张敏版 科技英语阅读教程 英译汉 中文翻译

Unlocking the Climate Puzzle

解开气候之谜

(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate

had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs

of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.

Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling

their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous

by-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide

(C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air

temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the

trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting

sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.

（1）生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。在这段时间里，气候有大幅波动，从冰河时代到蒸汽时代延续了几千年。每一次改变，各种物种受益和繁荣。其他适应，步履蹒跚，或死亡。现在，许多专家认为，人类正在通过全球变暖危及自己的生态位。在本世纪，文明的气态副产物，以二氧化碳（C0₂）等温室气体的形式，把足够的热量困在大气中，来提高地球表面平均气温半摄氏度（1华氏度）。如果这种趋势继续下去，它可能会改变世界范围内的气候模式—融化冰川，提高海平面，把平原烤成沙漠，以及改变植被区。

(2) Or it might not. Global climate depends on combinations of factors interacting in

subtle and complex ways that we do not yet fully understand. It is possible that the

warming observed during this century may have resulted from natural variations, even

though the increase has been much more rapid than what the planet has witnessed

over the past hundred centuries. Moreover, the supercomputer simulations used to

project future conditions may not be accurate.

（2）或者不可能。全球气候取决于各种因素的组合，这些因素以微妙和复杂的方式相互作用，我们还没有完全了解。这是可能的，在本世纪中观察到的变暖可能是由于自然的变化，即使增加已远远超过这个星球在过去的几百个世纪已经见证过的。此外，用于展现未来条件的超级计算机模拟可能是不准确的。

(3) Nonetheless, in 1995, after years of intense study, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC), sponsored by the United Nations, concluded tentatively that

"the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on

global climate". The amount of that influence, the group noted, is unknown because of

"uncertainties in key factors", including the degree to which clouds and the oceans

affect the rate of temperature change. It may take a decade or more of additional

research to resolve those uncertainties.

（3）然而，由联合国发起的政府间气候变化专门委员会，经过数年集中的研究，在1995年，初步得到了“对照所有证据表明，人类对全球气候有明显的影响”这个结论。该委员会同时提到，由于“关键因素的不确定性”，包括云层和海洋对温度变化率的影响程度，人类对全球气候的影响量是未知的。解决这些不确定因素可能需要十年乃至更长时间的额外研究。

(4) Meanwhile, much is known. And although the specific consequences of human

activity remain ambiguous, our ability to alter the atmosphere is incontestable.

（4）同时，大多是已知的。尽管人类活动的具体后果仍不明确，我们改变大气的能力是不可否认的。

(5) What causes climate change? Weather is what happens outside your home this

morning. Climate is what you can expect to happen outside during your 30-year

mortgage. Over time small changes can make a big difference. Driven by tremendous

flows of heat over the surface of the planet, Earth's climate system is influenced by

innumerable interacting variables.

（5）是什么导致了气候变化？天气是这个早上出现在户外的自然现象。气候是在30年内可以预测的发生在户外的自然现象。随着时间的流逝，微小的变化会造成巨大的影响。由于星球表面上的巨大热流，无数相互作用的变量影响着地球的气候系统。

Solar Input

(6) Having traveled 93 million miles, solar energy hits the upper atmosphere at about

the intensity of three 100-watt bulbs per square yard—one-third of which is reflected

back into space. The rest of the energy warms Earth and fuels its weather engine.

太阳能输入

（6）已经走了9300万英里，太阳能达到高层大气时，每平方的强度大约是3个100瓦灯泡—其中三分之一被反射回太空。其余的能量使地球变暖，并引起天气改变。

The Atmosphere

(7) A delicate balance of gases gives Earth an average temperature of 15℃(59℉).

Greenhouse gases一water vapor, C0₂, methane, nitrous oxide, and others一absorb

heat energy, then re-radiate a portion of it back to the surface.

大气

（7）气体的一种微妙平衡使地球平均温度为15℃（59℉）。温室气体一水汽，C0₂，甲烷，一氧化二氮，和其他气体一吸收热能，然后再辐射一部分返回地面。

The Oceans

(8) Covering 70 percent of Earth's surface, oceans are the chief source of water vapor

in the air. Oceans store heat efficiently and transport it thousands of miles. When

warm water collects in one place, evaporation and cloud buildup may increase.

Marine organisms consume huge amounts of C0₂.

海洋

（8）覆盖地球表面的百分之70，海洋是空气中的水蒸气的主要来源。海洋能有效地储存热能和把它运输数千英里。当温水聚集在一个地方，蒸发和云层积累可能会增加。海洋生物消耗大量的C0₂。

The Water Cycle

(9) Higher air temperatures can mean increased water evaporation and the melting

of sea and land ice. Although water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas,

evaporation also leads to cloud formation, which can have a cooling effect.

水循环

（9）更高的空气温度可以增加水的蒸发和融化海洋和陆地的冰。虽然水蒸气是最有效的温室气体，蒸发也导致云的形成，它可以有一个冷却效果。

Clouds

(10) The role of clouds is poorly understood, but they are known to both cool Earth by

reflecting solar energy and warm Earth by trapping heat being radiated up from the

surface.

云层

（10）人类对云层的作用了解很少，但是知道它们会通过反射太阳能使地面温度下降，且通过储存地表散发的热量使地面温度上升。

Ice and Snow

(11) Bright white expanses of ice and snow reflect sunlight back into space, cooling

the planet. Melting sea ice draws heat from the ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere,

snow cover has decreased about 10 percent in the past 21 years, but no significant

melting of the Antarctic ice sheet has been detected.

冰和雪

（11）广阔区域的明亮白色的冰和雪把阳光反射回太空，使地球冷却。融化的海冰从海洋中吸取热量。在北半球，雪覆盖在过去的21年中减少了约百分之10，但没有明显的南极冰盖的融化已经被检测到。

Land Surface

(12) When solar energy penetrates the land surface, it is converted into heat, most of

which radiates upward quickly. Still, topography and land use can have major effects

on climate. Mountain ranges can block clouds, creating dry "shadows" downwind.

Sloping land allows more water runoff, leaving the land and air drier. A tropical forest

will soak up C0₂，but once cleared for cattle ranching, the same land becomes a

source of methane.

（12）当太阳能渗入地表时，会转化为热能，其中大部分会很快上升散发到空气中。地形和土地使用仍然对气候有主要的影响。在下风口，山脉会挡住云层，形成缺乏雨水的“阴影地”。 坡地让更多的水分流失，使得土地和空气更加干燥。热带森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是一旦允许牲畜农场经营，这块土地将会产生大量的甲烷。

Human Influences

(13) Adding to the mix of greenhouse gases naturally present in the atmosphere,

human activities magnify warming effects. Fuel combustion is the chief cause of

rising C0₂ concentrations. Ranching, rice farming, and landfills have raised methane

levels. Aerosols, such as smoke and sulfates from industry, reflect sunlight and have

temporary, localized cooling effects.

