机器人外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外 文 翻 译

机器人

The robot

性 质: □毕业设计 □毕业论文

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机电工程学院

系 别： 机械设计制造及其自动化

机器人

1.机器人的作用

机器人是高级整合控制论、机械电子、计算机、材料和仿生学的产物。在工业、医学、农业、建筑业甚至军事等领域中均有重要用途。

现在，国际上对机器人的概念已经逐渐趋近一致。一般说来，人们都可以接受这种说法，即机器人是靠自身动力和控制能力来实现各种功能的一种机器。联合国标准化组织采纳了美国机器人协会给机器人下的定义：“一种可编程和多功能的，用来搬运材料、零件、工具的操作机；或是为了执行不同的任务而具有可改变和可编程动作的专门系统。

2.能力评价标准

机器人能力的评价标准包括：智能，指感觉和感知，包括记忆、运算、比较、鉴别、判断、决策、学习和逻辑推理等；机能，指变通性、通用性或空间占有性等；物理能，指力、速度、连续运行能力、可靠性、联用性、寿命等。因此，可以说机器人是具有生物功能的三维空间坐标机器。

3.机器人的组成

机器人一般由执行机构、驱动装置、检测装置和控制系统等组成。

执行机构即机器人本体，其臂部一般采用空间开链连杆机构，其中的运动副（转动副或移动副）常称为关节，关节个数通常即为机器人的自由度数。根据关节配置型式和运动坐标形式的不同，机器人执行机构可分为直角坐标式、圆柱坐标式、极坐标式和关节坐标式等类型。出于拟人化的考虑，常将机器人本体的有关部位分别称为基座、腰部、臂部、腕部、手部（夹持器或末端执行器）和行走部（对于移动机器人）等。

驱动装置是驱使执行机构运动的机构，按照控制系统发出的指令信号，借助于动力元件使机器人进行动作。它输入的是电信号，输出的是线、角位移量。机器人使用的驱

动装置主要是电力驱动装置，如步进电机、伺服电机等，此外也有采用液压、气动等驱动装置。

检测装置的作用是实时检测机器人的运动及工作情况，根据需要反馈给控制系统，与设定信息进行比较后，对执行机构进行调整，以保证机器人的动作符合预定的要求。作为检测装置的传感器大致可以分为两类：一类是内部信息传感器，用于检测机器人各部分的内部状况，如各关节的位置、速度、加速度等，并将所测得的信息作为反馈信号送至控制器，形成闭环控制。另一类是外部信息传感器，用于获取有关机器人的作业对象及外界环境等方面的信息，以使机器人的动作能适应外界情况的变化，使之达到更高层次的自动化，甚至使机器人具有某种“感觉”，向智能化发展，例如视觉、声觉等外部传感器给出工作对象、工作环境的有关信息，利用这些信息构成一个大的反馈回路，从而将大大提高机器人的工作精度。

控制系统有两种方式。一种是集中式控制，即机器人的全部控制由一台微型计算机完成。另一种是分散（级）式控制，即采用多台微机来分担机器人的控制，如当采用上、下两级微机共同完成机器人的控制时，主机常用于负责系统的管理、通讯、运动学和动力学计算，并向下级微机发送指令信息；作为下级从机，各关节分别对应一个CPU，进行插补运算和伺服控制处理，实现给定的运动，并向主机反馈信息。根据作业任务要求的不同，机器人的控制方式又可分为点位控制、连续轨迹控制和力（力矩）控制。

4.机器人发展史

1920年 捷克斯洛伐克作家卡雷尔·恰佩克在他的科幻小说《罗萨姆的机器人万能公司》中，根据Robota(捷克文，原意为“劳役、苦工”)和Robotnik(波兰文，原意为“工人”)，创造出“机器人”这个词。

1939年 美国纽约世博会上展出了西屋电气公司制造的家用机器人Elektro。它由电缆控制，可以行走，会说77个字，甚至可以抽烟，不过离真正干家务活还差得远。但它让人们对家用机器人的憧憬变得更加具体。

