新概念英语第二册课文知识点详解

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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH BOOK 2

practice : 训练, progress : 进步

If you practice more, then you can make great progress.

五项综合训练技能

listening : 听力

speaking : 说话

grammar : 语法 writing : 写作

reading : 阅读

translation : 译 knowledge +skills

Lesson 1 A private conversation

【New words and expressions】（12）

private adj. 私人的

conversation n. 谈话

theatre n. 剧场，戏院

seat n. 座位

play n. 戏

loudly adv. 大声地

angry adj. 生气的

angrily adv. 生气地

attention n. 注意

bear v. 容忍

business n. 事

rudely adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地

★private adj.私人的

★ adj. 私人的

private life 私生活

private school 私立学校

It's my private letter. （如果妈妈想看你的信）

It's my private house. （如果陌生人想进你的房子）

★ adj. 普通的

private citizen 普通公民

I’m a private citizen. （citizen n. 公民）

private soldier 大兵

《Private Ryan》（《拯救大兵瑞恩》）

public adj. 公众的，公开的（private的反义词）

public school 公立学校

public letter 公开信

public place 公共场所

privacy n.隐私

It’s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的)

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★conversation n.谈话

have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词

conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式

subject of conversation 话题

They are having a conversation.

talk 内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人

Let’s have a talk.

dialogue 对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈

China and Korea are having a dialogue.

chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的“侃”，说的是无关紧要的事。

gossip 嚼舌头, 说长道短

★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧

cinema n.电影院

★seat n.座位

have a good seat/place，这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair.

take a seat/take your seat 坐下来, 就坐

Is the seat taken? 这个位置有人吗?

请坐的3种说法 :

Sit down, please. (命令性)

Take your seat, please.

Be seated, please. (更礼貌)

作为动词的seat与sit的区别

sit（sat，sitten） vi. 就座

He is sitting there. 他坐在那儿。

seat vt.让某人就座

seat sb. 让某人就坐，后面会加人

Seat yourself.

You seat him.你给他找个位置.

When all those present(到场者)_D_ he began his lecture.

A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated

sit down 坐下；be seated=take a seat 就坐

★angry adj. 生气的

★angrily adv. 生气的

angry =cross

I was angry. /He was cross.

annoyed: 恼火的;

be blue in the face 脸上突然变色

程 I was annoyed.

度 I was angry/cross.

加 I was very angry.

深 I am blue in the face. (脸色都青了, 相当生气了)

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★attention n. 注意

Attention ,please. 请注意(口语)

pay attention 注意

pay attention to … 对……注意

You must pay attention to that girl.

pay a little attention 稍加注意

pay much attention 多加注意

pay more attention 更多注意

pay no attention 不用注意

pay close attention 特别注意

★bear(bore, born) v. 容忍

★ vt. 承受，支撑，承担，负担

Can the ice bear my weight?

Who will bear the cost? 谁来承担这笔费用？

★ vt. 忍受（一般与can/could连用于疑问句及否定句中）

She eats too fast. I can’t bear to watch/watching her. 她吃得太快。我看着受不了。

How can you bear living in this place? 你怎么能受得了住在这个地方？

bear =stand =put up with

I can't bear/stand you.

endure:忍受,容忍

put up with :忍受

I got divorced（离婚）.I could not put up with him

bear/stand/endure 忍受的极限在加大

bear n.熊 white bear 白熊

bear hug :热情(热烈)的拥抱

give sb. a bear hug

★business n. 事, 生意

★ n. 生意

business man :生意人

do business: 做生意

go to some place on business:因公出差

I went to Tianjin on business.

★ n. 某人自己的私人的事情

It's my business. (指私人的事, 自己处理的事)

It's none of your business. 不关你的事。

★rudely adv. 无礼地, 粗鲁地

rude adj. 粗鲁的，无礼的

★pay vt. &vi. 支付

★ vt. &vi. 支付（价款等）

Have you paid the taxi-driver?

You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds… 您可以先付30英镑的定金……

I’ll pay by instalments.

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I paid 50 dollars for this skirt. （pay…for sth. 花/支付……（钱）买……）

★ vt. &vi. 给予（注意等）；去（访问）

They did not pay any attention.

We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday. 上星期天我们去拜访了老师。

★ n. 工资，报酬

I have not received my pay yet. 我还没有领到工资。

【Text】

Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A

young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not

hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the

end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. "I can't hear a word!" I said angrily.

"It's none of your business," the young man said rudely. "This is a private conversation!"

参考译文：

上星期我去看戏. 我的座位很好, 戏很有意思, 但我却无法欣赏. 一青年男子与一青年女子坐在我的身后, 大声地说着话. 我非常生气, 因为我听不见演员在说什么. 我回过头去怒视着那一男一女, 他们却毫不理会. 最后, 我忍不住了, 又一次回过头去, 生气地说 : “我一个字也听不见了!”

“不关你的事, “那男的毫不客气地说, “这是私人间的谈话!”

【课文讲解】

1、Last week I went to the theatre.

动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的来代表主语的动作目的。

go to the +地点 表示去某地干嘛

go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play去剧场看戏

go to the cinema =see a film 去电影院看电影

go to the dairy 去牛奶店

go to the + 人 + 's 表示去这个人开的店

go to the doctor's 去看病；go to the butcher's 买肉

以下短语中名词前不加冠词：

go to school 去上学；go to church 去做礼拜；go to hospital(医院) 去看病；go to bed 上床，睡觉；go home（跟home相连一定表示没有事情可做,回家休息）

I am at home. 在家休息

2、I had a very good seat.

seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。

the front seat of a car 汽车的前座

Take a seat, please. 请坐。

3、I did not enjoy it.

enjoy vt. 欣赏，享受，喜爱

★ enjoy +n. 喜欢,从当中得到一种享受（后面不能跟人）

I enjoy the music.

enjoy the dinner/film/program/game

★ enjoy oneself/代词 玩的开心

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We always enjoy ourselves.

★ enjoy +动名词

Jane doesn’t enjoy swimming. She enjoys going to the theatre.

4、I got very angry.

get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近become，是个表示过程的动词，表示状态的变化。而I was very

angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气，并不暗示过程。

I am/was angry. 是一个事实

I got angry. 强调变化过程

It is hot.

It got hot.

got取代be动词，got是一个半联系动词,可以直接加形容词。

5、I could not hear the actors. I turned round.

hear+人:听见某人的话

I could not hear you. Beg your pardon?

I couldn't hear you./I couldn't hear a word./I couldn't catch your words.

I couldn't hear you clearly./I couldn't catch your words.

Beg your pardon? /I couldn't catch your words.

turn round =turn around 转身

6、In the end, I could not bear it.

in the end 最后，终于，表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后

She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.

I could not bear it/you/the noise.

7、I can't hear a word!

I can't hear a word.

美音:肯定I can [] 否定,I can't[],它的/t/是吞进去的, 在读音上很难区别, 只能根据上下文来定

hear a word of sb. （a word 等于一句话）

He didn't say a word.

May I speak to Jim?/May I have a word with Jim?

8、It's none of your business.

one’s business 指某人（所关心的或份内）的事

It's none of your business./None of your business./It's my business. 不关你的事。

It is my business to look after your health. 我必须照顾你的身体健康。

none相当于not any或no one，但语气较强。

She kept none of his letters. 他的信件她一封也没有保留。

none of 这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气，尤其是在祈使句中：

None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了！

【Key structures】

简单陈述句的语序

陈述句一定是有主语,有动词,有宾语,有句号

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6 1 2 3 4 5 6

when? Who? Action Who? How? Where? When?

Which? Which?

What? What?

1 ---主语，一般由名词、代词或名词短语构成，通常位于动词之前，动词必须与主语一致，即主语决定动词的单复数形式

2 ---谓语，由动词充当

3 ---宾语，一般为名词、代词或名词短语

4 ---副词或介词短语,对方式或状态提问,往往做状语 I like her very much

5 ---地点状语，一般在方式副词之后，时间副词之前

6 ---时间状语，可以放在句首或句末

简单陈述句一定不能少的是主语, 谓语.

如果问何时何地,是一个固定搭配 when and where

【Multiple choice questions】

1 The writer turned round. He looked at the man and the woman angrily ___b___ .

a. and they stopped talking b. but they didn't stop talking

c. but they didn't notice him d. but they looked at him rudely

"They did not pay any attention." 不是没看见，只是思想上没在意

pay attention: 从思想上注意、在意，如交通安全应注意.

notice: 眼睛上注意(=see 眼睛看)

I notice her.

4 The young man and young woman were sitting behind him. He was sitting ___d___ them.

a. before b. above c. ahead of d. in front of

behind: 在……后面

in front of 在……前面 (相对静止的概念)

before 在……前面 (后面加词或句子，一般和时间相连)

He arrived before six o'clock.

before he came back

above 在……上面

ahead of 在……前面 (+时间、位置)(动态的行为)

ahead of time

He goes ahead of me.

5 ___c___ did the writer feel? Angry.

a. Where b. Why c. How d. When

特殊疑问词对后面的答案提问

how(adv.)——对一个方式、状态提问，对形容词、副词、介词短语提问

7 The young man and the young woman paid ___d___ attention to the writer.

a. none b. any c. not any d. no

any ——用在否定句和疑问句中

some——用在肯定句中

none——代词，没有任何东西、没有任何人

None knows./None of us knows.

not——否定词,要放在非实义动词后面

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not any=no

He didn't pay attention.

no——形容词、修饰名词

I don't have any friends./I have no friends.

I have no time./I don't have any time.