人类的影响

（13）增加在大气中自然存在的温室气体的混合，人类活动放大变暖的影响。燃料燃烧是C0₂浓度上升的一个主要原因。牧场，水稻种植，和垃圾填埋场已经提高甲烷的程度。悬浮颗粒，如来自工业的烟尘和硫酸盐，能反射阳光，有暂时的、局部的冷却效果。

(14) If C0₂ emission increases are to blame for global warming, skeptics say, then

temperatures should have risen appreciably during the postwar economic boom, when

fossil fuels were burned in escalating quantity. Jerry Mahlman, director of NOAA's

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton, however, has calculated that

the surge in coal and oil use quickly increased the amount of sulfates aloft, prompting

the cooling. After 1970 the longer term effect of C0₂ and methane overwhelmed the

short-lived aerosols, accounting for the temperature rise since then.

（14）质疑者们说，如果CO2的增加应该对全球变暖负责，那么在战后经济繁荣期间化石燃料被越来越多的燃烧时，温度应该很明显的增加。不管怎样，Jerry

Mahlman，美国国家海洋和大气局位于普林斯顿关于地球物理流体动力学实验室的主任，曾计算过煤和油的使用量的激增会迅速增加空气中大量的硫酸盐，并促进它们冷却。 从1970年后， CO2和甲烷覆盖了短期效应的气溶胶从而带来的长期效应，导致了温度的上升。

(15) An enhanced greenhouse effect may not necessarily be catastrophic. Indeed, it

might be good news for some farmers. High concentrations of C0₂ can have a

fertilizing effect on plants, which is why some commercial greenhouses use an

artificial indoor atmosphere containing C0₂ at about three times the level outside.

Because plants use photosynthesis to turn C0₂ into living tissue, more vegetation also

might mean more C0₂ scavenged from the atmosphere, perhaps slowing global

warming.

（15）增强的温室效应可能不一定是灾难性的。事实上，这对一些农民来说可能是好消息。高浓度C0₂对植物可以有施肥的效果，这就是为什么有些商业温室使用C0₂浓度约为室外三倍水平的人工室内空气。由于植物利用光合作用将C0₂转换为细胞组织，更多的植被也可能意味着更多来自于大气的C0₂被清除，可能减缓全球变暖。

(16) Furthermore, higher temperatures might be most welcome where they are most

likely to occur. Since 1900, the greatest warming has been observed between 40

degrees and 70 degrees north latitude-including Europe, Russia, and the northern half

of the U.S.—where much of the world's industrial greenhouse gas emissions originate.

Most of the warming has taken place at night-presumably because increased cloud

cover shades the land by day and traps outgoing heat at night. The growing season in

the northern U.S. has lengthened by about a week.

（16）此外，高温在最可能发生的地方也许会最受欢迎。从1990年开始，在人们北纬40°—70°之间观察最主要的温室变化。包括欧洲、俄罗斯和美国北部半数地区，这些地区是世界上工业温室气体主要的排放地。大多数的温室变化是发生在晚上的，大概是因为在白天增加的阴云遮住了大地并且晚上高温的散发受到了限制。在美国北部植物的增长期被延长了差不多一周左右。

(17) Some scientists argue that hasty measures are pointless: Any appreciable

alterations in climate, they say, are likely to be gradual enough that we will be able to

adapt. And even if all greenhouse gas emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet almost

certainly would continue to warm for several decades because of the gases' long

atmospheric lifetime.

（17）一些科学家认为，草率的措施是毫无意义的：他们说，任何可预见的气候变化，有可能是渐进的，我们将能够适应。即使所有的温室气体在明天都停止排放，地球几乎肯定会继续温暖几十年，因为气体的长的大气寿命。

(18) On the other hand, there is evidence that some kinds of events could change

climate radically in the span of decades. Perhaps the most feared is an abrupt collapse

in the huge Atlantic "conveyor belt" system that brings warm water north from the

equator, keeping Europe several degrees warmer than it would otherwise be.

Evaporation of this incoming flow leaves the belt with a higher salt content than the

rest of the North Atlantic, which is fed by substantial freshwater runoff from

continental watersheds. The belt cools and becomes denser as it approaches

Greenland, where it sinks. It then travels far below the surface in a south-moving

return flow.

（18）从另一方面说，有证据表明一些事件会在数十年的时间内从根本上改变气候。也许人们大多数的担忧是巨大的大西洋“传送带”会发生一种突然的崩溃。这个“传送带”从赤道北部带来了温暖的水，使它比原来的温度高几度。这种流入水的消失会使“传送带”变得比北大西洋其它地区的盐度都高，北大西洋其它的地区存储着大量从陆地流域流入的淡水。 这个“传送带”中的水在接近格陵兰岛时会变得冰冷而且稠密，在那里它下沉了。然后它随着向南流动的回流表层下部远去。

(19) But what if human-induced global warming altered the delicate temperature

difference between the flows and at the same time caused increased rainfall over the

oceans, diluting the salinity of the northward flow? The whole Atlantic conveyor belt

could simply shut down, as ocean-sediment evidence suggests it has several times in

the past. The effect would be locally disastrous. By one estimate, Ireland would have

about the same temperature as present-day Spitsbergen, which is hundreds of miles

above the Arctic Circle. Much of northern Europe would be largely uninhabitable.

（19）但是人类引起的全球变暖改变了水流之间的微妙的温度差，同时在海洋上引起的降雨量增加，稀释北上水流的盐度又怎样？整个大西洋输送带可以简单地关闭，因为海洋沉积物的证据表明，它在过去发生过好几次。影响会是局部灾难性的。根据一个预测，爱尔兰将会和现在位于北极圈数百英里以上的斯匹次卑尔根有大约相同的温度。欧洲北部的大部分将不适合居住。

(20) No one knows for certain whether such things will happen. Beyond that the

specific human effect on climate change will remain hauntingly indefinite until our

knowledge increases and the models improve.

（20）没人确信这些事情是不是真的会发生。除了对气候做出特别的人为影响，

这种不确定性将会一直萦绕人们的心头直到我们的知识增加和理论提高。

The Greenhouse Effect

温室效应

(l)The air we breathe keeps us alive in more ways than one. Without our

atmosphere, average global temperature would be about minus 18℃ (minus

0.4℉) instead of the present 15℃ (59℉). All the incoming sunlight, with

energy equivalent to about three 100-watt light bulbs per square yard,

would strike Earth's surface, causing it to emit infrared waves like a

giant radiator. That heat would simply travel unimpeded back out into the

void.