1942年 美国科幻巨匠阿西莫夫提出“机器人三定律”。虽然这只是科幻小说里的创造，但后来成为学术界默认的研发原则。

1948年 诺伯特·维纳出版《控制论》，阐述了机器中的通信和控制机能与人的神经、感觉机能的共同规律，率先提出以计算机为核心的自动化工厂。

1954年 美国人乔治·德沃尔制造出世界上第一台可编程的机器人，并注册了专利。这种机械手能按照不同的程序从事不同的工作，因此具有通用性和灵活性。

1956年 在达特茅斯会议上，马文·明斯基提出了他对智能机器的看法：智能机器“能够创建周围环境的抽象模型，如果遇到问题，能够从抽象模型中寻找解决方法”。这个定义影响到以后30年智能机器人的研究方向。

1959年 德沃尔与美国发明家约瑟夫·英格伯格联手制造出第一台工业机器人。随后，成立了世界上第一家机器人制造工厂——Unimation公司。由于英格伯格对工业机器人的研发和宣传，他也被称为“工业机器人之父”。

1962年 美国AMF公司生产出“VERSTRAN”(意思是万能搬运),与Unimation公司生产的Unimate一样成为真正商业化的工业机器人，并出口到世界各国，掀起了全世界对机器人和机器人研究的热潮。

1962年-1963年传感器的应用提高了机器人的可操作性。人们试着在机器人上安装各种各样的传感器，包括1961年恩斯特采用的触觉传感器，托莫维奇和博尼1962年在世界上最早的“灵巧手”上用到了压力传感器，而麦卡锡1963年则开始在机器人中加入视觉传感系统，并在1965年，帮助MIT推出了世界上第一个带有视觉传感器，能识别并定位积木的机器人系统。

1965年约翰·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室研制出Beast机器人。Beast已经能通过声纳系统、光电管等装置，根据环境校正自己的位置。20世纪60年代中期开始，美国麻省理工学院、斯坦福大学、英国爱丁堡大学等陆续成立了机器人实验室。美国兴起研究第二代带传感器、“有感觉”的机器人，并向人工智能进发。

世界第一台智能机器人Shakey

1968年 美国斯坦福研究所公布他们研发成功的机器人Shakey。它带有视觉传感器，能根据人的指令发现并抓取积木,不过控制它的计算机有一个房间那么大。Shakey可以算是世界第一台智能机器人，拉开了第三代机器人研发的序幕。

1969年 日本早稻田大学加藤一郎实验室研发出第一台以双脚走路的机器人。加藤一郎长期致力于研究仿人机器人，被誉为“仿人机器人之父”。日本专家一向以研发仿人机器人和娱乐机器人的技术见长，后来更进一步，催生出本田公司的ASIMO和索尼公司的QRIO。

1973年 世界上第一次机器人和小型计算机携手合作，就诞生了美国Cincinnati

Milacron公司的机器人T3。

1978年 美国Unimation公司推出通用工业机器人PUMA，这标志着工业机器人技术已经完全成熟。PUMA至今仍然工作在工厂第一线。

1984年 英格伯格再推机器人Helpmate，这种机器人能在医院里为病人送饭、送药、送邮件。同年，他还预言：“我要让机器人擦地板，做饭，出去帮我洗车，检查安全”。

1998年 丹麦乐高公司推出机器人(Mind-storms)套件，让机器人制造变得跟搭积木一样，相对简单又能任意拼装，使机器人开始走入个人世界。

1999年 日本索尼公司推出犬型机器人爱宝(AIBO)，当即销售一空，从此娱乐机器人成为目前机器人迈进普通家庭的途径之一。

2002年 美国iRobot公司推出了吸尘器机器人Roomba，它能避开障碍，自动设计行进路线，还能在电量不足时，自动驶向充电座。Roomba是目前世界上销量最大、最商业化的家用机器人。iRobot公司北京区授权代理商：北京微网智宏科技有限公司。

2006年 6月，微软公司推出Microsoft Robotics Studio，机器人模块化、平台统一化的趋势越来越明显，比尔·盖茨预言，家用机器人很快将席卷全球