11 The writer could not bear it. He could not ___c___ it.

a. carry b. suffer c. stand d. lift

bear 忍受=stand

suffer 遭受,忍受 (精神或肉体上)痛苦，suffer后面必须加一种痛苦

I suffer the headache.（肉体上的痛苦）

He often suffers defeat.（精神上的痛苦）（defeat n. 失败）

Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch?

【New words and expressions】（5）

until prep. 直到

outside adv. 外面

ring v. （铃、电话等）响（rang, rung）

aunt n. 姑，姨，婶，舅母

repeat v. 重复

★until prep.直到

until用于表示动作、状态等的持续，可译为“一直到……为止”或“在……以前”。在肯定句中，它与表示持续性状态的动词连用，表示持续到某一时刻：

I’ll wait here until 5. 我会在这里等到5点钟。

His father was alive until he came back. 直到他回来为止,他爸爸都是活着的.

在否定句中，它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用，表示“到……为止”、“直到……才”：

She cannot arrive until 6. 她到6点才能来。

His father didn't die until he came back. 直到他回来,他爸爸才死.

until（后的从句）的时间终止之前,这个动作做了还是没做？做了前面的主句用肯定；没做前面的主句用否定

For he ___A(C)___(wait) until it stopped raining.

A. waited B. didn't wait

A. leave B. left C. didn't leave

I stay in bed until twelve o'clock.

I didn't get up until 12 o'clock.

★outside adv. 外面（作状语）

He is waiting for me outside.

It is cold outside.

★ring(rang. rung) v.(铃、电话等)响

★ vt. 鸣，(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)

Every morning the clock rings at 6.

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The telephone(door bell) is ringing.

而风铃等响要用jingle，jingle (bell) (铃儿) 响叮当

★ vt. 打电话给（美语中用call）

ring sb. 给某人打电话

Tomorrow I'll ring you.

★ n. （打）电话

give sb. a ring

Remember to give me a ring. /Remember to ring me.

★ n. 戒指

★aunt n. 姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼)

男性则是uncle: 叔叔

他们的孩子：cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)

cousin的孩子：nephew 外甥；niece 外甥女

★repeat v. 重复

★ vt. 重复

Will you repeat the last word?

They are repeating that wonderful paly.

★ vi. 重做，重说

Please repeat after me.

Don’t repeat.

【Text】

It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. Last Sunday I got up

very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the

telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. 'I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.'

'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said.

'What are you doing?' she asked.

'I'm having breakfast,' I repeated.

'Dear me,' she said. 'Do you always get up so late? It's one o'clock!'

参考译文：

那是个星期天, 而在星期天我是从来不早起的, 有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候. 上个星期天, 我起得很晚. 我望望窗外, 外面一片昏暗. “鬼天气!” 我想, “又下雨了. “正在这时, 电话铃响了. 是我姑母露西打来的. “我刚下火车, “她说, “我这就来看你. “

“但我还在吃早饭, “我说.

“你在干什么?” 她问道.

“我正在吃早饭, “我又说了一遍.

“天啊, “她说, “你总是起得这么晚吗?现在已经1点钟了!”

【课文讲解】

1、It was Sunday.

it指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”（empty subject）。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人：

It is a lovely baby.

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2、I never get up early on Sundays.

on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用，表示经常性的行为。

介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中：on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day

当使用last，next，this，that时，介词（以及定冠词）必须省略：

I’ll see you next/this Friday.

never 从来不 (可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not (变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)

I don't like her.=I never like her.

3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词：

It’s time for bed now.

You must stay/remain in bed for another two days. 你必须再卧床两天。

4、Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.

just then: 就在那时

如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it取代

Who are you?/Who is it ?

5、I've just arrived by train,

by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数)；如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on

I go out by bus.

I go out in/on two buses. （指具体的两辆车介词用in/on）

Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea.

如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词：

My aunt left by the 9:15 train.

by air 乘飞机 by bicycle/bike 骑自行车

by boat 乘船 by bus 乘公共汽车

by car 乘小汽车 by land 由陆路

by plane 乘飞机 by sea 由海路

by ship 乘船 by train 乘火车

6、I'm coming to see you. 我将要来看你.

用 come 的现在进行时态 be coming 表示一般将来，表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join…

7、Dear me!

天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!

美国人说 : My god! [] ([]发啊的音)注意美英的发音不同.

【Key structures】

现在进行时和一般现在时

现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进行时常与now，just，still等副词连用：

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I am working as a teacher. "现阶段"

He is still sleeping. （现在还在睡觉）

Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。

一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever等连用。

Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him.

频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not必须放在always之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可用于句首。

I get paid on Friday usually.

Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.

非实义动词 :

★ 系动词(be)

★ 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has)

★ 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此之外都是实义动词.

I frequently go to bed hungry. （形容词作状语）

He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.

You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.

【Special Difficulties】

以what开头的感叹句：

在英语中可用what引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语序。

What 对名词感叹，感叹句的结构为：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!

What a good girl (she is)! （主、谓可省）

有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省略形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。

What a thing to say! 多么难听的话啊！

What (a lot of) trouble( he is causing)!

【Multiple choice questions】

doesn't get up early on Sundays. He gets up ___a___ .

a. late b. lately c. slowly d. hardly

late 晚的

lately =recently 最近的, 近来的.

How are you going lately? 最近一段时间身体还好吗?

8 He ___a___ out of the window and saw that it was raining.

a. looked b. saw c. remarked d. watched

look 表示看的动作，后面一定要加介词

see 表示看的结果，后面直接加宾语

watch 表示观看，后面直接加宾语, 但宾语一定是能够活动的东西

look at pictures (对)；watch pictures(错)

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11 Breakfast is the first ___d___ of the day.

a. food b. dinner c. lunch d. meal

lunch 中餐 food 食物

dinner 正餐

一天中最丰盛的那顿饭, 可能是中餐, 也可能是晚餐, 但决不会是早餐.

meal 一顿饭

Lesson 3 Please Send Me a Card

【New words and expressions】（11）

send v. 寄，送

postcard n. 明信片

spoil v. 使索然无味，损坏

museum n. 博物馆

public adj. 公共的

friendly adj. 友好的

waiter n. 服务员，招待员

lend v. 借给

decision n. 决定

whole adj. 整个的

single adj. 唯一的，单一的

★send v. 寄, 送

send a letter 寄信

send sth. to sb. /send sb. sth. 给某人送（寄）什么东西

send/take children to school：take强调某人亲自送；send则是通过第三人去送, 如美国的校车

take flowers to his wife 自己送

send flowers to his wife 叫店里的人送

★postcard n. 明信片

两个爆破音在一起，前者失去爆破音。这里/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音

name card /visiting card 名片

Here is my name card. (口语常用, 同时伴随着递出的动作)

ID card 身份证 （ID 身份）

credit card 信用卡

cash card 现金卡, 储蓄卡, 工资卡(不能透支的那种)

★spoil(spoiled，spoilt) v. 使索然无味, 损坏

★ vt. 弄坏，损坏，糟蹋

The sad news spoiled our weekend. 这不幸的消息使我们没能过好周末。

The rain spoiled the school sports. 这场雨把学校运动会弄得一团糟。

This spoiled my day.

What you said spoiled me.

His arrival spoiled my holiday.

★ vt. 宠坏，惯坏，溺爱

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Don’t spoil your children. 不能太惯孩子。

His parents spoiled the boy.

spoil: 把东西的质量变得不好; 生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱

break: 打破; break the windows 打破玻璃

damage: 破坏, 程度不一定很重

destroy : 破坏, 彻底摧毁

以上三个是指物理上的破坏, 而spoil主要指精神上的

★museum n. 博物馆

Palace Museum 故宫

★public adj. 公共的

★ adj. 公共的，公众的，社会的

There is a public library in this town.

I always sit in public gardens on Sundays.

★ adj. 公开的，众人皆知的

Their secret meeting was made public 20 years later. 他们的秘密会晤20年以后才被公开。

public house（酒吧）简称pub

public place 公共场所

in public 公开的；in private 私下里的

Let’s have a conversation in private. 让我们私下谈谈?

Why not have a conversation in public? 为什么不公开谈呢?(当面说呢?)

★ n. 公众，群众，大众

The public is/are pleased with his explanation. 公众对他的解释很满意。

The museum is open to the public on Sunday.

★friendly adj. 友好的

friendly是形容词，单独使用时一般做定语；作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly

way

He is not very friendly to John.

She gave me a friendly greeting.

He always greets me in a friendly way.

以-ly结尾的形容词还有lovely，brotherly，fatherly，manly，motherly

★waiter n. 服务员, 招待员

waiter(男服务员), waitress(女服务员), 只出现在餐馆里

chief waiter 领班

I want to see the chief waiter. 我要见你们的领班。

shop assistant 商店里的店员

attendant n. （其他公共场所的）服务员

★lend v. 借给

lend to（借出）：lend sth. to sb/lend sb. sth.

Can you lend me $20 please? I’ll pay/give it back tomorrow.

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borrow from（借进）：borrow sth. from sb./borrow sth. （borrow不能用 borrow sb sth.）

He borrowed my pen yesterday. He hasn’t given me it yet.

★decision n. 决定

make /take a decision作出决定

It was not easy for me to make/take this decision.

Are you made/taken a decision?

make a big/great decision (big：重大；great：伟大, 更重大)

decide v. 决定

★whole adj. 整个的

a whole bottle of milk 一整瓶牛奶

the whole…，the whole day 整天 ，two whole weeks 整整两星期

all th…，all the day (the可省略) 整天

all of后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of us；all of the students

★single adj. 唯一的, 单一的

反义词 : double 双倍的

【Text】

Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens.

