欧洲文化入门 名词解释

欧洲文化入门 名词解释：

1． Pax Romana：In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful

time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax

Romana

2． The New Testament名词解释

The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New

Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The

word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and

most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch

contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(教义记)， Numbers (逃亡记)， Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4． Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells

about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including

the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life

of Jacob and his son Joseph.

5．The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：？

①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings

⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.

6．the Middle ages名词解释

In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the

Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.

The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern

times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.

The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient

times and modern times.

7、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding

(土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。 The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”，

a grant (许可的) of land.

8、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释

As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church，

to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were

known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.

9．Gothic名词解释① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread

through all parts of Western Europe.

② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas，

into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style

in history.

③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)

10．The Canterbury Tales：

① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.

② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native

alliterative verse.(压头韵)

③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the

middle Engli Renaissance名词解释

11． 文艺复兴Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between

the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)，

specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek

and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence (从实质上讲)， was a historical

period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce

new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级)，

to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church

authorities.(权利威信)

Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and

mid-17th century.

Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings，

sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于painting

Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets，

scholars， artists and sculptors (雕塑家)。

12． ．Renaissance Art名词解释

A radical (根本的) break with medieval (中古的) methods of representing the

visible (可见的) world occurred (发生) in Italy during the second half of the

13th century. It was not until the second decade (十年) of the 15th century that

there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (田园式风格)。

13．Reformation名词解释The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement

as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin

Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg

(机智) his 95 thesis (论题)。 This movement which swept over (席卷了) the whole

of Europe was aimed at opposing (反对) the absolute authority (权威) of the Roman

Catholic Church and replacing (代替) it with the absolute authority of the Bible.

The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themselves in translating the Bible into

their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经

14． Calvinism名词解释Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of

Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会)。 Only those specially elected

by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising

bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

15．Counter-Reformation (反宗教改革)名词解释

By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church

in Germany.

The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙)。 They mustered (召集) their forces， the dedicated (专用的) Catholic groups， to examine the Church

institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (改良)， to bring back its

vitality (活力)。 This recovery of power is often called by historians the

Counter-Reformation.

16．the laws of gravitation (万有引力的内容)：

the sun， the moon， the earth， the planets， and all the other bodies (天体) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force， which is call

gravitation.

17．演绎方法Inductive method名词解释

Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction

means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cases to a general

conclusion.(从特殊推一般)。 Induction was put over against Deductive method.

18、洛克All our ideas are ultimately (最后) derived from sensation (感受) or

from reflection (反思) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge

springs from experience as well.

19．认知论Theory of Knowledge名词解释 简答

Descartes employed (使用) methodic doubt (置疑方法论) with a view to

discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的) truth. I doubt，

therefore I think： I think， therefore I am. Doubting is thinking， thinking

is the essence of the mind (精髓所在)。 Descartes believed that they are not

dependable. (置疑是不可*的)

20、Descartes‘s Dualism 二元论

① Thought (思维) was the foundation of all knowledge (认知) while the senses

might deceive (欺骗) us. This is idealist. (唯心主义者)

② The external (外部) world existed (存在)， which was independent (无关) of the human mind. This is materialist. (不以人的意识为转移)

21、Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释

Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions

of the ancient world， a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to

Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious

of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。 It intended to produce a

literature， French to the core (以法语为中心)， which was worthy of (与…相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its

climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒)

22、 Rationalism (理性主义) was believed to be able to discover the best

principles (原则) of human conduct (行为) and the universal (通用的) principles

of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (提供的) the philosophical foundation

for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义)

23．Baroque Art名词解释 承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式

Baroque Art， flourished first in Italy， and then spread to Spain， Portugal，

France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North.

It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and sentimental appeal

(哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(强烈的明暗对比)

24．启蒙运动Enlightenment名词解释 简答：

Enlightement was an intellectual (知识分子) movement originating in France，

which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half

of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by certain European

writers to use critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见)，

unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权)。 Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代)。

25．(三权分立理论) The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by

Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative

(立法)， executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付)

to different individuals， acting independently. (独立的行为)

The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)

27．The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)名词解释

By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become

almost entirely (完全) rationalized (理性化)。 It came to its richest fruition

(高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔)。 Bach and Handel

represented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the

clearly defined types and forms， in a series (系列) of standardized formulas

(公式)。

28．、Romanticism名词解释

Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which

developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from

the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution

(工业革命)， it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with

nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。 Romanticism gave impetus

(动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century

Europe.

29．Byronic hero名词解释

Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English

literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit，

such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.

30．Romantic Music浪漫主义音乐名词解释 承前启后的年代音乐家是重点

The Romantic Movement in music dominated (统治) the period about 1830 to

about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement， which， all over Europe，

especially in Germany and France， affected (感染着) all arts. The Romantic Music

is divided into two periods： The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven，

Schubert， Chopin， Schumann， and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms

and Tchaikovsky.

31．达尔文的进化论 Darwin‘s theory of evolution contains four major arguments：

①new species appear (新物种的发现)。

②those new species have evolved (进化) from older species.

③The evolution of species is result (导致) of natural selection.

④The natural selection depends on variations (变异) and the maintenance

(保护) of variations in spite of (不管) the tendency (趋势) of natural selection

to eliminate (消除) unfit (不适当的) variants. Natural selection名词解释

32．社会达尔文主义Social Darwinism名词解释

For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted (替代) the survival

of the fittest. (适者生存)

33．Realism现实主义名词解释In art and literature the term realism is used to

identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States (选) in the

last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the

practice (应用) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times.

This is fundamentally (根本的) the difference between romanticism and realism.

In Europe， the Realist movement arose (起源于) in the 50s of the 19th century

and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and

lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实)

34．印象主义Impressionism (艺术的表现形式)名词解释

Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was

most pervasive (普及) in painting， but it was also found in literature and art.

(在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影) The term “impressionism”first appeared in

1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio (工作室) by a

group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet‘s (莫纳) Impression： Sunrise. (日出印象)

35． (后印象主义)Post-Impressionism名词解释

During the 2nd half of the 19th century， French impressionism created a

dramatic break with the art of the past， and created a form of art that was

to affect (影响) nearly every ambitious (有雄心的) artist in the Western world.

Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion

and temperament (气质)。

36．现代主义Modernism名词解释Modernism was a complex and diverse (复杂多样的) international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)， originating

about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative

renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面)， such

as symbolism， surrealism (超现实主义)， cubism (立体主义)， expressionism，

futurism (未来主义)， ect.

37．The Ego and Id (自我与本我)

Id名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts —

Id， Ego and Superego. The Id is the container (容器) of the instinctual urges

(本能的主张)。 It is the unconscious (无意识的) part of mind， which seeks (查找) immediate (即刻的) satisfaction of desires (欲望)。 Id is concerned with

what a person wants to do.

Ego名词解释Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id，

Ego and Superego. Ego is the rational (理性的)， thoughtful (深思的)， realistic

personality process. It is characterized by a desire for independence (独立的)， autonomy (自发的) and self-direction. Ego is concerned with

divided human personality into three functional parts — Id， Ego and Superego.

超我Superego is the idealized (理想化的) image that a person builds of himself

in response (反映，响应) to authority (权威) and social pressures (压力)。

38、俄狄浦斯情结：Oedipus Complex名词解释

Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy， in

which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus

Complex was established by Freud.

39、迷失的一代：The Lost generation名词解释

The Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals (知识分子) who

came back from war， were injured (受伤害) both physically (身体上) and mentally

(精神上)。 They lived by indulging (放任) themselves in the Bohemian (波西米亚) way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned (破灭了)。 The best

representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.

40、垮掉的一代：The Beat Generation名词解释 垮掉的一代

The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters (儿童) who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional (传统的) social

behaviour and who cultivated (培养) a rootless manner of living. The distinctive

features (有特色的特征) of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang

language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg‘s Howl

(嚎叫)and Jack Keroual‘s on the road.

41．年轻愤怒的一代：Angry Young Men名词解释

Angry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found

themselves to be social misfits (不能适应环境的人)。 They felt they were socially

stateless (无政府状态)。 Even though they were university graduates. They were

very sensitive (敏感) to the undesirable (讨厌的人) things of the society. Angry

Young Men was represented by John Osborne‘s play Look Back in Anger (愤怒问题) and Amis’ novel Lucky Jim.

42、新小说主义：Nouveau Roman名词解释

Nouveau Roman refers to some 20th –century French novels. The term Nouveau

Roman came into being with the publication (发表) of some essays (短文) by Grillet

(新小说主义源于他)， a French writer. The New Novel tends to be objective (客

观的)。 Human characters are on an equal footing (地位) with things. The New

Novelists try to avoid taking sides (走极端) when they come to the description

of characters， making no distinction (不加以区别) between good and bad or

between important and trivial (平凡)。 Therefore， their characters are often

shapeless (无形状态) and sometimes even nameless (没有姓名)。

43、存在主义：Existentialism名词解释

Existentialism is a philosophy (哲学倾向) that became a self-conscious

movement (自发的运动) in the 20th century. Its basic concern is human existence

(人的存在)。 A key concept (关键概念) of existentialism is that man is only what

he makes of himself. Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard

Shaw‘s problem plays. And Sartre’s (萨达尔) Being and Nothingness (存在与虚无)。

44． 荒诞剧：The Theatre of the absurd名词解释

The Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European，

particularly French， playwrights (剧作家) of the 1950s and 60s. The word

“absurd” originated from the works of Camus (加谬斯)。 The play writers of

the Theatre of the absured employed (被使用) many techniques used by the popular

theatre such as： acrobatics (杂技)。 Their language is very often dislocated

(错位)， with plenty of jargon (行话)， clichés (老生常谈) and repetitions (反复使用)。 The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Beckett‘s (贝克特) waiting

for Godot (等待哥达)。

45． 黑色幽默：Black Humour名词解释

Black Humour is a term derived (源于) from Black Comedy. Its origin can be

traced back to Shakespeare‘s time. But now the term (术语) is usually used to

refer to some Western， especially American Post-World WarⅡ writers. Black

humour is kind of desperate humour (会让人产生绝望的幽默)。 In Black humour，

man’s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers. (人的命运自有安排) Black

humour was represented by Joseph Heller‘s Catch-22.

46。 野兽派：Fauvism名词解释

The Fauvism expressed their emotional reaction to the subject in the boldest

colour and strongest pattern of lines (表现强烈的情感)。 They preferred this

to objective representation. (支持主观反对客观) In this way the Fauves freed

colour from its tradition. (解放了传统对色彩的束缚)

47． 表现主义：Expressionism名词解释Expressionist art is marked by the

expression of reality (对现实的意志) by means of distortion (扭曲) to

communicate one‘s inner vision (内部观察)。 The artists of this school used

bright colours to bring out their pessimistic views on life (对生活的悲观态度)。 They showed a world of subconsciousness (下意识的世界)。

48．立体主义：Cubism名词解释

Cubism is a type of abstract painting (抽象绘画) which aims to penetrate

beyond surface appearances (超越表面现象) and single vision (想象) and depict

(描绘) persons and objects (人和物) from varying angles (千变万化的角度)

simultaneously (同时进行) and three-dimensionally (三位立体)。 The Cubism was

represented by Picasso (毕加索)

49． 、未来主义：Futurism名词解释

The works of futurism portray (描绘) the dynamic life (动态的生活) of the

20th century. They glorify (崇尚) war， danger， machine age and attack (反对) museums and academies (学术)。 They are interested in expressing the speed

(高速发展)， progress and even the violence (暴力) of modern live.

50． 达达主义:Dadaism名词解释

Dadaism created works that were anti-war， anti-modern life， and indeed

(甚至)， anti-art. When they held exhibitions the Dadaists sometimes encouraged

(鼓励) the public to destroy (销毁) their displays. They thought that the world

had become insane (病了) and art too seious (严肃)。 One of the most important

ideas to develop out of the movement was automatism (自动主义)—the automatic

production (自动产生) of art.

51． 超现实主义:Surrealism名词解释

Surrealism was a which combined (结合) the Dada idea of automatism with the

psychology (心理学) of Sigmund Freud. The surrealists felt that the job of the

artist was to show an unconscious (无意识的) world.