5.机器人分类篇

诞生于科幻小说之中一样，人们对机器人充满了幻想。也许正是由于机器人定义的模糊，才给了人们充分的想象和创造空间。

家务型机器人：能帮助人们打理生活，做简单的家务活。

操作型机器人：能自动控制，可重复编程，多功能，有几个自由度，可固定或运动，用于相关自动化系统中。

程控型机器人：按预先要求的顺序及条件，依次控制机器人的机械动作。

示教再现型机器人：通过引导或其它方式，先教会机器人动作，输入工作程序，机器人则自动重复进行作业。

数控型机器人：不必使机器人动作，通过数值、语言等对机器人进行示教，机器人根据示教后的信息进行作业。

感觉控制型机器人：利用传感器获取的信息控制机器人的动作。

适应控制型机器人：能适应环境的变化，控制其自身的行动。

学习控制型机器人：能“体会”工作的经验，具有一定的学习功能，并将所“学”的经验用于工作中。

智能机器人：以人工智能决定其行动的机器人。

我国的机器人专家从应用环境出发，将机器人分为两大类，即工业机器人和特种机器人。所谓工业机器人就是面向工业领域的多关节机械手或多自由度机器人。而特种机器人则是除工业机器人之外的、用于非制造业并服务于人类的各种先进机器人，包括：服务机器人、水下机器人、娱乐机器人、军用机器人、农业机器人、机器人化机器等。在特种机器人中，有些分支发展很快，有独立成体系的趋势，如服务机器人、水下机器人、军用机器人、微操作机器人等。目前，国际上的机器人学者，从应用环境出发将机器人也分为两类：制造环境下的工业机器人和非制造环境下的服务与仿人型机器人，这和我国的分类是一致的。

空中机器人又叫无人机器，近年来在军用机器人家族中，无人机是科研活动最活跃、技术进步最大、研究及采购经费投入最多、实战经验最丰富的领域。80多年来，世界无人机的发展基本上是以美国为主线向前推进的，无论从技术水平还是无人机的种类和数量来看，美国均居世界之首位。

6.机器人品种篇

6.1无人飞机

“别动队”无人机

纵观无人机发展的历史，可以说现代战争是推动无人机发展的动力。而无人机对现代战争的影响也越来越大。一次和二次世界大战期间，尽管出现并使用了无人机，但由于技术水平低下，无人机并未发挥重大作用。朝鲜战争中美国使用了无人侦察机和攻击机，不过数量有限。在随后的越南战争、中东战争中无人机已成为必不可少的武器系统。而在海湾战争、波黑战争及科索沃战争中无人机更成了主要的侦察机种。

越南战争期间美国空军损失惨重，被击落飞机2500架，飞行员死亡5000多名，美国国内舆论哗然。为此美国空军较多地使用了无人机。如“水牛猎手”无人机在北越上空执行任务2500多次，超低空拍摄照片，损伤率仅4％。AQM-34Q型147火蜂无人机飞行500多次，进行电子窃听、电台干扰、抛撒金属箔条及为有人飞机开辟通道等。

高空无人侦察机

在1982年的贝卡谷地之战中，以色列军队通过空中侦察发现。叙利亚在贝卡谷地集中了大量部队。6月9日，以军出动美制E-2C“鹰眼”预警飞机对叙军进行监视，同时每天出动“侦察兵”及“猛犬”等无人机70多架次，对叙军的防空阵地、机场进行反复侦察，并将拍摄的图像传送给预警飞机和地面指挥部。这样，以军准确地查明了叙军雷达的位置，接着发射“狼”式反雷达导弹，摧毁了叙军不少的雷达、导弹及自行高炮，迫使叙军的雷达不敢开机，为以军有人飞机攻击目标创造了条件。

鬼怪式无人机

1991年爆发了海湾战争，美军首先面对的一个问题就是要在茫茫的沙海中找到伊拉克隐藏的飞毛腿导弹发射器。如果用有人侦察机，就必须在大漠上空往返飞行，长时间暴露于伊拉克军队的高射火力之下，极其危险。为此，无人机成了美军空中侦察的主力。在整个海湾战争期间，“先锋”无人机是美军使用最多的无人机种，美军在海湾地区共部署了6个先锋无人机连，总共出动了522架次，飞行时间达1640小时。那时，不论白天还是黑夜，每天总有一架先锋无人机在海湾上空飞行。