（l）我们呼吸的空气不止从一个方面确保我们活着。没有大气层，全球平均温度大约是零下18℃（零下0.4℉），而不是现在的15℃（59℉）。所有入射的太阳光，每平方码的能量相当于3个100瓦的灯泡，会撞击地球表面，使它像一个巨大的散热器一样发射出红外波。这种热将简单地传播，无阻碍地返回到虚空中去。

(2) Because of the atmosphere, however, only a fraction of that heat makes

it directly back into space. The rest is trapped in the lower air layers,

which contain a number of gases一water vapor, C0₂, methane, and others—that absorb the outgoing infrared radiation. As those gases heat up,

some of their warmth radiates back down to the surface. The entire process

is called the greenhouse effect, and most of it is caused by the

predominant greenhouse gas, water vapor·

（2）然而，由于大气，只有一小部分的热量，使它直接回到太空。剩下的热量被困在低层大气中，其中含有一些气体—水汽，C0₂，甲烷和其他气体—吸收外面的红外辐射。由于这些气体加热，它们的一些温暖辐射回地面。整个过程被称为温室效应，大部分是由主要的温室气体，水蒸气引起的。

(3) With increased heating, more water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and

soils. Because a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapor, this creates

a powerful feedback loop: the hotter it gets, the higher the water vapor

content of the air, and thus the greater the greenhouse warming.

（3）因为热量增加，更多的水从海洋、湖泊和土壤中蒸发掉。由于一个温暖的大气可以容纳更多的水蒸气，这创造了一个强大的反馈回路：它得到的热量越多，空气中水蒸气含量越高，从而温室变暖越严重。

(4) Human beings have little direct control over the volume of water in

the atmosphere. But we produce other greenhouse gases that intensify the

effect. The IPCC estimates that rising C0₂ emissions, mostly from burning

fossil fuels, account for about 60 percent of the warming observed since

1850. Carbon dioxide concentration has been increasing about 0.3 percent

higher than it was before the industrial revolution. If current rates

continue, it will rise to at least twice pre-industrial levels by about

2060-and by the end of the century could be four times as high. That is

particularly worrisome because C0₂ has a lifetime of more than a hundred

years in the atmosphere, compared with eight days for water vapor.

（4）人类对大气中的水的体积几乎没有直接的控制权。但我们生产的其他温室气体可以加剧影响。IPCC估计， C0₂排放上升，大部分来自化石燃料的燃烧，占据了自1850年开始观察的气候变暖的60%。二氧化碳浓度比工业革命之前持续增加了约0.3%。如果目前的速度持续下去，到2060左右至少会上升到工业化前水平的两倍—到本世纪末，可能高达四倍。这是特别令人担忧的，因为与水蒸气的八天寿命相比，C0₂在大气中的寿命超过一百年。

(5) Pushing their way through emerging cities like Barakar, India,

automobiles carry unwanted cargo一C0₂ emissions. Since the late 1700s,

the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities have increased

atmospheric C0₂ concentrations more than 30 percent. While the amount

added to the air by humans, roughly 7 billion metric tons a year, is a

tiny fraction of the total held by the atmosphere-750 billion tons-and

an even smaller figure compared with that held in the oceans—about 35

trillion tons—it remains a significant amount. The reason: Natural

processes are in balance, drawing about as much C0₂ from the air as they

deposit. Human activity, however, only adds C0₂.

（5）通过印度Barakar这样的新兴城市推动它们的方式，利用汽车运载无用的货物—C0₂排放。自18世纪晚期，化石燃料和其他人类活动燃烧使大气C0₂浓度超过30%。

然而人类向空气中每年大约增加70亿吨量的C0₂，是大气C0₂总容量的一小部分的—750亿吨—与海洋中的容量相比是一个更小的数字—大约35兆吨—它仍然是一个重要的数量。原因是：自然过程是平衡的，空气吸收的C0₂和它们存储的差不多从。然而人类活动，只是增加C0₂容量。

(6) Much remains to be learned about Earth's carbon cycle and the role

of the oceans as a "sink" for CO2. Despite such uncertainties, the computer

programs used to model Earth's climate are improving rapidly. Current

models do well in simulating seasonal variations and climate over

thousands of years, leading most scientists to take their overall

projections seriously.

（6）地球的碳循环和海洋汇集CO2作用还有许多有待了解。不管有这些不确定性，用于模拟地球气候的计算机程序正在迅速改善。目前的模型很好地模拟了几千年的季节性变化和气候，导致大多数科学家认真地接受他们的全部预测。

(7) Methane, the principal ingredient of natural gas, has caused an

estimated 15 percent of the warming in modem times. Generated by bacteria

in rice fields, decomposing garbage, cattle ranching, and fossil fuel

production, methane persists in the atmosphere for nearly a decade and

is now about 2.5 times as prevalent as it was in the 18th century. Other

major greenhouse gases include nitrous oxide-produced by both agriculture

and industry-and various solvents and refrigerants like

chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are now banned by international

treaty because of their damaging effect on Earth's protective ozone layer.

（7）甲烷是天然气的主要成分，在现代已造成约15%的气候变暖。在稻田细菌，分解垃圾，养牛，和化石燃料生产的过程中产生，甲烷在大气中持续了将近十年，现在是在第十八世纪普遍存在的2.5倍。其他主要的温室气体包括NO—在农业和工业中产生—各种溶剂和制冷剂如氯氟烃，或者CFCs，现在已经被国际条约禁止，因为它们会破坏保护地球的臭氧层。

(8) The relentless accumulation of greenhouse gases has led the IPCC to

project that in the next hundred years global average temperatures will

rise by 1 to 3.5 degrees C. That may not seem like much. Yet the "little

ice age", an anomalous cold snap that peaked from 1570 to 1730 and forced

European farmers to abandon their fields, was caused by a change of only

half a degree C.

(8)温室气体的不断积累，令IPCC预测在下一个百年全球平均气温将上升1到3.5℃。看起来可能不太多。然而，“小冰河时代”，一个异常寒冷的瞬间，使最高温度从1570变为1730，并迫使欧洲农民放弃他们的田地，只是由一个半度的变化引起的。

(9) But how credible are current projections? The computer models used

to project greenhouse effects far into the future are still being improved

to accommodate a rapidly growing font of knowledge. And it is remarkably

difficult to detect a definitive "signature" of human activity in the

world's widely fluctuating climate record.

（9）但目前的预测有多可信？用于预测遥远将来温室效应的计算机模型仍在改进，以适应快速增长的知识。而且世界上广泛波动的气候记录很难检测到一个明确的人类活动的“签名”。

Toyota’s Story in Europe

丰田汽车在欧洲

(1) It’s Monday afternoon inside Toyota Motor Corp.’s Valenciennes

plant northern France, where workers turn and bend over the assembly line

to meet demanding hourly production target. Red neon numbers mounted high

above the river of moving cars blink steadily, comparing the rate of

completed autos with the company’s goal. Demand for the Yairs subcompacts

this pristine plant cranks out is outstripping the 920-per-day output.

So Valenciennes has hired 500 more workers and this month is adding a third

shift foR round-the-clock production—a first in Toyota manufacturing

history. “We produce a car every minute. That’s the maximum. The

solution is to try three shifts,” says Didier Leory, senior

vice-president of Toyota MotoR Manufacturing, France.”