A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not

understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to

my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole

day in my room, but I did not write a single card!

参考译文：

明信片总搅得我假日不得安宁. 去年夏天, 我去了意大利. 我参观了博物馆, 还去了公园. 一位好客的服务员教了我几句意大利语, 之后还借给我一本书. 我读了几行, 但一个字也不懂. 我每天都想着明信片的事. 假期过得真快, 可我还没有给我的朋友们寄过一张明信片. 到了最后一天, 我作出了一项重大决定.

我早早起了床, 买来了37张明信片. 我在房间里关了整整一天. 然而竟连一张明信片也没写成!

【课文讲解】

1、Last summer, I went to Italy.

last：

★ adj. 上一个

last summer里的last表示 “上一个”

★ adj. 最后一个，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the

the last day 最后一天 （具体到一天及一天的早中晚都要用on）

2、A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.

Italian[]于Italy[] : 注意重读音的位置不同

teach sb. sth. 教某人做某事

He teaches our English.(错)

He teaches us English.(对)

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语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian

I can speak a little English/a few words of English.

a few可与复数可数名词连用，表示肯定，含有some，a small number of（一些，少数几个）的意思。

The police would like to ask him a few questions. 警察要问他一些问题。

3、Everyday I thought about postcards.

think about/of 考虑, 思考，指某一段时间一直在想/考虑某事, think of还可指想到

What do you think of?

What do you think of TV program last night?

What do you think of the weather today? 你觉得天气怎么样?

think over 仔细考虑，反复思考

What’s the weather like today?

cold, chilly（非常非常冷）, freeze

I'll freeze.我要冻僵了

4、I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!

spend与表示时间的词或短语连和时，意思为“花（时间）”、“度过”

spend+时间+地点 : 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间

I spend three hours in the sea.

I spend my weekend at my mother's.

I spend three hours in the classroom everyday.

I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞)

spend还可以表示“花钱”

If we spend all the money, we’ll be poor again.

I can’t spend any more on this car.

【Key structures】

一般过去时

一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。

Do you ever catch a cold in the winter?

Yes, I caught a cold last winter.

【Special Difficulties】

直接宾语与间接宾语

双宾语：直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to”（表示动作对什么人做）或“for”（表示动作为什么人而做）。

give sb. sth./give sth to sb

间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加to(对……而言)或for(为……而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、“为”的，就用for；如果只能翻译为“给”的, 就用to

与to相连的give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe

take flowers to my wife.

与for相连的 buy, order, make, find

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I buy a book for you .

make a cake for you

find sth. for sb.

do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙

Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me? 帮我一个忙

I do something for you.

Can I order something for you?

Can I buy you a bottle of beer ? 意为我请你喝杯酒的意思

【Multiple choice questions】

4 ___a___ him a few words of Italian? The waiter.

a. Who taught b. Who did teach c. What did he teach d. Whom did he teach

人做主语提问——who 对宾语提问——whom

who既可以对主语提问也可以对宾语提问, 而whom只能对宾语提问

如果对主语提问, 则句子的语序和陈述句语序一样；如果对非主语来提问, 则句子要使用特殊疑问词+一般疑问句的语序

Who/Whom did the waiter teach a few words of Italian?

5 He was a friendly waiter. He spoke to the writer ___d___ .

a. friend b. as friends c. like friends d. in a friendly way

He spoke to the writer like a friend.

in...way :以...方式

作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way

7 He spent the whole day in his room. He was in his room ___c___ day.

a. the hole b. the all c. all d. all of

all (the) day

all of 后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词all of us；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of the friends all of my friends all of the students

10 On the last day he made a big decision. It was the ___a___ day of his holiday.

a. final b. end c. latest d. bottom

final——形容词 end——名词/动词 latest——形容词 bottom——名词

latest adj. 最新的

latest news；latest style 新款

11 He made a big decision. He ___b___ .

a. thought about it b. made up his mind c. changed his mind d. made a wish

think about:考虑、思考、想 make up one's mind:下定决心

change one's mind:改变主意 make a wish : 许个心愿, 愿望, 许愿

Lesson 4 An exciting trip

【New words and expressions】（6）

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exciting adj. 令人兴奋的

receive v. 接受，收到

firm n. 商行，公司

different adj. 不同的

centre n. 中心

abroad adv. 在国外

★exciting adj. 令人兴奋的

exciting adj. 令人兴奋的；excited adj. 兴奋的

-ed: 自己感到 / -ing:令人感到

The news exciting.

exciting boy 令人兴奋的男孩

I am excited.

excite v. 激动 （这类动词的宾语一定是人，让后面的人感到……）

The news excited me.

interesting adj. 令人感到有趣的；interested adj. 感到有意思的

interesting man

The man is interesting.

interest v. 对……感兴趣

The book interests me. 那本书让我感到很有趣

★receive v. 接受, 收到

★ vt. 接到，收到，得到

When did you receive that letter?

★ vt. 招待，接待

You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests.

receive是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上接受与否不清楚。

receive/have a letter from sb.

accept 同意接收

This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.

take则是主动的“拿”、“取”

I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.

take 也可以作收到

take the exam 接受考试； take advice 接受建议

★firm n. 商行, 公司

company n. 公司

★different adj. 不同的

★ adj. 不同的，相异的（经常与from连用）

We are planning something different this year. 我们今年有不同的打算。

My room is different from yours.

★ adj. 各种各样的，不同的

This department store sells a large number of different things.

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这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的东西。

He has visited many different places in China. 他去过中国的不少地方。

★abroad adv. 在国外（副词, 直接和动词连用）

go abroad 去国外

live abroad 国外定居

study abroad 国外学习

【Text】

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is

an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.

He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will

soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this

trip very exciting.

参考译文

我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信, 他正在澳大利亚. 他在那儿已经住了6个月了. 蒂姆是个工程师, 正在一家大公司工作, 并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了. 他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车, 现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯. 他不久还将到达达尔文去, 从那里, 他再飞往珀斯. 我弟弟以前从未出过国, 因此, 他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心.

【课文讲解】

1、I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.

同位语：一个名词（或短语等）与另一个名词（或短语）并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。

在译成汉语时，同位语或者插入主句中，或者另译为一句，很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。

This is John, one of my best friends. 这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。

Mrs. Smith, my neighbore, has never been abroad. 我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。

2、He has been there for six months.

one month[]；two months[] 注意读音 将//省略

I have arrived in Beijing. （arrive 是瞬间动词不能和段时间连用）

has been + in 地点

He has been in Beijing for one year.

He has been in America for tow years.

3、He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.

work for 在……上班/任职，强调work

I am working for a school.

work in 强调地点（在哪个地方上班）

I am working in the New Oriental school.

work at 上班

She works at a department store.

a number of后面一定要加可数名词复数；通常number前有great，large，good，small，certain等形容词，数量大小也随之改变。a great number of 类似于, 约等于a lot of；

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A large/great number of our students are Danish.

There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.

a lot of 可加可数名词也可加不可数名词

I have a lot of friends

I have a great number of friends.

4、He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.

has gone to 去了某地没回来

has been to 曾经去过某地, 现在不在那个地方

Have you been to Paris?

5、From there, he will fly to Perth.

from there:从那地方起

from 即可以加时间又可以加地点

from half past 8 to half past 11

from Beijing to Tianjing

fly to Perth = go to Perth by air

6、My brother has never been abroad before, so he is fending this trip very exciting.

before在句子后是副词, 译为“在此之前”，是现在完成时态的标志

find作“发现”、“发觉”讲时宾语往往带补足语（一般为形容词），说明宾语的状况、性质等。

find +宾语+形容词做宾补

find the room clean

find her happy

be finding在口语中经常使用

I' . . We’ ...

下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时：believe，doubt，see，hear，know，understand，belong，think，consider，feel，look，seem，show，mind，have，sound，taste，require，possess，care，like，hate，love，detest，desire

【Key structures】

现在完成时

现在完成时表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。常与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before (now)（以前）；it’s the first tiem（第一次）；so for（到目前为止）；so far this morning（到上午为止）；up to now（直到现在）；up to the present（直到目前）；just（刚刚）；recently（最近）；already（已经）；lately（最近）；now（现在）；for 一段时间；since+时间；still（还；仍）；at last（终于）；finally（最终）；疑问句和否定句中常用ever，yet，never，not…ever等。

I’ve planted fourteen rose bushes so far this morning.

I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here.

现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如often（经常），frequently（屡次），three times（三次）等。

I’ve watched him on TV several times.

【Multiple choice questions】

3 Tim is in Australia. He went ___a___ Australia six months ago.

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a. to b. in c. at d. into

at… 表示位置 （be at是典型表示位置的介词短语）

go to… 只要有to这个感念, 它的后面一定要有宾语, go to the theater

go in… (in 做副词)很少加宾语 He went in.

go into… 有去向的动作, 还有进入的动作 go into the room

move常用的意义是“动”、“移动”，在表达“搬家”这个意思时move可以单独使用，也可组成短语move

to，move into，move in，move out。

move in:搬进来

move to the new house:正在搬

move into :搬进去了

move out 搬走

Jack has moved out. John will move in the day after tomorrow.