为了摧毁伊军在沿海修筑的坚固的防御工事，2月4日密苏里号战舰乘夜驶至近海区，先锋号无人机由它的甲板上起飞，用红外侦察仪拍摄了地面目标的图像并传送给指挥中心。几分钟后，战舰上的406毫米的舰炮开始轰击目标，同时无人机不断地为舰炮进行校射。之后威斯康星号战舰接替了密苏里号，如此连续炮轰了三天，使伊军的炮兵

阵地、雷达网、指挥通信枢纽遭到彻底破坏。在海湾战争期间，仅从两艘战列舰上起飞的先锋无人机就有151架次，飞行了530多个小时，完成了目标搜索、战场警戒、海上拦截及海军炮火支援等任务。

Brevel无人机

在海湾战争中，先锋无人机成了美国陆军部队的开路先锋。它为陆军第7军进行空中侦察，拍摄了大量的伊军坦克、指挥中心、及导弹发射阵地的图像，并传送给直升机部队，接着美军就出动“阿帕奇”攻击型直升机对目标进行攻击，必要时还可呼唤炮兵部队进行火力支援。先锋机的生存能力很强，在319架次的飞行中，仅有一架被击中，有4～5架由于电磁干扰而失事。

除美军外，英、法、加拿大也都出动了无人机。如法国的“幼鹿”师装备有一个“马尔特”无人机排。当法军深入伊境内作战时，首先派无人机侦察敌情，根据侦察到的情况，法军躲过了伊军的坦克及炮兵阵地。

1995年波黑战争中，因部队急需，“捕食者”无人机很快就被运往前线。在北约空袭塞族部队的补给线、弹药库、指挥中心时，“捕食者”发挥了重要的作用。它首先进行侦察，发现目标后引导有人飞机进行攻击，然后再进行战果评估。它还为联合国维和部队提供波黑境内主要公路上军车移动的情况，以判断各方是否遵守了和平协议。美军因而把“捕食者”称作“战场上的低空卫星”。其实卫星只能提供战场上的瞬间图像，而无人机可以在战场上空长时间盘旋逗留，因而能够提供战场的连续实时图像，无人机还比使用卫星便宜得多。

1999年3月24日，以美国为首的北约打着“维护人权”的幌子对南联盟开始了狂轰滥炸，爆发了震惊世界的“科索沃战争”。在持续78天的轰炸过程中，北约共出动飞机3.2万架次，投入舰艇40多艘，扔下炸弹1.3万吨，造成了二战以来欧洲空前的浩劫。

南联盟多山、多森林的地形以及多阴雨天的气候条件，大大影响了北约侦察卫星及高空侦察机的侦察效果，塞军的防空火力又很猛，有人侦察机不敢低飞，致使北约空军无法识别及攻击云层下面的目标。为了减少人员的伤亡，北约大量使用了无人机。科索沃战争是世界局部战争中使用无人机数量最多、无人机发挥作用最大的战争。无人机尽管飞得较慢，飞行高度较低，但它体积小，雷达及红外特征较小，隐蔽性好，不易被击中，适于进行中低空侦察，可以看清卫星及有人侦察机看不清的目标。

在科索沃战争中，美国、德国、法国及英国总共出动了6种不同类型的无人机约200多架，它们有：美国空军的“捕食者”（Predator）、陆军的“猎人”（Hunter）及海军的“先

锋”（Pioneer）；德国的CL-289；法国的“红隼”（Crecerelles）、 “猎人”，以及英国的“不死鸟”（Phoenix）等无人机。

无人机在科索沃战争中主要完成了以下一些任务：中低空侦察及战场监视，电子干扰，战果评估，目标定位，气象资料搜集，散发传单以及营救飞行员等。

科索沃战争不仅大大提高了无人机在战争中的地位，而且引起了各国政府对无人机的重视。美国参议院武装部队委员会要求，10年内军方应准备足够数量的无人系统，使低空攻击机中有三分之一是无人机；15年内，地面战车中应有三分之一是无人系统。这并不是要用无人系统代替飞行员及有人飞机，而是用它们补充有人飞机的能力，以便在高风险的任务中尽量少用飞行员。无人机的发展必将推动现代战争理论和无人战争体系的发展。

6.2特种功能的机器人

机器警察

所谓地面军用机器人是指在地面上使用的机器人系统，它们不仅在和平时期可以帮助民警排除炸弹、完成要地保安任务，在战时还可以代替士兵执行扫雷、侦察和攻击等各种任务，今天美、英、德、法、日等国均已研制出多种型号的地面军用机器人。

英国的“手推车”机器人

在西方国家中，恐怖活动始终是个令当局头疼的问题。英国由于民族矛盾，饱受爆炸物的威胁，因而早在60年代就研制成功排爆机器人。英国研制的履带式“手推车”及“超级手推车”排爆机器人，已向50多个国家的军警机构售出了800台以上。最近英国又将手推车机器人加以优化，研制出土拨鼠及野牛两种遥控电动排爆机器人，英国皇家工程兵在波黑及科索沃都用它们探测及处理爆炸物。土拨鼠重35公斤，在桅杆上装有两台摄像机。野牛重210公斤，可携带100公斤负载。两者均采用无线电控制系统，遥控距离约1公里。

“土拨鼠”和“野牛”排爆机器人

除了恐怖分子安放的炸弹外，在世界上许多战乱国家中，到处都散布着未爆炸的各种弹药。例如，海湾战争后的科威特，就像一座随时可能爆炸的弹药库。在伊科边境一万多平方公里的地区内，有16个国家制造的25万颗地雷，85万发炮弹，以及多国部队投下的布雷弹及子母弹的2500万颗子弹，其中至少有20％没有爆炸。而且直到现在，

在许多国家中甚至还残留有一次大战和二次大战中未爆炸的炸弹和地雷。因此，爆炸物处理机器人的需求量是很大的。

排除爆炸物机器人有轮式的及履带式的，它们一般体积不大，转向灵活，便于在狭窄的地方工作，操作人员可以在几百米到几公里以外通过无线电或光缆控制其活动。机器人车上一般装有多台彩色CCD摄像机用来对爆炸物进行观察；一个多自由度机械手，用它的手爪或夹钳可将爆炸物的引信或雷管拧下来，并把爆炸物运走；车上还装有猎枪，利用激光指示器瞄准后，它可把爆炸物的定时装置及引爆装置击毁；有的机器人还装有高压水枪，可以切割爆炸物。

德国的排爆机器人

在法国，空军、陆军和警察署都购买了Cybernetics公司研制的TRS200中型排爆机器人。DM公司研制的RM35机器人也被巴黎机场管理局选中。德国驻波黑的维和部队则装备了Telerob公司的MV4系列机器人。我国沈阳自动化所研制的PXJ-2机器人也加入了公安部队的行列。

美国Remotec公司的Andros系列机器人受到各国军警部门的欢迎，白宫及国会大厦的警察局都购买了这种机器人。在南非总统选举之前，警方购买了四台AndrosVIA型机器人，它们在选举过程中总共执行了100多次任务。 Andros机器人可用于小型随机爆炸物的处理，它是美国空军客机及客车上使用的唯一的机器人。海湾战争后，美国海军也曾用这种机器人在沙特阿拉伯和科威特的空军基地清理地雷及未爆炸的弹药。美国空军还派出5台Andros机器人前往科索沃，用于爆炸物及子炮弹的清理。空军每个现役排爆小队及航空救援中心都装备有一台Andros VI。

我国研制的排爆机器人

排爆机器人不仅可以排除炸弹，利用它的侦察传感器还可监视犯罪分子的活动。监视人员可以在远处对犯罪分子昼夜进行观察，监听他们的谈话，不必暴露自己就可对情况了如指掌。

1993年初，在美国发生了韦科庄园教案，为了弄清教徒们的活动，联邦调查局使用了两种机器人。一种是Remotec公司的AndrosVA型和Andros MarkVIA型机器人，另一种是RST公司研制的STV机器人。STV是一辆6轮遥控车，采用无线电及光缆通信。车上有一个可升高到4.5米的支架 ，上面装有彩色立体摄像机、昼用瞄准具、微光夜视瞄具、双耳音频探测器、化学探测器、卫星定位系统、目标跟踪用的前视红外传感器等。该车仅需一名操作人员，遥控距离达10公里。在这次行动中共出动了3台STV，操作人员遥控机器人行驶到距庄园548米的地方停下来，升起车上的支架，利用摄像机和红外

探测器向窗内窥探，联邦调查局的官员们围着荧光屏观察传感器发回的图像，可以把屋里的活动看得一清二楚。

6.3民用机器人

机器人指挥

其实并不是人们不想给机器人一个完整的定义，自机器人诞生之日起人们就不断地尝试着说明到底什么是机器人。但随着机器人技术的飞速发展和信息时代的到来，机器人所涵盖的内容越来越丰富，机器人的定义也不断充实和创新。

1886年法国作家利尔亚当在他的小说《未来夏娃》中将外表像人的机器起名为“安德罗丁”（android），它由4部分组成：

1，生命系统（平衡、步行、发声、身体摆动、感觉、表情、调节运动等）；

2，造型解质（关节能自由运动的金属覆盖体，一种盔甲）；

3，人造肌肉（在上述盔甲上有肉体、静脉、性别等身体的各种形态）；

4，人造皮肤（含有肤色、机理、轮廓、头发、视觉、牙齿、手爪等）。

1920年捷克作家卡雷尔·卡佩克发表了科幻剧本《罗萨姆的万能机器人》。在剧本中，卡佩克把捷克语“Robota”写成了“Robot”，“Robota”是奴隶的意思。该剧预告了机器人的发展对人类社会的悲剧性影响，引起了大家的广泛关注，被当成了机器人一词的起源。在该剧中，机器人按照其主人的命令默默地工作，没有感觉和感情，以呆板的方式从事繁重的劳动。后来，罗萨姆公司取得了成功，使机器人具有了感情，导致机器人的应用部门迅速增加。在工厂和家务劳动中，机器人成了必不可少的成员。机器人发觉人类十分自私和不公正，终于造反了，机器人的体能和智能都非常优异，因此消灭了人类。

但是机器人不知道如何制造它们自己，认为它们自己很快就会灭绝，所以它们开始寻找人类的幸存者，但没有结果。最后，一对感知能力优于其它机器人的男女机器人相爱了。这时机器人进化为人类，世界又起死回生了。

卡佩克提出的是机器人的安全、感知和自我繁殖问题。科学技术的进步很可能引发人类不希望出现的问题。虽然科幻世界只是一种想象，但人类社会将可能面临这种现实。

为了防止机器人伤害人类，科幻作家阿西莫夫（）于1940年提出了“机器人三原则”：

1，机器人不应伤害人类；

2，机器人应遵守人类的命令，与第一条违背的命令除外；

3，机器人应能保护自己，与第一条相抵触者除外。

这是给机器人赋予的伦理性纲领。机器人学术界一直将这三原则作为机器人开发的准则。

在1967年日本召开的第一届机器人学术会议上，就提出了两个有代表性的定义。一是森政弘与合田周平提出的：“机器人是一种具有移动性、个体性、智能性、通用性、半机械半人性、自动性、奴隶性等7个特征的柔性机器”。从这一定义出发，森政弘又提出了用自动性、智能性、个体性、半机械半人性、作业性、通用性、信息性、柔性、有限性、移动性等10个特性来表示机器人的形象。另一个是加藤一郎提出的具有如下3个条件的机器称为机器人：

1，具有脑、手、脚等三要素的个体；

2，具有非接触传感器（用眼、耳接受远方信息）和接触传感器；

3，具有平衡觉和固有觉的传感器。

礼仪机器人

该定义强调了机器人应当仿人的含义，即它靠手进行作业，靠脚实现移动，由脑来完成统一指挥的作用。非接触传感器和接触传感器相当于人的五官，使机器人能够识别外界环境，而平衡觉和固有觉则是机器人感知本身状态所不可缺少的传感器。这里描述的不是工业机器人而是自主机器人。

机器人的定义是多种多样的，其原因是它具有一定的模糊性。动物一般具有上述这些要素，所以在把机器人理解为仿人机器的同时，也可以广义地把机器人理解为仿动物的机器。

1988年法国的埃斯皮奥将机器人定义为：“机器人学是指设计能根据传感器信息实现预先规划好的作业系统，并以此系统的使用方法作为研究对象”。

1987年国际标准化组织对工业机器人进行了定义：“工业机器人是一种具有自动控制的操作和移动功能，能完成各种作业的可编程操作机。”

我国科学家对机器人的定义是：“机器人是一种自动化的机器，所不同的是这种机器具备一些与人或生物相似的智能能力，如感知能力、规划能力、动作能力和协同能力，是一种具有高度灵活性的自动化机器”。在研究和开发未知及不确定环境下作业的机器人的过程中，人们逐步认识到机器人技术的本质是感知、决策、行动和交互技术的结合。随着人们对机器人技术智能化本质认识的加深，机器人技术开始源源不断地向人类活动的各个领域渗透。结合这些领域的应用特点，人们发展了各式各样的具有感知、决策、行动和交互能力的特种机器人和各种智能机器，如移动机器人、微机器人、水下机器人、医疗机器人、军用机器人、空中空间机器人、娱乐机器人等。对不同任务和特殊环境的

适应性，也是机器人与一般自动化装备的重要区别。这些机器人从外观上已远远脱离了最初仿人型机器人和工业机器人所具有的形状，更加符合各种不同应用领域的特殊要求，其功能和智能程度也大大增强，从而为机器人技术开辟出更加广阔的发展空间。

中国工程院院长宋健指出：“机器人学的进步和应用是20世纪自动控制最有说服力的成就，是当代最高意义上的自动化”。机器人技术综合了多学科的发展成果，代表了高技术的发展前沿，它在人类生活应用领域的不断扩大正引起国际上重新认识机器人技术的作用和影响。

我国的机器人专家从应用环境出发，将机器人分为两大类，即工业机器人和特种机器人。所谓工业机器人就是面向工业领域的多关节机械手或多自由度机器人。而特种机器人则是除工业机器人之外的、用于非制造业并服务于人类的各种先进机器人，包括：服务机器人、水下机器人、娱乐机器人、军用机器人、农业机器人、机器人化机器等。在特种机器人中，有些分支发展很快，有独立成体系的趋势，如服务机器人、水下机器人、军用机器人、微操作机器人等。目前，国际上的机器人学者，从应用环境出发将机器人也分为两类：制造环境下的工业机器人和非制造环境下的服务与仿人型机器人，这和我国的分类是一致的。

古代机器人

机器人一词的出现和世界上第一台工业机器人的问世都是近几十年的事。然而人们对机器人的幻想与追求却已有3000多年的历史。人类希望制造一种像人一样的机器，以便代替人类完成各种工作。

机器马车

西周时期，我国的能工巧匠偃师就研制出了能歌善舞的伶人，这是我国最早记载的机器人。

春秋后期，我国著名的木匠鲁班，在机械方面也是一位发明家，据《墨经》记载，他曾制造过一只木鸟，能在空中飞行“三日不下”，体现了我国劳动人民的聪明智慧。

公元前2世纪，亚历山大时代的古希腊人发明了最原始的机器人──自动机。它是以水、空气和蒸汽压力为动力的会动的雕像，它可以自己开门，还可以借助蒸汽唱歌。

1800年前的汉代，大科学家张衡不仅发明了地动仪，而且发明了计里鼓车。计里鼓车每行一里，车上木人击鼓一下，每行十里击钟一下。

后汉三国时期，蜀国丞相诸葛亮成功地创造出了“木牛流马”，并用其运送军粮，支援前方战争。

1662年，日本的竹田近江利用钟表技术发明了自动机器玩偶，并在大阪的道顿堀演出。

1738年，法国天才技师杰克·戴·瓦克逊发明了一只机器鸭，它会嘎嘎叫，会游泳和喝水，还会进食和排泄。瓦克逊的本意是想把生物的功能加以机械化而进行医学上的分析。

写字机器人

在当时的自动玩偶中，最杰出的要数瑞士的钟表匠杰克·道罗斯和他的儿子利·路易·道罗斯。1773年，他们连续推出了自动书写玩偶、自动演奏玩偶等，他们创造的自动玩偶是利用齿轮和发条原理而制成的。它们有的拿着画笔和颜色绘画，有的拿着鹅毛蘸墨水写字，结构巧妙，服装华丽，在欧洲风靡一时。由于当时技术条件的限制，这些玩偶其实是身高一米的巨型玩具。现在保留下来的最早的机器人是瑞士努萨蒂尔历史博物馆里的少女玩偶，它制作于二百年前，两只手的十个手指可以按动风琴的琴键而弹奏音乐，现在还定期演奏供参观者欣赏，展示了古代人的智慧。