（1）一个周一的下午，丰田汽车制造公司旗下位于法国北部的瓦朗西安工厂内，工人们为达到每小时的生产目标，熟练且有条不紊的在装配线上忙碌着。在汽车生产流水线上方，红色霓虹灯数字持续地闪烁着，表示与公司目标对比下的汽车生产率稳步增长。对于这个新工厂迅速出产的丰田威姿微型汽车，公司要求日产量超过920辆。因此，瓦朗西安工厂雇佣了500多个工人，并且这个月实行三轮班制度不分昼夜地生产，这在丰田汽车制造史上尚属首次。法国丰田制造公司的高级副总裁Didier Leroy说“我们每一分钟就能生产出一辆汽车，这已经是最大限度了，相应的解决方案就是尝试三轮班制度。”

(2)Toyota, a marginal player in Europe, is becoming a fearsome market

force as it applies itself to winning a bigger share of the Old World’s

roadways. Sales in Europe rose 20.6% in the first four months of this year,

following a 10.4 % leap in 2003, to 835,000 cars. Those gains, fueled

partly by the redesigned Yaris, pushed Toyota’s market share in Western

Europe to 5.3% in April, up from 4.5% a year ago, overtaking Mercedes and

Audi and ending close to Italy’s Fiat. “Every point Toyota gains is

hurting the others badly,” says Peter Soliman, partner at Booz Allen

Hamilton’s Disseldorf office.

（2）在欧洲并不起眼的丰田汽车，随着其在东半球公路市场赢得了更大的份额，

正在成为一股不容小觑的市场竞争力量。今年前四个月，丰田汽车在欧洲的销量上升了20.6%，紧接着在2003年销量又提高了10.4%，销售达到835000辆汽车。重新设计的丰田威姿汽车在一定程度上促进了这些成绩的取得，推动丰田汽车四月份在西欧的市场份额从去年的4.5%上升到今年的5.3%，其份额超过了梅塞迪斯汽车和奥迪汽车，并逐渐接近意大利的菲亚特汽车。“丰田的每一点收益都在严重打击着其他对手，” 博思艾伦咨询公司合伙人彼得·苏莱曼说。

(3) Toyota is determined to snare even bigger gains in Europe. Its goal

is to up its market share there to 8% by 2010. The world’s No. 2 auto

maker spent the 1990s slowly acquiring a hefty 11% chunk of the $457

billion U.S. auto market. Industry experts say the Japanese giant has a

good shot at becoming one of the leading auto brands in Europe and could

well exceed its 8% target. “They are producing cars European really

want,” says Garel Rhys, professor of automotive economics at the Cardiff

Business School in Wales. “Toyota will become a major competitive threat

in Europe now.”

（3）丰田决心在欧洲获得更大的收益。它的目标是到2010把它的市场份额上升到8%。世界第二大汽车制造商在20世纪90年代缓慢地从4570亿美元的美国汽车市场中获得11%的份额。业内专家说，日本巨人有一个很好的机会成为欧洲领先的汽车品牌之一，并可能超过其8%的目标。盖瑞尔·里斯说，“他们生产欧洲人真正想要的汽车”，他是威尔士卡迪夫商学院的汽车经济学教授。“丰田将成为欧洲的主要竞争威胁。”

(4) Soaring sales are also helping Toyota’s bottom line. European

revenues rose 35.3% in 2003, to $19.5 billion. Operating profit rose

nearly ninefold, to $654 million. Behind the sales surge are investments

in local design and production—a strategy Toyota has followed with

success in the U.S. Half the Toyotas sold in Europe are built at factories

in Britain, France, and Turkey. In 2005, when a joint-venture plant with

PSA Peugeot Citroen starts operations, Toyota’s local production will

rise to 60%, nearly matching the level of local production in the U.S.

By 2010 the company aims to sell 1.2 million cars in Europe, maching the

scales levels of Peugeot and Ford Motor Co. brands. “Toyota’s success

are real. People are taking serious notice, but no one has a good plan

to combat it,” says Booz Allan’s Soliman.

（4）飙升的销量也有助于丰田的底线。欧洲的收入在2003上升35.3%，达到195亿美元。营业利润增长近9倍，达到6亿5400万美元。销售潮的背后是对当地设计和生产的投资—丰田在美国占据欧洲一半销售额的一个成功战略是建立在英国，法国和土耳其的工厂里。在2005年，当合资工厂以及标致雪铁龙开始行动，丰田在本地的产量上升至60%，接近美国在本地的产量。公司的目标是到2010年在欧洲出售1.2万辆汽车，接近标致雪铁龙和福特汽车公司的规模。“丰田的成功是真实的。人们正认真关注，但没有一个有好的计划抗衡它”， Booz Allan'

s Soliman说。

(5) Thanks to its new design studio in southern France, near Nice,

Toyota’s recent models look distinctly Mediterranean. Its whimsical

Yaris, which starts at $12,000, exudes Latin flair with its cute snout

and peppy stance. “The first good result to come out of our effort was

the Yaris,” says Toyota Motor Europe CEO Shulei Toyoda, one of the

founding family scions. Toyota’s new compact minivan, the Corola Verso,

at $25,000, matches the avant-garde styling pioneered by French and German

rivals. Once-blah interiors sport higher-quality fabrics, dashboards,

and knobs, while clean diesel engines are helping to power sales.

（5）多亏了丰田公司在法国南部靠近尼斯的新设计室，丰田最近的模型看起来明显的具有地中海风格。丰田旗下起步价12000美元的威姿，其可爱的车头和活泼的车型散发着拉丁风格。“我们努力换来的第一个好成果是威姿，”丰田汽车欧洲创始家族的成员、丰田首席执行官徐雷说。丰田的新型简约小型货车花冠微型面包车，售价25000美元，可以与竞争对手法国和德国开创的前卫造型相匹敌。单调的内部高品质面料、仪表盘和旋钮，以及清洁柴油发动机有助于汽车的销售。

(6) European auto makers have more to fear from Toyota than a handful of

hot models. While the Japanese powerhouse was figuring out how to build

cars attractive to Europeans, it was also bearing down on costs to wield

the efficiency needed to prevail in one of the world’s lowest-margin auto

markets. Toyota’s management asked engineers to propose an innovative,

cost-saving design for the Valencienne facility. The result, a compact,

star-shaped factory, was a first at Toyota. It features a production area

with limited space to store parts or components. The 21/2 hours’ worth

of inventory on hand is lower than at any other Toyota factory in the world.

“Some Toyota engineers said this plant could not work,” recalls Lerroy,

“They said if we had any problem, it would stop the lines.

