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2023年12月25日发(作者:hammers怎么读)

一、英语词性的分类及用法

词性的分类

词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。

1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你

3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地

5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三

7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在...

前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。

1.名词(表示人或物名称的词)

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 .

专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China, the United

States,等。

普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。 (普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)

普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如: gun

2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如: group

注:(以上两类属于可数名词)

3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如: air

4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如: work

注:(以上两类属于不可数名词)

2.代词(代替名词的词)

代词可以分为下列九类:

1)人称代词:They are my school mates.

2)物主代词:Our friends have great concern for each other.

3)反身代词:Take good care of yourselves.

4)相互代词:We should help each other.

5)指示代词:Who are these people?

6)疑问代词:What are you doing?

7)关系代词:She married Tony Harper, who is a student too.

8)连接代词:Do you know who did it?

9)不定代词:Do you know anything about it?

代词是非常活跃的词,特别是不定代词,比较复杂,我们要熟练掌握。

3.形容词 (修饰名词等,说明事物或人的性质或特征的词)

形容词可分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦

度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot ,good ,wonderful等.

2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid, alone等 .

4.副词(主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子)

说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

1) 时间副词: soon, then, today, tomorrow, afterwards , now, etc.

2) 地点副词: here, there, over, away, along, outside, in the west, etc.

3) 程度副词: very, quite, rather, a little, a bit, much, etc.

4) 方式副词: beautifully, reluctantly, well, happily, hard, etc.

5) 频度副词: often, frequently, always, usually, rarely, etc.

5.动词(动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词)例如:run;work;sleep,等

动词的分类

根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:

We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是实义动词)

We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)

I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)

She was beaten on the way home. (was是助动词)

You needn’t have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)

The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)

实义动词的分类:

1)及物动词与不及物动词

根据后面是否带宾语,实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt. )

后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如:

They study hard. (study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)

I know them well. (know后有宾语them,是及物动词)

注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词.

如:She sings very well. (sing是不及物动词)

She sang an English song just now. (sing是及物动词)

2)延续性动词和非延续性动词

根据动作是否延续,实义动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如:

rain, live, work, learn是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, 是非延续性动词。

注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。

如:[译]他离开这里三天了。

[误]He has left here for three days.

[正]He has been away from here for three days.

[正]He left here three days ago.

6.数词(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。)

一、基数词

基数词写法和读法

二、序数词

序数词的缩写形式:

first—1st second—2nd thirty-first—31st

三、数词的用法

1)倍数表示法

2)分数表示法

7.介词(介词是什么?)

按结构英语介词可分为3类:

1)简单介词(约有70个),如:in, at, on, by, with, for, beside, along, across等。

2)分词介词(约15个)如:during, following, considering, judging, talking等

3)成语介词 (约有500个)如: out of, apart from, because of, by means of等。

按意义英语介词可分为3类:

1)时间介词,如:at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。

2)地点介词, 如:at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside,

3)其它介词,如:by, with, about, except, instead of, due to,

英语介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词,动名词或句子构成介宾结构等.

8.连词 (是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)

连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。

1)并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as,

both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and) then等等。

2)从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等。

二、英语句子成分

概念:句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。

▲句子成分分类

1.主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语

都在句首。如:

1)代词作主语: We work in a big factory.

2)名词作主语: The classroom is very big.

3)数词作主语: Three are enough.

4)不定式作主语:To see is to believe.

5)动名词作主语: Learning English is important.

6)从句作主语: What we need is food.

2.谓语:谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如:

He is very generous.

She looks very smart and cool

We have finished the job.

He can speak German.

3.表语:表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。

1)形容词作表语: You look younger than before.

2)名词作表语: My father is a teacher.

3)副词作表语: Everyone is here.

4)介词短语作表语: They are at the theatre.

5)不定式作表语: My job is to teach them English.

6)动名词作表语: Her job is training the nurses.

7)从句作表语: That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.

注:系动词有:Be动词

感官动词:look,sound, taste, smell, feel, seem, appear等

变化动词:become, get, turn, grow, go等

持续动词:keep, stay, remain等

4.宾语:宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。如:

1)名词作宾语: He never forgives others for their mistakes.

2)代词做宾语: He often helps me.

3)不定式作宾语: He likes to sleep in the open air.

4)动名词作宾语: The Americans enjoyed living in China.

5)从句做宾语: I believe that they can finish the work in time.

▲直接宾语和间接宾语

及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作

是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如:

We brought them some food.

主 谓 间宾 直宾

间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。

5.宾语的补足语:在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:

1)名词作宾补: If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

2)形容词作宾补: Don’t make your hands dirty.

3)介词短语作宾补: Make yourself at home.

4)不定式作宾补: We asked the teacher to explain the question again.

5)现在分词作宾补: The boss kept them working all day.

6)过去分词作宾补: Yesterday he got his leg broken.

6.定语:定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如:

1)形容词作定语: The black bike is mine.

2)代词作定语: What’s your name?

3)名词作定语: They made some paper flowers.

4)介词短语作定语: The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.

5)不定式作定语: I have lots to eat and drink.

6) 动名词做定语: I will tell you my teaching plan.

7)从句作定语: The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.

7.状语:状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如:

1)副词做状语: He did it carefully.

2)介词短语做状语:Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.

3)分词做状语: He sat there smoking.

4)不定式做状语: In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.

5)从句做状语: When I was young, I could swim well.

8. 同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语。如:

This is my friend Harry.

We students should study hard.

9. 独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如:

He's a nice person, to be sure.

Strange to say, he did pass his exam.

三、简单句的基本句型

英语简单句由于所用的主要动词不同(即连系动词、不及物动词和及物动词三种),就产生了不同的句子类型,归纳起来有下列五大类:

1. 主语+系动词+表语

2. 主语+不及物动词

3. 主语+及物动词+宾语

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

1.主语+系动词+表语( S+Link.V+P ),说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份。

You are students.

We are in the classroom.

2.主语+不及物动词 ( S + Vi. )

The sun rises in the east.

The machine works well.

注: 不及物动词不能用于被动语态。

3.主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)

I like my job very much.

Each of you has a dream .

注: 及物动词可用于被动语态。

4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+Oi+Od)

My father gave me a lot of books.

Pass me the salt, please.

注: 常跟双宾语的动词:

bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask, buy, call,

cook, choose, draw,find, sing, save等。

5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(S+Vt+O+C)

We saw him jump into the box.

They painted the walls white.


本文标签: 动词 宾语 名词 形容词 句子