4 Tim is in Australia. How long ___b___ there?

a. is he b. has he been c. has he d. was he

对段时间提问, 跟现在完成时相连

11 He will soon visit Darwin. He will visit Darwin＿c＿.

a. quickly b. for a short time c. shortly d. in a hurry

quickly 指的是动作上的快

He went quickly .

for a short time 不久, 表示动作延续一段时间

soon = shortly 不久以后, 表示在这段时间之后，强调的是时间上的快

in a hurry:匆忙的（指动作）

Lesson 5 No wrong numbers

【New words and expressions】（7）

pigeon n. 鸽子

message n. 信息

cover v. 越过

distance n. 距离

request n. 要求，请求

spare part 备件

service n. 业务，服务

★pigeon n. 鸽子

It's not my pigeon. ＝None of my business. 不关我的事。

★message n. （口头或书面的）信息

Here is a message for you from your sister.

an oral/written message 口信/便条

leave sb. a message 给……留便条

I'll leave you a message.

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take a message for sb. 替某人捎口信

Can I take a message for you? 我能替你捎个口信吗?

Can you take a message for me? 你能替我捎个口信吗?

take a message to sb. 给某人口信

打电话 :

Hello!--May I have a word with Tom ?/May I speak with/to Tom?

--Can you take a message for me?

information n. 信息（不可数）

messenger n. 送信人，信使

★cover v. 越过；覆盖

★ vt. 盖，覆盖

Snow covered the whole village.

She covered the child with a coat. 她给孩子盖了件外衣。

★ vt. 行过（一段距离），走过（通常不用被动语态）

cover+距离 越过……

You can cover the distance to the museum in ten minutes.

★ n. 覆盖物，盖子，罩子，套子

Put a cover on the box!

★distance n. 距离

keep distance 保持距离

distant adj.远距离的

Can I share this table?

Can I join you?

importance n. 重要 important adj. 重要的

difference n. 不同 different adj. 不同的

★request n. 要求, 请求

★ n.

request for 对……有请求, 有需求

I have a request for the cake.

He granted my request for more time. 他同意了我延长时间的请求。

She sent a request for help to Gary. 她向加里请求帮助。

★ v. 要求, 请求

request do sth. ＝ask do sth. 要求某人做……

require do sth. 要求某人做……

You are required/asked to do sth. （对人要求习惯用被动语态）

★spare adj. 备用的

★ vt. 抽出（时间等），让给

Have you got five minutes to spare?

I cannot spare the time.

I have no time to spare.

★ vt. 饶恕，赦免

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The robbers spared his life.

‘Share me!’begged the prisoner.

★ adj. 多余的，空闲的，剩下的，备用的

You can sleep in the spare bedroom.

Where can I get spare parts for this machine?

I have no spare time now.

‘Have you any old clothes that you do not want?’ he asked.

=‘Have you any old clothes to spare?’he asked.

★service n. 业务, 服务

service作为不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务；作为可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作。

The service in that hotel is quite good.

You have done me a great service.

service既可以指公用事业的业务，如：the mail service（邮政业务）、the telephone service（电话业务）；也可指办这些业务的机构，如：a travel service（旅行社）、a news service（通讯社）。

At your service. = Glad to be at your service. = I am glad to be at your service.

我很乐意为您效劳.

serve v. 服务, 接待

——Thank you.

——You are welcome.(下次又需要再来找我)/Not at all.(根本完全不用谢)/That's (all)right./That's ok.(绝对正确, 绝对过时)/(It's) My pleasure.(我很高兴这么做, 把自己放得很低, 把对方抬得很高)

Thank you for your listening.在讲课, 演讲结束时说, 即感谢大家的合作的概念（应以鼓掌回应）

情急之下, 可用No thanks.回答

——Sorry. ——No sorry.

【Text】

Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is

only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve

pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in

three minutes. Up to now, has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from

one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private 'telephone' service.

参考译文

詹姆斯.斯科特先生在锡尔伯里有一个汽车修理部, 现在他刚在平赫斯特买了另一个汽车修理部. 平赫特离锡尔伯里只有5英里, 但詹姆斯.斯科特先生未能为他新的汽车修理部搞到一部电话机, 所以他买了只鸽子. 昨天, 一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫特带到锡尔伯里. 这只鸟只用了3分钟就飞完了全程. 到目前为止,

斯科特先生从一个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件. 就这样, 他开始自己的私人 “电话” 业务.

【课文讲解】

1、 Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.

garage[] n. 车库, 车行（英美读音不同）

another(+单数名词) 其它的很多个中的一个，

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Can you show me another?

other(+名词) adj.其它的(可加单/复数名词)

the other 两个之中的另外一个

one…the other… 一个……另一个……

One is watering the flowers, and the other is reading.

others(不用再加名词)= other + 名词复数

Some boys are playing football, and others are rowing/(going boating).

2、Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has

just bought twelve pigeons.

介词from在这里表示距离上相隔，作“距……”、“离……”讲，常与away连用

It is far (away) from here.

Bus stop is only one mile from school/here.

Bus stop is only one mile (away).

She has been away from home for 5 days now.

? 多远（对距离提问）

How far(away) is the bus stop?

How far is your home(from here)?

My home is ten miles away from here.

get a telephone 得到电话, 安装电话

3、Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.

carry v. 带着, 携带（其强调所携带的东西不会着地）

I carried my son. （背或抱着）

I carry the bag.

take v. 带着

I take my sister to the cinema.

from…to…表示从一个地方到另一个地方

He looked at the girl from head to foot.

The news spread from house to house. 家家户户都得知了这条消息。

4、The bird covered the distance in three minutes.

cover the distance 飞过那段距离

5、Up to now, has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one

garage to the other.

up to now =up till now 到目前为止，到现在为止(作时间状语，时态多用现在完成时，相当于until/till

now)

Up to now, he has not been very hard-working.

request for 对……的需求

a great many(+可数名词复数) 许多……

a great many可以做形容词短语：

A great many trees were destroyed in the storm.

也可作代词短语：

He has read a great many of the books in this room.

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a great number of(+可数名词复数) 许多……

urgent adj. 紧急的

something urgent 紧急的事情

【Key structures】

一般过去时与现在完成时

在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时，要用一般过去时。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作并且对现在有影响时，则要用现在完成时，时间状语可以是不特指的now，just或者for引导的一段时间，或者不加任何时间状语。

一般过去时与现在完成时的共同点：动作在过去都做过了；区别：过去式只能强调过去的事, 和现在没有任何关系.

I ate a piece of bread.

现在完成时, 强调过去的事情对现在产生的影响.

I have eaten a piece of bread this morning. I'm not hungry.

The clock stopped. 陈述事实

The clock has stopped. 过去的事实对现在造成影响

It snowed yesterday.

It has snowed yesterday. 强调对现在造成影响

【Special Difficulties】

带way的短语

in the way 按照，以……方式

Do your work in the way I have shown you. 按我给你示范的方法来做你的工作。

I do the work in the way you showed me.

I fly the kite in the way you showed me.

in the/one’s way 挡路；妨碍（某人）

Sorry, you are in the way.(在口语中很少用, 一般直接用Excuse me.就可以了)

Don’t stand in the way. I can’t see the blackboard.

in this way 这样,以这种方式

He saves old envelopes. In this way, he has collected a great many stamps.

in a way 从某种意义上来说，在某种程度上

In a way, you are kind.

in a friendly way 用友好的方式

in the family way 怀孕了, 快有小孩了(have a baby)

The woman is in the family way.

by the way 随便说一声, 随便问一下(插入语，改变话题时用)

By the way, have you seen Harry recently?

on the/one’s way(to) 在去……的途中(陈述句) :

on the way to school/the office；on the way home

out of the way 让路

Get out of the way! 你给我滚出去!

get one's own way 随心所欲 (at one’s pleasure)

Children get their own way during the holidays.

关于系动词 : 一般来说, 如be become 一定不单独使用, 往往要在后面加上表语, 我们称它为系动词.

但另外还有一些系动词同时又是不及物的实义动词, 常见的有 : seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel,

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smell, stay, remain, keep, grow, turn, go, run, get, prove, stand等, 这些词有的语法书上称为半联系动词.

【Multiple choice questions】

4 Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his garage. ___b___ he has just bought twelve pigeons.

a. That's so b. That's why c. Because d. For

so表示前面是原因, 后面是结果

That's why+从句 那就是……原因, 前者是原因, 后者why后面是结果was caught in the traffic jam.

That's why I was late.

That's后面的表语从句常常用特殊疑问词引导, 再加一个句子

That's when we can start class.

That's where we will have a meeting.

That's how I get to school.

8 Mr. Scott has a garage in Silbury. His ___b___ garage is in Pinhurst.

a. another b. other c. else d. different

在语法上, 冠词（an/a）、形容词性物主代词（his/my/your）、名词所有格（my mother's）不能同时并存的, 一般要用只能用其中一个

another=an +other 另外一个，强调的是剩下的还有好几个当中的一个, 强调的是有三个以上

other 其它的, 加单数就表示一个, his取代the的位置

语法的范围正在放宽松, his another 也对, 但不太好

else 其他的，放在被修饰词的后面, 会修饰两种词, 疑问词和不定代词

修饰疑问代词： who else,…

What else can I do for you?

修饰不定代词：anyone else, anything else

Lesson 6 Percy Buttons

【New words and expressions】（4）

beggar n. 乞丐

food n. 食物

pocket n. 衣服口袋

call v. 拜访，光顾

★beggar n. 乞丐

beg v.乞求

I beg your pardon?

beg for 乞求得到

ask for 请求得到（ask sb. for sth. 向某人索要某物）

★food n. 食物（不可数）

a lot of food

★pocket n. 衣服口袋

inner pocket 内口袋；jacket pocket 夹克的口袋；coat pocket 大衣口袋

pocket book 袖珍书；pocket dictionary 袖珍词典

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pocket pick 车上的小偷

pocket money (小孩的)零花钱

change 零钱

get exact change 准备好正确的零花钱

beer money (男人的)零花钱

★call v. 拜访, 光顾

★ vt.&vi. 叫，喊

I heard someone calling.

call out =shout 大声喊

★ vt. 呼唤，召唤

Lucy is sick. Please call a doctor.

★ vi. 访问，拜访；（车、船等）停靠

Amy called (at our house) yesterday.

The train calls at large stations only. 这列火车只停大站。

call on sb. 拜访某人

I will call on you. 我要去你家。

call at+地点＝visit someplace 拜访某地

I will call at your home. 我要去你家。

★ vt.&vi. 打电话

call sb =call up sb. 给某人打电话

call back 回某人电话

Can you take a message for me? =Can you tell him to call back?

call in sb. 招集和邀请某人

For the project, the government called in a lot of experts.

【Text】

I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a

meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate

the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me

about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month

and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.

参考译文

我刚刚搬进了大桥街的一所房子. 昨天一个乞丐来敲我的门, 问我要一顿饭和一杯啤酒. 作为回报, 那乞丐头顶地倒立起来, 嘴里还唱着歌. 我给了他一顿饭. 他把食物吃完, 又喝了酒. 然后把一块乳酪装进衣袋里走了. 后来, 一位邻居告诉了我他的情况. 大家都认识他, 他叫珀西.巴顿斯. 他每月对这条街上的每户人家光顾一次, 总是请求给他一顿饭和一杯啤酒.

【课文讲解】

1、Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.

★knock v. 敲门

★ vi. 敲门

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I knocked, but no one answered.

knock at 敲（门、窗等）

knock at the door；knock at the window

★ vt.&vi. 碰撞

You always knock things off the table. 你总是碰掉桌上的东西。

Jim was knocked over by a bus this morning. 今天上午吉姆被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。

She has knocked a cup over again. 她又碰倒了一个杯子。

★ vt. 把（某人）打成……状态

He knocked Tom out yesterday. 他昨天把汤姆打昏过去了。

★ 与off连用时有一些特殊含义，一般用于口语

vt. （价格上）减去，除去，打折扣

They knocked five dollars off the price of the coat.

The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.（He reduced the price by 10%.）

vi. 下班，停止，中断（工作等）

When do you usually knock off? 你一般什么时候下班？

He knocked off for lunch at half past eleven. 他十一点半休息吃中午饭。

2、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.

ask (sb.) for sth =request for sth. 问某人要什么东西

（for为了这个目的去请求某人, sb.更多的时候不出现, ask for sth.）

The boy asked (his parents)for money again/once more.

3、In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.

in return for this 作为对……的回报，作为交换（this 在代词当中常常指代上文的一件事情）

I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality. （hospitality adj. 热情）

in return 作为回报

You lent me this interesting book last month. In return (for it), I’ll show you some picture books.

In return for your help, I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.

He doesn't want anything in return. 他不想得到任何回报

stood on his head 倒立

stand on one's hands 用手着地(hand单数就是一只手, 双手复数)

stand on one's knees 跪着, 膝盖

lie on one's back 仰面躺着

lie on one's side 侧躺

lie on one's stomach 趴着

4、Later a neighbour told me about him.

介词about可以和一些动词连用，以表示“关于……（的）”、“涉及……（的）”

Please tell me about the accident.

tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事（about关于, 通过其他事自己得出的结论）

tell you about him

tell you about the word 解释这个单词的意思

tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某件事(把事情直接告诉)

tell you the news

tell you the word 直接告诉这个单词

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5、Everybody knows him.

everybody作为主语一定作单数看待, 属于不定代词

所有的不定代词作为主语一律为单数看待 : somebody，anybody，everything等

6、He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.

calls at 光顾，拜访

in the street（英国）/on the street（美国）

once a month 一个月一次, 单位表达方式

once adj. 表示每……一次（表示频率时后面直接加表示时间的名词）, 计量单位 “/” （每……）

five kilometers an hour

He goes back to the South once a year.

【Key structures】

A, The and Some

当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词a/an（单数, 可数名词）；当表示不可数的名词时，则需要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。

在表示一种笼统概念（某某一类/一种东西）的陈述句中可以省略a和some

A tiger is a dangerous animal.

Tigers are dangerous.

Salt is necessary for/to us all.

表示某个确定的人或事物或者上文已提到过的人或事物，则要用定冠词the（有时相当于this/that/these/those）,可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。

在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。

a和the的区别：a是泛指, a man；特指, the man

在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用a和an修饰, 第二次出现的时候用the

A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat.

I have just drunk a glass of milk. Milk is very refreshing.

I ate an apple. Apples are delicious.

She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's.

一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个”，加不定冠词a

a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词

某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词

put v. 放

put on 穿上，戴上

tak v. 拿走

take off 脱掉，摘掉

look v. 看

look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看

call

call at；call on；call in；call back；

call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要

The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动

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knock v. 敲

knock at 敲门

knock off 下班

He knocked off earlier.

knock off 打折

Knock 10% off the price.

把……撞倒，如果有地点，用介词off；无地点，用介词over

knock sth. off+地点

knock the vase off the table

I knocked the boy off the bicycle.

knock over

A car knocked the boy over.

knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫knock out(专用术语)

He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out.

【Multiple choice questions】

5 A neighbour told me about him. He ___d___ Percy Buttons was a beggar.

a. told b. said me c. told to me d. said

He says + 句子；He says +that+句子；say to sb.

tell sb. +that+句子

He said to me/He told me 他告诉我

He told me he was a Beggar./He said he was a Beggar.

6 Everybody knows him. ___a___ know him.

a. They all b. Each c. Every d. All they

all of us, we all 我们所有人

every adj. 每一个

every +n. 每一个(书, 本, 人等)

every person likes…

each adj.&pron. 每一个

each +n；each 直接作主语或者宾语

each /each

every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数

Each child in the school was questioned.

Every child enjoys Christmas.

Each of us has his own work to do.

They each have a share.

7 ___d___ does he call? Once a month.

a. How seldom b. How long c. How soon d. How often

once a month 每月一次, 属于频率

对频率提问 : how often

How often do you visit your mother? 对时间和次数提问

提问多久 : how long

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How long do you visit your mother? 对时间提问

提问次数 : how many times

How many times do you visit your mother each month?

how soon 多久以后

How soon will you finish your homework?

8 A beggar is a person who ___a___ .

a. asks for money but doesn't work b. asks for food

c. works hard d. is out of work

out of work 失业

I am out of work./I lose my job.

10 She gave him a piece of cheese. He put the ___a___ of cheese in his pocket.

a. bit b. bar c. block d. packet

a bit of /a piece of 在英文中经常互用

bar 门闩 : 长条状 :

a bar of chocolate; a bar of soap

block n. 房子；块, 一大块；v. 堵塞

packet 一包

12 All the houses in our ___a___ are the same age and size.

a. street b. way c. road d. route

same age and size 同年代同样式

street 两边有房子的街道, 强调城市里的街道

way, on the way, in the way 挡住某人的路(强调方向)

road 路的通称

road home 通往家的路 (张艺谋的影片《我的父亲母亲》的英文名)

route 路线

〖语法精粹〗

can you___B___if you are not ____?

A. listening/hearing B. hear/listening

C. be listening/hear D. be hearing/listening to

如果你不听, 怎么可能听见呢?

listen听/hear听见

girl even won't have her lunch before she__D__her homework.

A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished D. finishes

状语从句中, 用一般现在时取代将来时.

who have applied for the post__A__in the office.

A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing

C. interviewing (光动词+ing不能构成谓语)

D. to be interviewing (不定式不能构成谓语动词)

apply for 申请

interview 面试

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在英文中, 只能领导对员工面试，员工只能被面试，动词用被动

old scientist __C___to do more for the country.

A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D. has been wished

D为被动语态，从语法上说合理, 但不合情

表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时态.

wish sb. to do 希望某人做某事

he___B___,don't wake him up.

A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping

C. still had been sleeping D. will be sleeping still

如果他在睡觉的话, 不要吵醒他

Lesson 7 Too late

【New words and expressions】（13）

detective n. 侦探

airport n. 机场

expect v. 期待，等待

valuable adj. 贵重的

parcel n. 包裹

diamond n. 钻石

steal v. 偷

main adj. 主要的

airfield n. 飞机起落的场地

guard n. 警戒，守卫

precious adj. 珍贵的

stone n. 石子

sand n. 沙子

★detective n. 侦探

detective story 侦探小说

★airport n. 机场

★airfield n. 飞机起落的场地

port 港口；airport 航空港

at the airport 在机场

field 田野；airfield 停机坪

on the airfield 在停机坪上

★expect v. 期待, 等待

★ vt.&vi. 预计，预料

Jim has failed in mathematics as his teacher expected.

正如他老师所预料的那样，吉姆数学考试没及格。

★ vt. 等待，期待，盼望（心理上的等待）

They are expecting guests tonight. 今晚有人要去他们那里作客。

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expect所表示的等待一般暗含着根据某些信息或规律而作出相应反应的意思，而wait for主要接续“等待”这个动作本身。

expect sth.

I expect a letter from Jimmy.

expect do sth. 期待某人做某事

I expect you to write back.

I expect my mother to come back.

wait for sth./sb. 动作上的等待

I wait for my mother.

★ vt. 认为，猜想（一般用于口语）

I expect so./I think so. 我希望如此［口语］

I expect you’ve heard the news. 我想你已经听到这个消息了。

★valuable adj. 贵重的

★precious adj. 珍贵的

value n.&v. 价值；valuable adj.有价值的

valuable/ precious

precious adj. 珍贵的（带有一定的感情色彩）

precious photo 珍贵的照片

-less 表否定;

priceless adj. 没有价格的, 无价的

valueless adj. 没有价值, 不足道的

worthless adj. 无价值的

★diamond n. 钻石

diamond ring 钻石戒指

precious stone 宝石；crystal 水晶；jade 玉

★steal（stole，stolen） v. 偷

★ vt.&vi. 偷盗，行窃

英语中“偷”用steal和rob来表达，宾语是物，用steal；宾语是人，用rob；跟地点相连，也用rob

steal sth. 偷(某物)

My wallet was stolen.

John never steals. 约翰从不偷东西。

rob sb. 抢(某人)

I was robbed.

rob the bank

★ vt. 巧妙地占用，偷偷地弄到手

He has stolen away Mary’s heart. 他已赢得玛丽的芳心。

★ vi. 偷偷地行动，悄悄靠近

He stole into the room. 他悄悄地进了房间。

★main adj. 主要的

main building；main street；main sentence；main idea

main不能与人连用

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★guard n. 警戒, 守卫

life guard 救生员

body guard 保镖

keep guard 守望，警戒

They kept a close guard over the thieves. 他们对小偷们严加看管。

stand guard 站岗，放哨

【Text】

The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable

parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to

steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while

others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.

While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious

parcel was full of stones and sand!

参考译文

飞机误点了, 侦探们在机场等了整整一上午. 他们正期待从南非来的一个装着钻石的贵重包裹. 数小时以前, 有人向警方报告, 说有人企图偷走这些钻石. 当飞机到达时, 一些侦探等候在主楼内, 另一些侦探则守候在停机坪上. 有两个人把包裹拿下飞机, 进了海关. 这时两个侦探把住门口, 另外两个侦探打开了包裹. 令他们吃惊的是, 那珍贵的包裹里面装的全是石头和沙子!

【课文讲解】

1、The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.

all一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：all day，all night，all week，all winter，all year等。但不说all hour。

whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如a whole day/year，two whole weeks。

all morning=all the morning

The plane was late 飞机晚(点)了

The bus was late./The train was late.

detectives 没有强调一些侦探或者那些侦探, 强调侦探这种人，笼统感念, 可不加some, the

2、They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.

a valuable parcel of diamonds

a cup of tea 强调的是茶

South Africa 南非

3、A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

a few hours earlier 几个小时以前

= a few hours before/a few hours ago

would +do 过去将来时,间接方式, 转述, 站在过去看未来

4、When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were

waiting on the airfield.

代词others常常和some连用，表示“有些（人）……，也有些（人）……”或“有的……，其余的……”

one…the other… 一个……另一个……

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some…others… 一些……另一些……

Some students are very hard-working, others are not.

others=other+名词复数

5、Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.

take sth. off…=take sth. away from…

and carried it into…carried 表示看得很重

Customs House 海关

6、While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the

precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

…were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.

表面上是分工, 两个动作同时发生, 不是同时开始同时结束, 延续时间不一致, 长一点时间的动作用进行时态, 短时间的动作用过去时.

When someone knocked at the door, I was having dinner.

keep guard 守卫

They kept a close guard over the thieves.

at the door 在门边(固定搭配)

two others=two other detectives

to one's surprise,让某人惊讶的是

To my surprise, the teacher was late.

To one’s +表达人情绪的名词

to one's joy

To my joy, my mother came here yesterday.

to one's excitement

To our excitement, our team wins.

be full of ...装满

My bag was full of books.

The cup is full of water.

【Key structures】

过去进行时

过去进行时的构成：be的过去式+现在分词

过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词when，while，as，just as等引导。

when，while 当……时候（强调动作同时发生）

while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词

when+延续性动词/瞬间动词

while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替。while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而when和as一般不这么用。

John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.

Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.

when也可以引导比较短暂的动作，while和as则一般不行。

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We were having supper when the lights went out.

过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole

week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。

What were you doing all evening? I couldn’t find you anywhere.

过去动作同时发生的时态

★ 过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时;

I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.

When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV.

★ 两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时.

When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门

When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响

★ 瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态.

When he arrived, I was having dinner.

I am arriving 进行时态表示将要

Exercises D

1 As my father ______ (leave) the house, the postman ______ (arrive).

was leaving；arrived(两个瞬间动词同时发生可能性很小, 应具体分析, 故用进行时态表将来)

5 While mother ______ (prepare) lunch, Janet ______ (set) the table.

set the table摆桌子

was preparing；set

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词中的小品词

许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。

★ vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.)

She is walking up the hill.

★ vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv.

take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off

put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on

I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱

Exercise

11 They have pulled down the old building.

pull down… （pull；down）

pull one's leg 开玩笑

You are pulling my leg.你开我玩笑

12 Make up your mind.

make up…--->make up one's mind 习惯用法不换,语法上可换

13 He asked for permission to leave.

ask for…-->ask (sb.) for sth. 其实是省略sb.故不可换

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【Multiple choice questions】

5 Someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. This happened ___a___ the

plane arrived.

a. before b. after c. when d. as soon as

两个动作先后发生(一个动作结束, 另一个动作才发生)用过去完成时

before 在……之前；as soon as 一……就

9 The parcel was valuable. It was ___c___ .

a. worth b. worthy c. precious d. value

valuable= precious

value n. 价值

worth v. 值得……，后面一定要加词

something is worth…

The book is worth reading. (动名词)

The book is worth three dollars.

worthy adj. 有价值的

be worthy of… 值得……

This book is worthy of being read [to be read]. 这本书值得一读.

acts worthy of punishment 应该受处分的行为

worthless adj. 无价值的

something is worthless(后面不加任何东西)

10 The thieves wanted to ___b___ the diamonds.

a. rob b. steal c. take from d. take to

加something做宾语的一定是steal

Lesson 8 The best and the worst

【New words and expressions】（5）

competition n. 比赛，竞赛

neat adj. 整齐的，整洁的

path n. 小路，小径

wooden adj. 木头的

pool n. 水池

★competition n. 比赛，竞赛（暗地里的竞争）

race n. 比赛，竞赛

car race

match n. 比赛

football match

contest n. 比赛（更广泛）

baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美

game : 游戏, 运动

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★neat adj. 整齐的, 整洁的，井井有条

clean adj. 干净的

neat=tidy

tidy (up) the room 整理房间

★pool n. 水池(人工的)

swimming pool 游泳池

pond 池塘（天然的）

《golden pond》—金色池塘

【Text】

Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden

Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. Bill works harder than Joe

and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built

a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden

competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!

参考译文

乔.桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园. 几乎每个人都参加每年举办的 “最佳花园竞赛” , 而每次都是乔获胜. 比尔.弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大, 他比乔也更为勤奋, 种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多, 但乔的花园更富有情趣. 他修筑了一条条整洁的小路, 并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥. 我也喜欢花园, 但我却不愿意辛勤劳动. 每年的花园竞赛我也参加, 但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖!

【课文讲解】

1、Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.

Joe's garden is the most beautiful.

Bill's garden is the largest.

Bill’s garden is larger than Joe’s.

（比较的东西都是同类的事物 joe’s 的“’s”不能省略）

2、Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time.

nearly和almost意义相似，表示“几乎”、“差不多”、“差点儿”的意思。

I have nearly forgotten his name. 我差点把他的名字忘了。

I’m nearly/almost ready. 我快准备好了。

enter for 报名参加（各种竞赛，考试等活动）

win（won，won） v. 赢

★ vi. 赢

I win.

I lose. (输了)

★ vt. 赢得……

win something 后面往往是奖品,不能接对手

I win the book.

I win the gold cup.

win a prize 赢得了一个奖

win a prize for… 因为……而获奖

defeat+对手

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I defeat you.

3、Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.

名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。

4、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.

make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而build主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等”

Have you made the skirt by yourself?

They have made a road along the river.

【Key structures】

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

比较级相当于汉语中“比……更……”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最……”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。

1、比较级和最高级的构成：

★ 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est

★ 以-e结尾的词加-r，-st

★ 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est

★ 三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节）

比较级的构成 : more+原级

最高级的构成 : the most+原级

有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与more/less和most/least连用，如narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。

clever— cleverer— more clever

fun adj. 快乐

more fun （美国人用）

★ 有些构成是不规则的：

good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；

far(farther further , farthest furthest)

（farther:距离上的远和更远，further:程度上的更进一步）

further more(更有甚者)

old(older elder, oldest eldest)

older 比……大

She is older than somebody

elder 做定语修饰其他名词

elder sister (年长的)姐姐

2、比较级和最高级的用法

在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than：

My room is cleaner than the one next door.

如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：

Which house do you prefer?

I prefer the older one.

最高级的限定范围一般用of，among，in等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则

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可以省略。

John is the tallest of the three brother.

This is the coldest day in ten years.

Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.

【Special Difficulties】

every构成的合成词

every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，everybody，everything。Everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用，后面的代词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，但它们本身均被视为单数。

Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.

=Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。

Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。

each和every均可译为“每一个”，两者常可互换。every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数

Every/Each time I wash the car it rains.

Enter and Enter for

enter

★ vt.&vi. 进入

enter+地点名词

Always knock on the door before you enter.

★ vt.&vi. 参加，加入

We’ve entered into an agreement. 我们已达成一项协议。

He soon entered their conversation.

enter for+表示比赛、竞赛、考试的名词 报名参加, 强调报名

enter for the exam

She entered (her name/herself) for the mathematics competition. 她报名参加数学竞赛。

take part in 真正的参加

2 Will you enter ___for___ this week's crossword competition?

crossward 文字游戏

3 Many athletes have entered ___for___ the Olympic Games this year.

athletes = sportsman 运动员, 体育家

【Multiple choice questions】

3 Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. It is ___b___ .

a. larger garden b. a large garden c. large garden d. largest garden

6 The writer is fond of gardens. ___c___ .

a. They like him b. They like to him c. He likes them d. He likes

be fond of=like

I like sth./ I love sth./ I enjoy sth./I am fond of sth.

8 Joe wins every time. He always ___b___ Bill Frith.

a. wins b. beats c. gains d. earns

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对手关系不能用win

defeat v. 击败

defeat sb.

beat v. 打败；打

gain =get sth.

earn vt. 挣得

earn money

9 Joe grows more flowers. More flowers ___a___ in his garden.

a. grow b. grow tall c. grow up d. grow big

grow vt. 种植: grow sth; grow flowers…

vi. 生长: sth. grow; flowers are growing

grow tall/grow big 变得……（一般不加形容词）

grow up 只和人连用, 表示人的长大（up adv.表示向上）

10 Joe's garden is interesting. Joe is ___d___ in gardening.

a. interesting b. interest c. interestingly d. interested

sth. is interesting ……是令人感兴趣的

be interested in… 对……感兴趣

11 The writer doesn't like hard work. It's ___b___ to look after a garden.

a. a hard work b. a hard job c. hard job d. hardly a job

it 作形式主语; 真正的主语是to look after the garden

hard work 繁重的工作

work不可数名词；job可数名词

hardly adv.几乎不

Have you understood me?

Sorry, I have hardly understood you.

12 Every year the writer enters for the garden competition ___b___ .

a. very b. also c. and d. either

very 不单独使用；and并列连词, 不放在句子末尾；either也, 表否定

also 表示也, 可以放在句子末尾；often 可以放在句子末尾

Lesson 9 A cold welcome

【New words and expressions】（7）

welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎

crowd n. 人群

gather v. 聚集

hand n. （表或机器的）指针

shout v. 喊叫

refuse v. 拒绝

laugh v. 笑

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★welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎

★ n. 欢迎

a cold welcome 冷遇

★ v. 欢迎

welcome to+地点

welcome to China；welcome to my home；welcome home；welcome back

★ adj. 受欢迎的

You are welcome.

You are welcome to+地点

★crowd n. 人群

★ n. 人群

in the crowd 在人群中

I spotted him in the crowd. 我在人群中一眼就认出了他

a crowd of people 一群人，没有次序的人群, 拥挤的人群

a group of people 一群人，有次序的人群

★ v.拥挤, 挤满

a large crowd of people 一大群人

crowds of people 许多人, 人山人海

★gather v. 聚集

★ vt. 使集拢，集合，召集

He gathered a large crowd of people round him.

★ vt 收集，采集，收（庄稼等）

The children are out in the field gathering flowers. 孩子们在外面地里采花。

It has taken me a lifetime to gather all these books.

收集所有这些书花了我一辈子的时间。

★ vi. 集拢，聚集，集合

They gathered under the Town Hall clock.

people gathered 人们聚集在一起, 尤指自发性的聚集

★hand n. (表或机器的)指针；手

minute hand；second hand；hour hand

second hand 二手的，旧的，秒针

wait me a moment/wait me a few seconds(for a few secs.) （secs.是seconds的缩写）

★refuse v. 拒绝

★ vt. 拒绝（接受、服从等）

She refused the gift.

★ vt. 拒不，不肯，不愿

John refused to change his mind. 约翰拒不改变主意。

★ vi. 拒绝，不接受

I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.

对于他的帮助我提出给他报酬，但他拒绝了。

★shout v. 喊叫

call out 大声喊叫

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cry out 大声哭喊

scream 尖叫

【Text】

On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people

had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time. Fifteen minutes passed

and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move. We waited and waited, but

nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted. 'It's two minutes past twelve! The clock has stopped!' I looked at

my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome the New Year. At that moment, everybody began to laugh

and sing.

参考译文

星期三的晚上, 我们去了市政厅. 那是一年的最后一天, 一大群人聚集在市政厅的大钟下面. 再过20分钟, 大钟将敲响12下. 15分钟过去了, 而就在11点55分时, 大钟停了. 那根巨大的分针不动了. 我们等啊等啊, 可情况没有变化. 突然有人喊道 : “已经12点零2分了!那钟已经停了!” 我看了一下我的手表,

果真如此. 那座大钟不愿意迎接新年. 此时, 大家已经笑了起来, 同时唱起了歌.

【课文讲解】

1、A cold welcome 冷遇

cold adj. 冷的, 寒冷的, 冷淡的

cold fish 冷漠的人

My brother is a cold fish.

lucky dog 幸运的人

What does "a cold welcome" refer to ? （refer to 指……）

2、On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.

morning，afternoon，evening前如果加修饰词则用介词on，否则用in

Town Hall 市政厅

3、It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock.

the last day of the year 一年中的最后一天

a large crowd of the people 一大群人

4、It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.

★strike v. 打，击；敲，弹（钟，乐器等）

★ v. 打，击

She struck the man in the face.

★ v. 敲，弹（钟，乐器等）

strike the clock （人）敲钟

clock strike 钟自己响

Listen, the clock is striking.

strike twelve 数字表示敲击的次数

minutes'名词所有格，用来表达时间

名词所有格表示时间或距离

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It will leave in five minutes'time.

in twenty(minutes'time)名词所有格可省略

an hour's time

How far is the school from here?

3 minutes' walk. 三分钟路程。

5、Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped.

… minutes pass … 几点过几分（前半小时，pass过了）

25 minutes passed eight

… minutes to … 几点过几分（后半小时，to还没到）

a quarter to nine/15 minutes to nine

时刻指点时间, 时间指段时间。时刻前的介词用at

…(some time) passed and then, sth. happened ……时间过去了，……

An hour passed and then, he arrived. 一个小时过去了，他终于来了。

…minutes later几分钟以后

6、We waited and waited, but nothing happened.

waited and waited 等啊等啊, 强调动作的重复（walked and walked；run and run）

happen vi.事情做主语, 事情发生

What happened?

Nothing happened.

7、It was true.

It was true that+从句 ……是一个事实

8、The big clock refused to welcome the New Year.

refuse to do sth. 拒绝去做某事

I refuse to leave. 我拒绝离开

I refuse to move. 我拒绝移动

9、At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.

at that moment = just then 就在那时

at the moment = now 现在, 此刻, 在此时

【Key structures】

引导时间状语的介词in/on/at/during/till与until

1、用in的时间短语有：

★ 表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning；in the afternoon；in the evening

★ 表示周、月份、年份：in a week；in January；in Feb；in 1992

★ 表示季节：in summer；in spring；in autumn；in winter

in+表示时间长度的短语可以表示“在某段时间之内”，这时可以与现在时、过去时或将来时连用，一般与完成某动作有关；还可译为“……时间之后”，一般与将来时连用。根据时态判别in 表示的含义

in twenty minutes' time 20分钟之后

We will finish class in half an hour.

2、用on的时间短语有：

★ 表示星期：on Monday；on Friday

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★ 表示日期：on June 1st；on 23rd March（在书写日期时没有冠词，但在口语中则分别读为：on June the

first；on the 23rd of March）

★ 表示星期+日期：on Monday, June 1st

★ 表示具体时间：on Wednesday evening；on fine afternoon；on that day

3、用at的时间短语有：

★ 表示确切的时间：at five to twelve；at ten o'clock

★ 表示用餐时间：at lunch/dinner time；at teatime

★ 表示其他时刻：at night；at noon；at midnight；at that time

4、during在……期间，后必须跟一个名词，可以指整个一段时间，有时可以用in替代

He has phoned four times during the last half hour.

I met him sometime during the week.（不能用in代替） 我是在这一周的某天遇到他的。

during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾

He enjoyed himself during his holiday.

in the holiday 强调这段时间其中某一点时间, 并不表示自始至终

I was caught in an accident in the holiday.

5、from…till… 指一段明确的时间：

The tourist season runs from June till October.

6、until prep.&coin. 直到……时候，直到什么时候为止, 直到什么时候才

until主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对(最习惯的一种用法), 主句和从句任何一个用过去完成是也对

I can't enter for the sports meeting until tomorrow.

I had not understood the problem until he explained it.

We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work.

We didn't disturb him until he had finished work.

We didn't disturb him until he finished work.(更习惯于这种用法)

7、from…to…

Everyday we have English class from 8:30 to 11:30

关于时间表示方法 : What’s the time?/What time is it?

A整点 : A o’clock

A点B分（B<30）: A B / B past A

A点15分 : A fifteen / fifteen past A / a quarter past A

A点30分 : A thirty / half past A

A点B分(B>30) : A B / (60-B) to (A+1)

A点45分 : A forty-five / a quarter to (A+1) / fifteen to (A+1)

【Special Difficulties】

Any，Any and No

any 用于否定句和疑问句中, some用于肯定句(或要求得到肯定回答的疑问句)

Do you have any friends?

I don't have any friends.

not 用在非实义动词后面, 实义动词前面.

not any=no 用在名词前面，no比not any的语气要强，但这两种否定的意义是相同的。

I have no friends.

no可构成复合词nobody，none，nothing，nowhere；any可构成复合词anybody，anything和anywhere。

在一个句子中通常只能有一个否定词（包括never，hardly等词）

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【Multiple choice questions】

4 The people ___a___ under the Town Hall clock.

a. were c. is d. be

people:人们, 做主语一定是复数

police，cattle是集合名词，用复数

8 How many times did the clock ___d___ ?

a. hit b. beat c. knock d. strike

敲门用knock；敲钟用strike

hit（轻）和strike（重hit hard)在一定的时候可以互换, 一般表示打一下

beat v. 连续不断的打

beat drums 敲鼓

12 It refused to welcome the New Year. It ___c___ .

a. denied it b. wanted to c. didn't want to d. wished to

deny v. 否认, 拒绝去承认, 后面一般加名词

deny the fact

I denied that I had stolen the bicycle.

refuse v. 拒绝

refuse to do sth.

I refused to steal the bicycle.

Lesson 10 Not for jazz

【New words and expressions】（11）

jazz n. 爵士音乐

musical adj. 音乐的

instrument n. 乐器

clavichord n. 古钢琴

recently adv. 最近

damage v. 损坏

key n. 琴键

string n. （乐器的）弦

shock v. 使不悦或生气，震惊

allow v. 允许，让

touch v. 触摸

★jazz n. 爵士音乐

a kind of music

★musical adj. 音乐的

musical student 有音乐天赋的人

music student 学音乐的人（the student who learned music）

★instrument n. 乐器

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instrument=musical instrument

instrument常用的意思是“器械”、“器具”，尤指医疗、机器等方面的。也可用来泛指各种乐器。

★clavichord n. 古钢琴, 不是现代的piano

a kind of instrument

★recently adv. 最近

recently=lately

★damage v. 损坏

★ n. 损害，损失，伤害

The storm has done a lot of damage to the village.

★ vt. 损害，毁坏，损坏

The car was badly damaged in the accident.

★key n. 琴键

★ n. 琴键

★ n. 钥匙，答案

key to the door 门钥匙

Do you know the key to the question?

★ adj. 关键的

key structure

★shock v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊

★ v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊

跟人的情绪有关的动词的宾语往往是 “人” (以sth.为主语)

The news shocks me. 这个消息使我震惊

★ adj. 令人震惊的

It is shocking.

★ adj. 感到震惊

凡是能够用 “人” 做宾语, 又是表示人的情绪活动的动词, 有两个形容词形成：令人……（V+ing）；感到……（V+ed）

I'm shocked.

★ n. 震惊

get a shock

sb. get a shock 某人很吃惊

shock 必指坏事, 令人不悦, 生气的

surprise 好事坏事都可以, 只要你没有料到的

I want to give you surprise.

★allow v. 允许, 让

allow doing sth.

Smoking is allowed.＝people allow smoking

allow sb. to do sth. / allowed to do sth.

allow常用于被动语态

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You are allowed to smoke(被动语态)

You are not allowed to enter the room if you don't take the card with you

★touch v. 触摸

★ vt.&vi. 触摸，碰

You are not allowed to touch the vase.

★ vt. 谈及，涉及，关系到

A rise in the cost of living touches everyone. 生活费用的增加与每个人都有关系。

【Text】

We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord

is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my

grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys

too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is

being repaired by a friend of my father's.

参考译文

我家有件古乐器, 被称作古钢琴, 是1681年德国造的. 我们的这架古钢琴存放在起居室里. 我们家有这件乐器已经很久了, 是我祖父在很多年以前买的. 可它最近被一个客人弄坏了, 因为她用它来弹奏爵士乐. 她在击琴键时用力过猛, 损坏了两根琴弦. 我父亲大为吃惊, 不许我们再动它. 父亲的一个朋友正在修理这件乐器.

【课文讲解】

1、It is called a clavichord.

call在这里的意思是“把……称为”、“称呼”，既可用于主动态，也可用于被动语态。

call ./ called 称某人为……，什么被称为……

What do you call this? 你们把这称为什么？

2、It has belonged to our family for a long time.

belong是一个表示状态的动词，而不是行为动词，所以不能用于进行时，常用的时态是一般现在时和现在过去时。

This farm belongs to me and it belonged to my father before me.

3、She tried to play jazz on it!

play n. 玩，演奏（乐器等）

★ 跟球类连用, 直接+球类;

★ 跟乐器连用, +the+乐器, 演奏乐器而非音乐

★ play music on + 乐器 , 一定要用 “on”

【Key structures】

被动语态

主动语态与被动语态皆指动词的形式而言。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物；在被动句中，动作是对主语执行的。

被动语态由be的一种形式和过去分词构成。主动语态的时态用法规则也适用于被动语态。动词作及物动词用时才能构成被动语态。如果要说明是什么人或什么东西做了某事，则用“by+行为主体”结构。“行为主体”也可以不表示出来。

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【Special Difficulties】

与被动语态的made连用的几个介词

made in表示产地或时间

It was made in Germany.

made of表示用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不改变该材料原来的性质或形状）

The tea pot is made of silver.

made from表示用数种材料制成，或者是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状

Paper can be made from wood.

made by表示由谁制造

This cake was made by my sister.

be made into 被制成……

The gold is made into a ring.

双重所有格

双重所有格/双重属格 : 名词+of+名词所有格(名词性的物主代词)

英语中通常用-’s和of结构来表示所有格。-’s结构通常用在人名和表示人称的名词的末尾，而of结构则常与无生命的名词连用。

-’s结构的所有格可用于of结构之后，称为双重所有格。在名词前面，可以用a，this，that，these，some，any，no等，但不用the。

He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一个特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。

He is no friend of mine. 含义是“我根本不认识他”或“他是我的敌人”

强调很多当中的一个或几个的时候, 选用双重属格结构

a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 只有一个朋友

a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一个

It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一个

【Multiple choice questions】

7 We are not allowed to touch it. We ___a___ touch it.

a. mustn't b. mustn't to c. haven't to d. don't have to

肯定结构中must和have to是一个概念；否定结构中must和have to就不一样了，mustn't:不准, 不可以；have to的否定：don't have to不必(have实意动词)

You don't have to go to school. 今天你不必去上学

You mustn't go to school. 今天你不许去上学

9 It's kept in the living room. That's where we ___a___ it.

a. have b. hold c. lift d. carry

keep(kept,kept) v. 保持，保存

keep sth.+地点 在某地放……(状态)

put v. 放(动作)；lift v. 举起；carry v. 扛着, 背着, 抱着

hold v. 拥有, 持有, 握着；have v. 拥有

That's后面+以特殊疑问词引导的从句

That's where 那就是……的地方

That's why 那就是……的原因

10 The visitor damaged it. She ___c___ it.

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a. hurt b. pained c. broke

damaged：可以修复

destroy：无法修复

pain：有身体的疼痛

broke：打破, 打断, 打碎

I broke my leg.

★hurt

★ hurt oneself/身体的某个部位 ……受伤

Hurt my leg.

★ 身体的某个部位+hurt ……疼痛

My hand hurts.

★ hurt feelings 伤害……感情，……受伤

d. destroyed

Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another

【New words and expressions】（6）

turn n. 行为，举止

deserve v. 应得到，值得

lawyer n. 律师

bank n. 银行

salary n. 工资

immediately adv. 立刻

★turn n. 行为, 举止

turn n.（帮助或损害他人的）举动、行为

Yesterday George did me a good/an ill turn. 乔治昨天做了一件对我有利/不利的事。

He is always ready to do a turn for others. 他总是乐于为他人做好事。

behavior n. 行为, 举止

Pay attention to your behavior.

★deserve v. 应得到, 值得

★ deserve + n. 应该得到……，值得……，应得（奖赏、惩罚等）

He deserves praise. 他应该得到表扬

Yor deserve the best. 你应该得到最好的

He deserved a promotion. （promotion n. 提升）

★ deserve sth./to do sth. 应该……

She deserved to be punished.

Good work deserves good pay. 多劳多得

His words deserve attention. 他的话值得注意。

★lawyer n. 律师

lawyer's office 律师事务所

★bank n. 银行

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rob the bank 抢银行

★salary n. 工资

pay n. 工资(salary+wage，通用)

salary n. 薪金，薪水(月薪, 年薪，通常指职员、脑力劳动者（如律师、教师、医生等）有固定工作或管理阶层的收入，数额比较固定，一般按月支付)

My salary is paid on the 28th of the month.

wage n. 工资，工钱(按小时, 周计算的，通常指技工或一般体力劳动者，不稳定的工作人的收入，按周或天支付。一般用复数形式wages)。

When I worked as a waiter, the wages were low, but the tips were good.

我当侍者时工资不高，但小费可观。

bonus n. 奖金, 分红

collet v. 搜集, 领取

collect salary/wage 领工资

★immediately adv. 立刻

right away =at once =immediately 立刻, 马上

right now 现在

【Text】

I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in. Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but

he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays

it back. Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was

eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. 'I have never

borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'

参考译文

我正在一家饭馆吃饭, 托尼.斯蒂尔走了进来. 托尼曾在一家律师事务所工作, 而现在正在一家银行上班. 他的薪水很高, 但他却总是向朋友借钱, 并且从来不还. 托尼看见了我, 就走过来和我坐到一张桌子前.

他从未向我借过钱. 当他吃饭时, 我提出向他借20英镑. 令我惊奇的是, 他立刻把钱给了我. “我还从未向你借过钱, “托尼说道, “所以现在你可以替我付饭钱了!”

【课文讲解】

1、One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来, 善有善报

one bad turn deserves another 恶有恶报

2、Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.

work for… 强调工作

work in… 强调in后面的地点

working at a bank

(some/several) years ago 名词-s,前面省略了some

3、He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.

The teachers in the New Oriental school can get a good salary.

borrow sth. from sb. 从……借……

never=not 前面不需要加助动词

pay在这里的意思是“偿还（债务等）”，还可解释为“付，支付（价款、账单）等”。Pay既是及物动词

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