（6）相比其它少数热销车型，欧洲汽车制造商更担心丰田汽车。日本公司在解决怎样制造吸引欧洲人的汽车的同时，也在满足使用率的条件下削减成本，以便于在世界低赢利的汽车市场中占有一席之地。丰田汽车公司的管理人员要求工程师们为瓦朗西安的设备？提出一个既创新又节约成本的设计方案。最终，一个紧凑的星形工厂首次在丰田公司诞生。这个工厂的特征是，其生产区域存放零件和组件的空间有限。这个工厂两个半小时的存货价值比世界上其他丰田汽车工厂都低。雷洛伊回忆：“一些丰田公司的工程师说这些工厂不会运作起来，他们说如果我们出现任何问题，都会使生产线停止生产。”

(7) The daring design was a hit. By putting every production process under

one roof—from press machinery to welding, painting, assembly, and final

quality checks—Toyota cut the overall investment required for the plant

by 40 %, to $732 million. The thin inventory levels act as a warning when

things go wrong, since backlogs or rapidly depleted stacks of components

are immediately noticeable. Over three years, Valenciennes’s so-called

“lean design” has proven so successful that Toyota is basing its new

joint-venture (with PSA Peugeot Citroen) on it. Dozens of Czech workers

have been trained in France, preparing for next year’s ramp-up on Kolin,

near Prague.

（7）大胆的设计是一个打击。通过把每一个生产过程放在同一个屋檐下—从机械压制到焊接，绘画，装配，和最终质量检查—丰田把工厂所需的总投资削减了40%，至7亿3200万美元。因为积压或迅速消耗成堆的零件是显而易见的，当事情出错时，稀少的库存水平作为一个警告。在过去的三年中，瓦朗谢讷的所谓“精益设计”已被证明非常成功，丰田是建立在新的合资（与标致雪铁龙）基础上的。捷克数十名工人已在法国接受培训，为了在布拉格附近的科林为下一年量产做准备。

(8) The design of the French plant is just one example of how Toyota is

quietly but relentlessly increasing the standard of efficiency in Europe.

European auto makers such as Fiat, Adam Opel, and Ford, which can never

seem to get out of the red, will feel the squeeze.

（8）法国工厂的设计只是丰田在欧洲如何悄悄地并无情地提高效率标准的一个例子。欧洲的汽车制造商，如菲亚特，亚当欧宝和福特，这些似乎永远不会离开赤字，将会感觉到压力。

(9) One challenge still facing Toyota is burnishing its brand. Although

the Japanese giant regularly ranks first in a variety of quality surveys

across Europe, consumers don’t perceive Toyota as the quality leader.

“That’s our No. 1 headache,’ says Toyota. But as Europeans see more

Toyota on the street, opinions are changing. “The people I know who have

once told me they were great and that they never had any problem even after

two years,” says Farhat Daouadi, a 49-year-old Parisian taxi driver who

recently turned in his Renault for a blue Toyota Avensis Verso diesel

minivan.

（9）丰田仍然面临的一个挑战是塑造自身品牌。虽然日本巨头定期在欧洲的各种质量调查中排名第一，但消费者不认为丰田是质量领先者。“这是我们的1号头痛问题，”丰田说。但随着欧洲人在街上看到更多的丰田，观点也在变化。“我认识的人曾经告诉我，丰田车是很好的，即使两年后丰田车也从来没有任何问题，Farhat Daouadi说，他是一个49岁的巴黎出租车司机，最近把他的雷诺汽车换成蓝色丰田Avensis Verso柴油货车。

(10) No doubt, European car makers will give Toyota a tough battle for

every inch of ground. Twenty years ago, many European auto executives

trooped to Japan to learn how to bolster quality and productivity, says

Petro Nueno, professor at International Graduate School of Management on

Barcelona. “Now they will have to run faster.” Peugeot’s factories

already operate three shifts, and Volkswagen’s Spanish unit SEAT

recently won more flexible labor conditions from its normally

intransigent unions. “There’s going to be a reaction. It will be good

for the automotive industry here,” says Neuno. But the gain won’t come

without pain.

（10）毫无疑问，欧洲的汽车制造商将在每一寸土地上给丰田一场艰苦的战斗。二十年前，许多欧洲汽车业高管们去日本学习如何提高质量和生产力，巴塞罗那的国际管理研究生院教授Petro Nueno说：“现在他们将会跑得更快。”标致的工厂已经运行三班倒，大众的西班牙单位最近从通常不妥协的工会获得更灵活的劳动条件。“将有一个反应。它对这里的汽车行业有好处”，Nueno说。但是收获不

会没有付出。

Why Diesel一powered Cars Are In and Electric Cars Are Out?

为什么柴油车而不是电动车变得时髦起来？

(1) Strange as it may seem, diesel is staking a claim to be the

environmentally friendly fuel of the future.

（1）尽管听起来很奇怪，柴油将代表着未来的环保燃料。

(2) For car makers, at least, being smaller certainly seems more beautiful.

At the recent Paris Motor Show they vied with each other to show small,

economical cars, such as the tiny Volkswagen Lupo and the Toyota Yaris.

The Lupo is billed as the world's first three-liter car一the number

referring not to the size of its engine, but to its meagre thirst. It is

the first car capable of traveling 100 kilometers on three liters of fuel,

or about 90 miles to the gallon.

（2）对于汽车制造商而言，汽车越小，似乎就越好。在最近的巴黎车展上，制造商们争相展示小而经济的汽车，比如微型大众卢坡和丰田的YARIS。LUPO已经成为世界上第一个“三升”汽车-这个“三升”不是指发动机的排放量，而是指它极低的耗油量。LUPO是首款能够行驶100公里而只耗油3升，也就是大约行驶90英里只耗油1加仑的汽车。

(3) What makes this possible is a new kind of turbo-charged direct

injection (TDI) diesel engine. The same technology, which has already

appeared in a BMW, is also hitting the road in a Mercedes, an Alfa Romeo,

and in cars from Volkswagen, Rover, Peugeot and CitroEn. Soon it will be

common to all manufacturers' models as an engine option. Suddenly, diesel

is cool.

（3）是一个新的涡轮增压直喷柴油发动机使这成为可能。相同的技术，它已经出现在宝马汽车上，也将要出现在是奔驰，阿尔法罗密欧，大众，罗孚，标致雪铁龙汽车上。很快，作为所有制造商的模型的一个引擎选项，这将是普遍的。突然，柴油很受欢迎。

(4) Behind this unlikely turn of events is a new generation of

electronically controlled, high pressure fuel-injection systems combined

with new "common-rail" technology. This promises to make diesel as quiet

and smooth as petrol, while offering much greater fuel economy. It is also

cleaner. After years as the poor, filthy relation to petrol engines,

diesel has cleaned itself up. Why now?

（4）在这种不太可能的形式变化的背后，是新一代电控，高压燃油喷射系统与新高压共轨技术的结合。这种结合将使柴油使用如汽油一样安静顺畅，同时提供了更高的燃油经济性。同时柴油更加清洁。数年后，当汽油发动机变脏，性能变弱时，柴油发动机已经完成了自我清洁。为什么柴油发动机在现在变得时髦起来了呢？

(5) The short answer is that diesel represents the industry's best hope

of cutting carbon dioxide emissions. That means that diesel best fits in

with the car makers' medium-term thinking about their industry.

