is certain／；to be strict; to be true；by definition; definitely明确地，肯定地; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不论怎样); without reservation(毫无保留地); obviously, not only.. ),

10) 条件关系: if；unless; lest；provided that；if it is the case；in this sense；；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all; if anything.

11) 归纳总结类： in a word / in sum / in short

in brief / in conclusion / in summary

therefore因此，所以 / hence因此，今后

to sum up / to conclude

the conclusion can be drawn that

for this reason / on the whole

12) 地点关系：beyond; opposite to; adjacent邻近 to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side.

13) 目的关系：with this object无证; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since;

so that; on that account由于。。。缘故; in case万一; with a view to考虑到; for the same reason.

14) 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again.

15) 结果关系：accordingly; thus; consequently(因此); hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; but (); so... as to.

16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时)，following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward后来; after this; subsequently后来; lastly最终; finally; consequently所以，因此; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously同时地; concurrently(同时发生的)

17) 时间关系：at once; immediately; at length终于，最后; in the mean time同时; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden突然; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally偶然地; in a moment; shortly立刻; whereupon于是，因此; previously

Henceforth今后

介词 prep. All of十足

1.在...以前

Only two days remained before the examination.

考前只剩下两天了。

2.(指顺序、重要性等)在...之前,先于

Your name comes before mine.

你的名字在我之前。

Pride comes before a fall.

骄必败。

3.由...考虑中

We will put the matter before the committee.

我将把此事提交委员会考虑。

4.在...前面;在...面前

She said she had never spoken before an audience.

她说她从未在大庭广众讲演过。

状语从句引导词

时间状语从句

when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the

moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when倒装

地点状语从句

常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：Wherever, anywhere, everywhere

原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, 程度

条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the way

From the invaders arrived, breathed our air, ate and drank, they were doomed. They were undone,destroyed,after all of man’s weapons and devices had failed,by the tiniest creatures that God in his wisdom put upon this earth.

By the toll of a billion deaths, man had earned his immunity, his right to survive among this

planet’s infinite无限的 organisms有机体. And that right is ours against all challenges.

For neither do men live nor die in vain.

IN VAIN徒劳，白白

point

point ? ?英音：[p?int] ? ?美音：[p??nt] ?

名词 n.

1.

尖,尖端,尖头[C][(+of)]

Do you have a pencil with a sharper point?

你有尖一点的铅笔吗?

2.

(空间的)一点,处,地方,位置[C]

3.

特点,特征[C]

Dancing is not her strong point.支撑点，据点

她不擅长跳舞。

4.

(时间上的)一点,(特定)时刻;瞬间[C][U]

5.

分数;(比赛等的)得分[C]

In the game we got ten points while the Medical School got only three.

比赛中我们得了十分,而医学院只得了三分。

6.

思想;论点[C]

7.

要点;中心思想[the S]

He missed the whole point of my speech.

他完全没抓住我讲话的要点。

8.

意义;目的;用途[U][(+in/of)]

There is no point in complaining. They can't do anything to help you.

抱怨于事无补;他们没办法帮助你。

9.

【数】点;小数点;标点[C]

10.

一小点,斑点[C][(+of)]

11.

岬[C]cape

12.

(电的)接触点;【英】插座

及物动词 vt.

1.

把...指向,把...对准;瞄准[(+at/towards)]

It's rude to point your fingers at people.

用手指指人是很不礼貌的。

2.

指出[(+out)]

He pointed out that they were mistaken.

他指出他们错了。

3.

强调[(+up)]emphasize动词stress

4.

弄尖,削尖

She pointed the pencil for her sister.

她给妹妹削铅笔。

5.

给...加标点;给...加小数点

不及物动词 vi.

1.

指,指出,指明[(+at/to)]

He pointed at the book he wanted.

他指着他要的那一本书。

2.

指向,对准;朝向[Q][(+to/towards)]

The hands of the clock now pointed to half past three.

这时时针指向三点半。

3.

显示,表明;证明[(+at/to/towards)]

英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for

2. This paper proceeds as follow.

3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed

presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving

possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then

the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;

lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.

2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in

Section 2.

3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks

at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development

of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language

understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy

time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also

discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx

strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on

experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly

in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human

DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must

satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for

the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in

progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are

described.

2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary

for the understanding of subsequent Section

2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae

were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx

analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based

on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.

2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Chapter 0. Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the

measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which

overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to

illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in

achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by

linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1. Introduction

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of ... is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of

directions

concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...

8. A major concern in ... today is to continue

9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient

and effective method has yet to be developed.

12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be

used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing

knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer

aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...

7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is

16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed

procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of

fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring ..methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example,

regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation

as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and

have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies

have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied ... techniques to

37. Characterized the ... system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called ... which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46. Point out that the problem of

47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49. The approach taken by [] is

50. The system developed by [] consists

51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52. []'s model requires

53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54. []'s model

55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

56. The published information that is relevant to

57. This study further shows that

58. Their work is based on the principle of

59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

60. Studies have been completed to established

61. The ...studies indicated that

62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in

analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do

not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require

consideration of multiple aspects.

64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69. An unanswered question

70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

75. There have been many attempts to

76. It is expected to be serious barrier to

77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex