Thomas_Hardy的英文简介

Thomas Hardy (1840-1904)

Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, on June 2, 1840, where his

father worked as a master mason and builder. From his father he gained an

appreciation of music, and from his mother an appetite for learning and the delights of

the countryside about his rural home.

Hardy was frail as a child, and did not start at the village school until he was eight

years old. One year later he transferred to a new school in the county town of

Dorchester.

At the age of 16 Hardy helped his father with the architectural

drawings for a restoration of Woodsford Castle. The owner, architect James Hicks,

was impressed by the younger Hardy's work, and took him on as an apprentice.

Hardy later moved to London to work for prominent architect Arthur Blomfield. He

began writing, but his poems were rejected by a number of publishers. Although he

enjoyed life in London, Hardy's health was poor, and he was forced to return to

Dorset.

In 1870 Hardy was sent to plan a church restoration at St. Juliot in Cornwall. There he

met Emma Gifford, sister-in-law of the vicar of . She encouraged him in his

writing, and they were married in 1874.

Hardy published his first novel, Desperate Remedies in 1871, to universal disinterest.

But the following year Under the Greenwood Tree brought Hardy popular acclaim for

the first time. As with most of his fictional works, Greenwood Tree incorporated real

places around Dorset into the plot, including the village school of Higher

Bockhampton that Hardy had first attended as a child.

The success of Greenwood Tree brought Hardy a commission to write a serialized

novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes, for Tinsley's Magazine. Once more Hardy drew upon real

life, and the novel mirrors his own courtship of Emma.

Hardy followed this with Far From the Madding Crowd, set in Puddletown (renamed

Weatherby), near his birthplace. This novel finally netted Hardy the success that

enabled him to give up his architectural practice and concentrate solely on writing.

The Hardys lived in London for a short time, then in Yeovil, then in Sturminster

Newton (Stourcastle), which Hardy described as "idyllic". It was at Sturminster

Newton that Hardy penned Return of the Native, one of his most enduring works.

Finally the Hardys moved to Dorchester, where Thomas designed their new house,

Max Gate, into which they moved in 1885. One year later Hardy published The

Mayor of Casterbridge, followed in 1887 by The Woodlanders and in 1891 by one of

his best works, Tess of the d'Urbervilles.

Tess provoked interest, but his next work, Jude the Obscure (1896), catapulted Hardy

into the midst of a storm of controversy. Jude outraged Victoria morality and was

seen as an attack upon the institution of marriage. Its publication caused a rift between

Thomas and Emma, who feared readers would regard it as describing their own

marriage.

Of course the publicity did no harm to book sales, but reader's hid the book behind

plain brown paper wrappers, and the Bishop of Wakefield burned his copy! Hardy

himself was bemused by the reaction his book caused, and he turned away from

writing fiction with some disgust.

For the rest of his life Hardy focussed on poetry, producing several collections,

including Wessex Poems (1898).

Emma Hardy died in November 1912, and was buried in Stinsford churchyard.

Thomas was stricken with guilt and remorse, but the result was some of his best

poetry, expressing his feelings for his wife of 38 years.

All was not gloom, however, for in 1914 Hardy remarried, to Florence Dugdale, his

secretary since 1912. Thomas Hardy died on January 11, 1928 at his house of Max

Gate in Dorchester. He had expressed the wish to be buried beside Emma, but his

wishes were only partly regarded; his body was interred in Poet's Corner, Westminster

Abbey, and only his heart was buried in Emma's grave at Stinsford.

A rumor has persisted since Hardy's death that it is not the author's heart that was

buried beside Emma. The story goes that Hardy's housekeeper placed his heart on the

kitchen table, where it was promptly devoured by her cat. Apparently a pig's heart was

used to replace Hardy's own. Truth? Fiction? We will probably never know.

English poet and regional novelist, whose works depict the imaginary county

"Wessex" (=Dorset). Hardy's career as writer spanned over fifty years. His earliest

books appeared when Anthony Trollope (1815-82) wrote his Palliser series, and he

published poetry in the decade of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Hardy's work reflected

his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.

"Critics can never be made to understand that that the failure may be

greater than To have the strength to roll a stone weighting

a hundredweight to the top of a mountain is a success, and to have the

strength to roll a stone of then hundredweight only halfway up that

mount is a failure. But the latter is two or three times as strong a deed."

(Hardy in his diary, 1907)

Thomas Hardy's own life wasn't similar to his stories. He was born on the Egdon

Heath, in Dorset, near Dorchester. His father was a master mason and building

contractor. Hardy's mother, whose tastes included Latin poets and French romances,

provided for his education. After schooling in Dorchester Hardy was apprenticed to

an architect. He worked in an office, which specialized in restoration of churches. In

1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, for whom he wrote 40 years later, after

her death, a group of poems known as VETERIS VESTIGIAE FLAMMAE (Vestiges

of an Old Flame).

At the age of 22 Hardy moved to London and started to write poems, which idealized

the rural life. He was an assistant in the architectural firm of Arthur Blomfield, visited

art galleries, attended evening classes in French at King's College, enjoyed

Shakespeare and opera, and read works of Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and John

Stuart Mills, whose positivism influenced him deeply. In 1867 Hardy left London for

the family home in Dorset, and resumed work briefly with Hicks in Dorchester. He

entered into a temporary engagement with Tryphena Sparks, a sixteen-year-old

relative. Hardy continued his architectural work, but encouraged by Emma Lavinia

Gifford, he started to consider literature as his "true vocation."

Unable to find public for his poetry, the novelist George Meredith advised Hardy to

write a novel. His first novel, THE POOR MAN AND THE LADY, was written in

1867, but the book was rejected by many publishers and he destroyed the manuscript.

His first book that gained notice, was FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD (1874).

After its success Hardy was convinced that he could earn his living as an author. He

devoted himself entirely to writing and produced a series of novels, among them THE

RETURN OF NATIVE (1878), THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE (1886).

TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES (1891) came into conflict with Victorian morality.

It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire. In the story the poor

villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy Alec D'Uberville. She

becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy. Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a

farm and falls in love with Angel Clare, a clergyman's son. They marry but when Tess

tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically desert her. Tess becomes Alec's mistress.

Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec.

Tess kills Alec in desperation, she is arrested and hanged.

Hardy's JUDE THE OBSCURE (1895) aroused even more debate. The story

dramatized the conflict between carnal and spiritual life, tracing Jude Fawley's life

from his boyhood to his early death. Jude marries Arabella, but deserts her. He falls in

love with his cousin, hypersensitive Sue Bridehead, who marries the decaying

schoolmaster, Phillotson, in a masochist fit. Jude and Sue obtain divorces, but their

life together deteriorates under the pressure of poverty and social disapproval. The

eldest son of Jude and Arabella, a grotesque boy nicknamed 'Father Time', kills their

children and himself. Broken by the loss, Sue goes back to Phillotson, and Jude

returns to Arabella. Soon thereafter Jude dies, and his last words are: "Wherefore is

light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul?".

In 1896, disturbed by the public uproar over the unconventional subjects of two of his

greatest novels, Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, Hardy announced

that he would never write fiction again. A bishop solemnly burnt the book, 'probably

in his despair at not being able to burn me', Hardy noted. Hardy's marriage had also

suffered from the public outrage - critics on both sides of the Atlantic abused the

author as degenerate and called the work itself disgusting. In April, 1912, Hardy

wrote:

"Then somebody discovered that Jude was a moral work - austere in its

treatment of a difficult subject - as if the writer had not all the time said

in the Preface that it was meant to be so. Thereupon many uncursed me,

and the matter ended, the only effect of it on human conduct that I

could discover being its effect on myself - the experience completely

curing me of the further interest in novel-writing."

By 1885 the Hardys had settled near Dorchester at Max gate, a house designed by the

author and built by his brother, Henry. With the exceptions of seasonal stays in

London and occasional excursions abroad, his Bockhampton home, "a modest house,

providing neither more nor less than the accommodation ... needed" (as Michael

Millgate describes it in his biography of the author) was his home for the rest of his

life.

After giving up the novel, Hardy brought out a first group of Wessex poems, some of

which had been composed 30 years before. During the remainder of his life, Hardy

continued to publish several collections of poems. "Hardy, in fact, was the ideal poet

of a generation. He was the most passionate and the most learned of them all. He had

the luck, singular in poets, of being able to achieve a competence other than by poetry

and then devote the ending years of his life to his beloved verses." (Ford Madox Ford

in The March of Literature, 1938) Hardy's gigantic panorama of the Napoleonic Wars,

THE DYNASTS, composed between 1903 and 1908, was mostly in blank verse.

Hardy succeeded on the death of his friend George Meredith to the presidency of the

Society of Authors in 1909. King George V conferred on him the Order of Merit and

he received in 1912 the gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature.

Hardy kept to his marriage with Emma Gifford although it was unhappy and he had -

or he imagined he had - affairs with other women passing briefly through his life.

Emma Hardy died in 1912 and in 1914 Hardy married his secretary, Florence Emily

Dugdale, a woman in her 30's, almost 40 years younger than he. From 1920 through

1927 Hardy worked on his autobiography, which was disguised as the work of

Florence Hardy. It appeared in two volumes (1928 and 1930). Hardy's last book

published in his lifetime was HUMAN SHOWS, FAR PHANTASIES, SONGS AND

TRIFLES (1925). WINTER WORDS IN VARIOUS MOODS AND METRES

appeared posthumously in 1928.

Hardy died in Dorchester, Dorset, on January 11, 1928. His ashes were cremated in

Dorchester and buried with impressive ceremonies in the Poet's Corner in

Westminster Abbey. According to a literary anecdote his heart was to be buried in

Stinsford, his birthplace, and all went according to plan, until a cat belonging to the

poet's sister snatched the heart off the kitchen, where it was temporarily kept, and

disappeared into the woods with it.

The center of Hardy's novels was the rather desolate and history-freighted countryside

around Dorchester. His novels bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious

conventions of the Victorian age, and dared to present a bleak view into human nature.

In the early 1860s, after the appearance Darwin's Origin of Species (1859), Hardy's

faith was still unshaken, but he soon adopted the mechanical-determinist view of

nature's cruelty, reflected in the inevitably tragic and self-destructive fates of his

characters. In his poems Hardy depicted rural life without sentimentality - his mood

was often stoically hopeless. "Though he was a modern, even a revolutionary writer in

his time, most of us read him now as a lyrical pastoralist. It may be a sign of the times

that some of us take his books to bed, as if even his pessimistic vision was one that

enabled us to sleep soundly." (Anatole Broyard in New York Times, May 12, 1982)

For further reading: The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography

by P.D.L. Turner (1998); Thomas Hardy in Our Time by R.W.

Langbaum (1995); Hardy and the Erotic by T.R. Wright (1989);

Thomas Hardy by M. Millgate (1982); The Older Hardy by R. Gittings

(1980); An Essay on Thomas Hardy by J. Bayley (1978); The Final

Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912-1928 by H. Orel (1976); Young Thomas

Hardy by R. Gittings (1975); Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography by

J.I.M. Stewart (1971); The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A Handbook and

Commentary by J.O. Bailey (1970); Thomas Hardy by (1967);

Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography by E. Hardy (1954); Thomas

Hardy by A.J. Guerard (1949); Hardy of Wessex: His Life and Career

by C.J. Weber (1940) - See also: Wladyslaw Reymont, (The

Lyrical Poetry of Thomas Hardy, 1953), Michael Innes, Francois La

Rochefoucauld - "Hardy had an observing eye, a remembering mind;

he did not need the Greeks to teach him that the Furies do arrive

punctually, and that neither act, not will, nor intention will serve to

deflect a man's destiny from him, once he has taken the step which

decides it." Catherine Anne Porter in Notes on a Criticism (1940)

Selected works:

DESPERATE REMEDIES, 1871

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UNDER THE GREENWOOD TREE, 1872

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A PAIR OF BLUE EYES, 1973 - Sininen silmäpari

FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD, 1874 - film 1967, dir. by John

Schlesinger, starring Julie Christie , Peter Finch, Terence Stamp, Alan Bates,

Prunella Ransome

THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, 1878 - Paluu nummelle

THE TRUMPET-MAJOR, 1880

THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE, 1886 - Pormestarin tarina

WESSWX TALES, 1888

THE WOODLANDERS, 1887

A GROUP OF NOBLE DMES, 1891 - Ylhäisiä naisia

TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES, 1891 - Tessin tarina - film 1980, dir. by

Roman Polanski."The 18th-century world Polanski presents is so believable

that we sense the people we see really do live in those farmhouses, shacks,

country estates, and townhouses. There is wonderful period detail, and few

films have been more exquisitely photographed (Geoffrey Unsworth and

Ghislain Cloquet share the credit). A lovely film." (Danny Perry in Guide for

the Film Fanatic, 1986)

LIFE'S LITTLE IRONIES, 1894

JUDE THE OBSCURE, 1895 - Jude, film adaptation in 1996, dir. by Michael

Winterbottom, starring Christopher Eccleston, Kate Winslet, Liam

Cunningham, Rachel Griffiths, June Whitfield

WESSEX POEMS, 1898

POEMS OF THE PAST AND THE PRESENT, 1901

THE DYNASTS, 1903-08

TIME'S LAUGHINGSTOCKS, 1909

A CHANGED MAN AND OTHER TALES, 1913

SATIRES OF CIRCUMSTANCE, 1914

MOMENTS OF VISION, 1917

THE PLAY OF ST. GEORGE, 1921

LATE LYRICS AND EARLIER, 1922

THE FAMOUS TRAGEDY OF THE QUEEN OF CORNWALL, 1923

HUMAN SHOWS, FAR PHANTASIES, 1925

LIFE AND ART, 1925

COLLECTED POEMS, 1927

WINTER WORDS, 1928

LIFE OF THOMAS HARDY, 1928-30 (with Florence Hardy)

AN INDISCRETION IN THE LIFE OF AN HEIRESS, 1934

THE LETTERS OF THOMAS HARDY, 1954

THOMAS HARDY'S NOTEBOOKS AND SOME LETTERS FROM JULIA

AUGUSTRA MARTIN, 1955

"DEAREST EMMIE": THOMAS HARDY'S LETTERS TO HIS FIRST

WIFE, 1963

THE ARCHITECTURAL NOTEBOOKS OF THOMAS HARDY, 1966

THOMAS HARDY'S PERSONAL WRITINGS, 1972

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THE LITERARY NOTES OF THOMAS HARDY, 1974

THE NEW WESSEX EDITION OF THE STORIES OF THOMAS HARDY,

1977 (3 vols.) c

THE COLLECTED LETTERS OF THOMAS HARDY, VOL. 1, 1840-1892,

1978

THE PERSONAL NOTEBOOKS OF THOMAS HARDY, 1979

THE VARIORUM EDITION OF THE COMPLETE POEMS OF THOMAS

HARDY, 1979

THE COLLECTED LETTERS OF THOMAS HARDY, VOL. 2, 1893-1901,

1980