（5）简短的答案是，柴油代表了行业内关于削减二氧化碳排放量的最高希望。这意味着，柴油最适合汽车制造商关于他们行业的中期考虑。

(6) America, Japan and Europe are imposing ever-tighter rules to cut air

pollution from cars. Battery electric vehicles have been dismissed as a

colossal flop, so hybrid-electric vehicles, which use an

internal-combustion engine for long journeys and an electric motor in town,

will be a stop-gap to cut pollution and comply with laws limiting vehicle

emissions. Then, from about 2007, environmentally friendly cars powered

by fuel cells will begin to make an appearance. Eventually these vehicles,

which will be able to run on hydrogen extracted from conventional

hydrocarbon fuel, are expected to displace petrol and diesel vehicles.

（6）美国，日本，欧洲都正倾向于实施规则来减少由于汽车造成的空气污染。纯电动汽车作为一个巨大的失败品，已经逐渐消失，因此，一种使用针对长途旅行使用内燃机引擎和针对城市使用电动发动机的混合动力电动汽车将会是一个减少污染和满足汽车尾气排放规定的权宜之计。当然，从2007年开始，由燃料电池供能的环境友好型汽车将会开始出现。最终这些汽车被期望去取代汽油和柴油汽车，这些汽车能够通过从传统的混合燃料中提取氢来供能运行。

(7) In the meantime, before hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles materialise,

the conventional wisdom had been that ever-more refined petrol engines

would dominate, better catalysts would clean up exhaust emissions; more

precise fuel injection would make engines cleaner and more economical.

（7）在混合动力和燃料电池汽车突然出现之前的那段时间，传统智能车已经占据了市场的主导地位，通过更多的精确控制汽油发动机，智能车能用更好的催化剂来清理尾气排放量；更多的严格控制汽油注入使得能量更清洁而且更经济。

(8) But now that politicians and the green lobby are getting more worked

up about emissions of global-warming gases, European car makers are

terrified that regulations will be brought in to limit carbon dioxide

emissions from cars，in the same way that toxic gases such as carbon

monoxide or nitrogen oxides are subject to ever-falling statutory limits.

This week the EU approved a voluntary deal with car makers to reduce

carbon-dioxide emissions by a quarter. The easiest way to achieve changes

like this will be to switch to diesel.

（8）但现在，政界人士和环保人士越来越担心全球温室气体的排放量，欧洲汽车制造商担心，条例将限制汽车的二氧化碳排放，以相同的方式，有毒气体，如一氧化碳或一氧化氮受到不断下降的法定限制。本周，欧盟与汽车制造商批准了一项自愿协议，以减少四分之一的二氧化碳排放量。最简单的方式来实现这样的变化，就是转换到柴油。

(9) That is because diesel engines are, typically, 30% more

fuel-efficient than petrol engines. Since they burn less fuel, diesel

engines produce less carbon dioxide. On the other hand, they can be noisy,

smelly and polluting in other ways. In particular, they produce nitrogen

oxides and particulates-tiny bits of hydrocarbon soot, the result of

incomplete combustion. The clever thing about common-rail technology is

that, by improving combustion, it dramatically reduces the level of both

emissions and noise.

（9）这是因为柴油发动机通常比汽油发动机高30%的燃油效率。由于他们燃烧的燃料少，柴油机产生更少的二氧化碳。另一方面，它们有噪声，有异味和其他方式的污染。特别是，它们产生的氮氧化物和微粒—少量的碳氢化合物颗粒，是不完全燃烧的结果。关于共轨技术的聪明之处在于，通过改进燃烧，它大大降低了排放和噪音的水平。

(10) Conventional fuel injection in a diesel engine involves a pump driven

via a camshaft from the engine. The pump compresses the diesel, which is

then squirted into each cylinder in turn. But because the pump is driven

by the engine, the injection pressure rises and falls along with the engine

speed. This is inefficient, because the fuel is not always injected at

the optimal pressure.

（10）柴油机的常规燃油喷射涉及一个由发动机凸轮轴驱动的泵。泵将柴油压缩，然后喷射到每个转动的气缸内。但由于泵是由发动机驱动的，喷油压力随着发动机的转速升高而下降。这是低效的，因为燃料并不总是在最佳压力下注入。

(11) The common-rail system, in contrast, is more sophisticated, working

with much higher pressure and more precise control of the fuel flow. It

has a continuously running high-pressure pump that sends fuel into a

pipeline running along the top of the engine (hence the term common-rail)

at up to 1,400 times atmospheric pressure. Because the pump is not driven

by the engine, the injection pressure can be optimized irrespective of

the engine speed.

（11）相比之下，共轨系统更为复杂，工作压力更大，更加精确地控制燃料流量。

它有一个连续运行的高压泵，在高达1400倍的大气压力将燃料输送到一个沿着发动机顶部（因此术语共轨）运行的管道里。由于泵不由发动机驱动，因此可以不考虑发动机的转速而优化喷射压力。

(12) In addition, computer control of the fuel injection makes it possible

to make several small 'pilot' injections, achieving precise control over

the combustion process. According to Steve Whelan of Ricardo, a

consultancy that develops engine technology, this improves fuel

efficiency, reduces the level of partial combustion products, and makes

the engine much quieter.

（12）此外，电脑控制燃料喷射使做几个小的“试点”注射成为可能，从而在燃烧过程中实现精确的控制。根据Ricardo的Steve Whelan，一个开发发动机技术的顾问，这样可以提高燃料效率，降低部分燃烧产物的水平，并使发动机更安静。

(13) Ricardo engineers have developed additional technology that

complements common-rail technology by optimising the way air swirls as

it enters the combustion chamber through two separate inlet valves. This

approach lies at the heart of a new diesel engine from GM Opel, known as

Ecotec, which (unusually for diesel) has four valves per cylinder. In

future, an increasing number of diesel cars are likely to sport "16V" or

"20V" badges as this kind of multi-valve system becomes commonplace. Many

manufacturers are also turbo-charging diesels to increase air flow and

further improve efficiency.

（13）里卡多引擎已经发展了额外的技术，它能弥补共轨技术通过充分利用空气涡流的轨迹当它从两个独立的进给阀进入燃料室的时候。这种技术是GM Opel新柴油发动机的核心部分，在Ecotec领域非常著名。在未来，越来越多的柴油汽车将携带“16V”或者“20V”徽章由于多气门系统的使用而变得非常普遍。大量的制造商采用涡轮增压柴油机去增加空气输入和更好的提高效率。

(14)Yet another refinement, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), is being

adopted as a way of cutting the amount of nitrogen oxide produced by diesel

engines. By selectively passing up to half the exhaust gas back through

the engine, the amount of oxygen available for combustion can be reduced.

This forces the engine to operate at lower combustion temperatures,

reducing the quantity of nitro-gen-oxide produced.

（14）另一种改进，采用废气再循环（EGR）系统，用来减少柴油发动机产生的氮氧化物的产量。通过选择性地放弃一半废气返回发动机，可以减少用于燃烧的氧气的数量。这样迫使发动机在较低的燃烧温度下工作，减少了氮氧化物产生的数量。

(15) There is, however, a fly in the ointment. While EGR can reduce the

output of nitrogen oxide, it can have the unwelcome side-effect of

increasing the level of particulates. The trouble is that other methods

of reducing nitrogen-oxide emissions depend on catalysts that react very

badly to sulphur: it wears them out.

（15）然而，美中不足的是，废气循环系统减少氮氧化物输出的同时，它可以带来不良副作用，就是增加微粒的数量。麻烦在于是，其他减少氮氧化物排放的方法依赖于对硫反应非常差的催化剂：它却把它们带出来。

(16) That is why, launching his new little Toyota Yaris in Paris, Shoichiro

Toyoda, the chairman of Toyota, called for the oil companies to reduce

the amount of sulphur in European fuels to the levels that are common in

Japan. The oil companies are, unsurprisingly, reluctant to spend billions

rebuilding refineries to do this, especially when low oil prices are

hitting them hard. But the coming craze for diesel means that, sooner or

later, they may have to dig into their pockets and comply.

（16）这就是为什么在巴黎推出他的新的小丰田雅力士，丰田董事长丰田章一郎呼吁石油公司减少欧洲燃料中的硫含量，达到和日本常见的水平一样。不出所料，石油公司不愿花费数十亿美元重建炼油厂来做到这一点，尤其是在低油价正沉重打击他们的时候。但是，即将到来的对柴油的狂热意味着，迟早，他们可能不得不伸到他们的口袋里，并遵从这一做法。

Executive Forecast

环保管理预测

Industry leaders from different sectors offer their predictions about

trends in the environmental industry.

来自不同领域的行业领导者提供了在环境产业中的趋势预测。

The Future of Pollution Control Equipment Manufacturing

(1)Current regulatory and economic environments have converged to

influence the future of controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the two

largest regional markets一Europe and North America. To meet both

pollution reduction requirements and plant performance goals, these

markets are demanding a more cost-effective, in-process approach, which

optimizes the combustion system to prevent emission generation.

污染治理设备制造业的未来

（1）当前的监管和经济环境已经集中到了未来加强治理两个最大的地区市场－欧洲和北美的氮氧化物（NOx）排放上了。为了同时满足减排需求和产能目标，这两个市场需要一个更加经济的加工方法来优化燃烧系统进而防止氮氧化物的排放。

(2) This demand is driving significant research and development

investment for new in-process technologies, which ultimately will reduce

the need for the long entrenched post-combustion control technologies,

including selective catalytic reduction (SCR)solutions. While these

solutions effectively reduce NOx emissions, alternative technologies

focused on pollution prevention am achieving此same results with added

financial benefits and improved performance. Several next-generation

combustion optimization techniques not only reduce emssions of NOx,

carbon monoxide and particulate matter, but also improve boiler

efficiency and reliability.

（2）这一需求推动了大量针对新加工工艺的研究和开发的投资，最终会减少长久以来根深蒂固的对选择性催化还原技术的需求。当这些方法显著地减少了氮氧化物排放时，其他重点研究防止污染的技术不但达到了相同的目的还有附加的经济利益和性能改良。几种新一代的燃烧优化技术不只减少了氮氧化物、一氧化碳和颗粒物的排放，还改进了锅炉的效率和可靠性。

(3) Today, Europe and North America represent 70 percent of the global

market for environmental monitoring and control solutions. While

regulations differ in each of these regions, the need for pollution

control and demand for innovative technologies are very much the same.

（3）今天，欧洲和北美占全球市场的全球环境监测和控制解决方案的70%。虽然在每个地区的法规不同，但是对污染控制和创新技术的需求是非常相同的。

(4) The European utilities recently implemented the Large Combustion

Plant Directive, requiring the reduction of NOx from coal-fired electric

generating units to 500 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) by 2008 and

to 200 mg/m3 by 2015. The 2008 emissions limits can be achieved with a

variety of in-process control solutions, including reburn, low NOx

burners (LNB), combustion optimization and over-fired air. Recent

advancements in these technologies combined with emergent technologies,

such as advanced sorbent injections), currently can attain the 2015 limits

in many applications and will continue to gain ground on the incumbent

SCR as the market opportunity expands.

（4）“欧洲公用事务”最近实施了“大型燃煤电厂排放物规程”，该规程要求各燃煤电厂的氮氧化物排放量（限度）在2008年降至500mg/m³，在2015年降至200mg/m³。2008年的排放量限制可以通过各种工艺控制方案来实现，这些方案包括再燃烧、低氮氧化物燃烧、燃烧优化以及充分燃烧。近期这些技术的发展与新技术相结合，比如先进的吸附喷射剂，目前在很多应用中可以达到2015年的限度，而且随着市场机遇的拓宽将继续普及当前的选择性催化还原法。

(5) Pending U.S. regulations and legislation-including the 8-Hour Ozone

National Ambient Air Quality Standard and the Clear Skies Act-will drive

a continued requirement to reduce allowable NOx generation for existing

sources. Since 85 percent of the large一greater than 300 megawatt (MW)

facilities-concentrated sources of NOx already have been controlled

through LNB and SCR solutions, the major utilities are shifting their

focus to identifying the most economical solutions for the mid-sized NOx

sources, which range from 100 MW to 300 MW. On a dollar-per-ton basis,

the most economical solution for achieving the umbrella requirements for

the foreseeable future involves integrated in-process technologies.

（5） 这条包含8小时臭氧标准国家空气质量标准和《净化空气法案》的即将施行的美国法律条例，将推动持续发展的要求，以减少可容许生成氮氧化物的现存

来源。由于85%的超过300兆瓦的大功率设备--氮氧化物的集中来源,（浓缩来源中的氮氧化物）已经通过LNB和SCR解决方案得到控制，主要的公共事业正在将关注点转移到最经济的解决方案----那些范围在100兆瓦到300兆瓦的中型氮氧化物的设备。在每吨一美元的基础上，为了实现综合的要求 ，在可预见的将来，最经济的解决方案包含整合一套过程技术。

(6) As more and more utilities realize the apparent financial and

operational advantages of existing and emerging combustion and

optimization technologies, the selection of future of NOx control will

clearly favor these techniques. Market demand for cost-effective,

in-process solutions inevitably will decrease the need for manufacturing

pollution control equipment.

（6）随着越来越多的公用事业了解到现有新兴氧化和优化技术的明显财务和运营优势，未来关于氮氧化物控制的选择将明显有利于这些技术。由于成本效益的市场需求，生产中的解决方案必然会减少对制造业污染控制设备的需要。

The "Spell Check" for Title V

(7) Using simple spreadsheets or PC-based databases like Microsoft Excel

or Access to attempt to manage permitted obligations under Title V of the

Clean Air Act is like typing a letter without the benefit of spell check.

Sure, the letter can be painstakingly reviewed, word by word, a dictionary

can be consulted and, in the end, the letter might even be error free.

Of course, the better option is to take advantage of very inexpensive word

processing tools, like Microsoft Word, that will automatically indicate

when a word is misspelled so you avoid the embarrassment of sending a

document with mistakes.

（7）《净化空气法案》的指标体系很复杂，如果仅仅使用Excel 和Access这样简单的表格和数据库工具来处理空气监测数据，就如同使用没有拼写检查功能的系统来写信一样，劳神费力，却无法避免出错。肯定的是，这封信可以借助字典一字一句的精心审查，最后，这封信可能就没有错误了。当然，更好的选择是利用非常廉价的文字处理工具，例如，微软的词库会自动显示单词的拼写错误，这样你就可以避免发送有错误的文档而感到的尴尬。

(8) The massive compliance documentation increase imposed by Title V has

effectively transformed environmental, health and safety (EHS)

professionals from letter writers to novelists: instead of merely

tracking the responses to noncompliance events, managers are now required

to track all compliance activities and to certify under oath that "all

words are spelled correctly".

（8）《净化空气法案》修正案第五部分的实施使得大量合规性文件增加，并有效地使环境、健康和安全专业人员大变样，从信件作者到小说家：而不是仅仅跟踪回应违规事件，管理者现在还被要求追踪所有的合规活动，并要用“所有单词都拼写正确”的誓言来保证。

Removing the Burden of Old Technology

(9) Just as Microsoft Word can be used to automate spell check, EHS

professionals now have tools at their disposal automatically to check air

emissions data and information. Managers are able to replace Excel and

Access with no-risk, cost-effective, Internet-based tools that automate

the burdensome data analysis review process. With a system like Enviance,

for example, you are assured that every data point entered is

automatically compared with allowable ranges. If data entered are outside

of the range, data investigation notices are issued and automatic tasks

are triggered to a predetermined person or group of people. These tasks

are managed through the automated issuance of reminders of upcoming

deadlines and alerts for overdue tasks. It's just like spell check for

environmental compliance一making sure you are aware of the spelling error

or potential deviation-until it's resolved.

移出旧技术的壁垒

（9）就像微软Word可以用来自动拼写检查，EHS专业人员现在有自动化处理工具来检查气体排放数据和相关信息。管理者们现在能够利用无风险，高性价比，基于互联网同时又能使繁琐的数据分析审查程序自动化的工具来代替Excel和Access。例如，有像数据管理一样的系统，您可以确保每个数据点收录之后，自动与容许范围比较。如果输入的数据是在这个范围之外，系统就会发出数据调查通告，同时触发将相关信息发送给预定人或人群的自动任务。而这些任务则通过自动发出截止日期和过期任务警报提示的形式来实现管理。这就像拼写检查一样，（让数据）符合环保的要求，就如确保你知道拼写错误一样知道（数据）的潜在误差，直到它被解决。

Low Cost and No Risk

(10) The costs and risks of using spell check are low; the same holds true

for Internet-based tools. They can be piloted without risk, including

career risk. No hardware or software to buy and no untested,

time-consuming, client-server implementation to tackle; these types of

systems can be accessed right through the user's computer via the

Internet.

低成本，无风险

（10）使用拼写检查的成本和风险都很低；同样适用于基于互联网的工具。它们没有试用的风险，包括职业风险。没有硬件或软件需要购买，也不需要解决未经试验，耗费时间，客户端安装这些问题；这种类型的系统可以通过互联网准确进入用户的电脑。

(11) Because managers recognize that the consequences of "missing a

spelling error" in their Title V reports is significant, we expect this

coming year to bring a dramatically increased use of Internet-based

systems.

（11）因为管理者认识到，在第五部分报告中遗漏一个拼写错误的影响是重大的，

我们期望来年大幅使用基于互联网的系统。

(12) Would you think of sending a document that wasn't spell checked? Then,

why would you risk submitting your Title V reports that way?

（12）发送一个没有拼写检查的文档，你会怎么想？那么，为什么你要用那种方式冒险提交你的第五部分报告？

Innovation- The Key to Future Success

(13) Over the last several years a number of well-known air pollution

control companies have closed their doors. There are a couple more that

are on the ragged edge of doing the same. These are companies that led

the industry not long ago. So what happened? Some could argue that it was

due to the overall economic decline that followed the events of September

11, but I think it had more to do with their lack of continued innovation

and new product development.

创新-未来成功的关键

（13）在过去的几年里，一些著名的空气污染控制公司关闭了他们的大门。有更多的公司正面临相同的命运。这就是那些不久前引导行业的公司。那么发生了什么事？有人可能会认为，这是由于911事件发生后的整体经济下滑，但我认为这更多地是因为他们缺乏持续创新和新产品开发。

(14) The air pollution control equipment market is full of too many

products. Buyers usually see this as a good competitive environment to

receive better pricing. Unfortunately, many of these products are offered

by resurrected versions of the old companies that just closed their doors.

So the buyers are not getting new products or new ideas, but recycled

products that have been around for 25 years. I don't think of this as

progress and I am not convinced the newly resurrected companies will last

long enough to service the customers. Typically, the "me too" crowd must

offer unbelievable guarantees and warranties to differentiate their

offerings from the other similar manufacturers.

（14）空气污染控制设备市场充斥着太多的产品。买家通常认为这是一个良好的竞争环境，可以获得更合理的价钱。不幸的是，这些产品很多是由那些刚关门歇业的又重新开业的老公司提供的。因此，买家并不会得到新的产品或新的想法，得到的却是那些存在了将近25年的再生产品。我不认为这是进步，我也不相信这些新复活的公司能够长时间为顾客提供服务。通常情况下，这些“跟风”的群体必须提供令人难以置信的担保和保证来使得他们的产品与其他同类厂商区分开来。

(15) Once again, the buyer thinks this is quite a deal with not only

competitive pricing, but unbelievable warranties to go with it. These

unbelievable warranties are what drove many of the industry leaders out

of business when they were forced to honor just a handful of their

promises.

（15）再次，买方认为这是一个相当大的交易，不仅有竞争力的定价，与它一起的还有令人难以置信的保单。当他们被迫兑现他们仅仅少数的承诺时，正是这些令人难以置信的保单驱使许多行业领导者破产。

(16) Companies that will lead the marketplace in 2004 and beyond will be

the ones that continue to innovate and invest in research and development.

The leaders will be the companies that invest for the future and try to

add value beyond the status quo. The industry's top companies will also

have a strong international presence so that they can continue to serve

their customers as they expand their manufacturing capacity overseas. The

leaders will leave the copycat crowd behind, and will offer better

products with tangible advantages.

（16）公司将在2004年领导市场，及及以后公司将在研究和开发方面继续创新和投资。这些领导的公司为未来投资，并试图增加超过现状的价值。因为他们在海外扩大他们的制造能力，该行业的顶级公司也将有一个强大的国际地位，使他们可以继续为他们的客户服务。领导者将把那些模仿者甩在后面，并将提供具有

实在优势的更好产品。