19世纪中叶自动玩偶分为2个流派，即科学幻想派和机械制作派，并各自在文学艺术和近代技术中找到了自己的位置。1831年歌德发表了《浮士德》，塑造了人造人“荷蒙克鲁斯”；1870年霍夫曼出版了以自动玩偶为主角的作品《葛蓓莉娅》；1883年科洛迪的《木偶奇遇记》问世；1886年《未来的夏娃》问世。在机械实物制造方面，1893年摩尔制造了“蒸汽人”，“蒸汽人”靠蒸汽驱动双腿沿圆周走动。

进入20世纪后，机器人的研究与开发得到了更多人的关心与支持，一些适用化的机器人相继问世，1927年美国西屋公司工程师温兹利制造了第一个机器人“电报箱”，并在纽约举行的世界博览会上展出。它是一个电动机器人，装有无线电发报机，可以回答一些问题，但该机器人不能走动。1959年第一台工业机器人（可编程、圆坐标）在美国诞生，开创了机器人发展的新纪元。

6.4现代机器人

现代机器人的研究始于20世纪中期，其技术背景是计算机和自动化的发展，以及原子能的开发利用。

自1946年第一台数字电子计算机问世以来，计算机取得了惊人的进步，向高速度、大容量、低价格的方向发展。

大批量生产的迫切需求推动了自动化技术的进展，其结果之一便是1952年数控机床的诞生。与数控机床相关的控制、机械零件的研究又为机器人的开发奠定了基础。

另一方面，原子能实验室的恶劣环境要求某些操作机械代替人处理放射性物质。在这一需求背景下，美国原子能委员会的阿尔贡研究所于1947年开发了遥控机械手，1948年又开发了机械式的主从机械手。

铆接机器人

1954年美国戴沃尔最早提出了工业机器人的概念，并申请了专利。该专利的要点是借助伺服技术控制机器人的关节，利用人手对机器人进行动作示教，机器人能实现动作的记录和再现。这就是所谓的示教再现机器人。现有的机器人差不多都采用这种控制方式。

作为机器人产品最早的实用机型（示教再现）是1962年美国AMF公司推出的“VERSTRAN”和UNIMATION公司推出的“UNIMATE”。这些工业机器人的控制方式与数控机床大致相似，但外形特征迥异，主要由类似人的手和臂组成。

1965年，MIT的Roborts演示了第一个具有视觉传感器的、能识别与定位简单积木的机器人系统。

机器狗

1967年日本成立了人工手研究会（现改名为仿生机构研究会），同年召开了日本首届机器人学术会。

1970年在美国召开了第一届国际工业机器人学术会议。1970年以后，机器人的研究得到迅速广泛的普及。

1973年，辛辛那提·米拉克隆公司的理查德·豪恩制造了第一台由小型计算机控制的工业机器人，它是液压驱动的，能提升的有效负载达45公斤。

到了1980年，工业机器人才真正在日本普及，故称该年为“机器人元年”。

随后，工业机器人在日本得到了巨大发展，日本也因此而赢得了“机器人王国的美称”。

自治潜水器

随着计算机技术和人工智能技术的飞速发展，使机器人在功能和技术层次上有了很大的提高，移动机器人和机器人的视觉和触觉等技术就是典型的代表。由于这些技术的发展，推动了机器人概念的延伸。80年代，将具有感觉、思考、决策和动作能力的系统称为智能机器人，这是一个概括的、含义广泛的概念。这一概念不但指导了机器人技术的研究和应用，而且又赋予了机器人技术向深广发展的巨大空间，水下机器人、空间机器人、空中机器人、地面机器人、微小型机器人等各种用途的机器人相继问世，许多梦想成为了现实。将机器人的技术（如传感技术、智能技术、控制技术等）扩散和渗透到

各个领域形成了各式各样的新机器——机器人化机器。当前与信息技术的交互和融合又产生了“软件机器人”、“网络机器人”的名称，这也说明了机器人所具有的创新活力。

7.人类与机器人

随着社会的不断发展，各行各业的分工越来越明细，尤其是在现代化的大产业中，有的人每天就只管拧一批产品的同一个部位上的一个螺母，有的人整天就是接一个线头，就像电影《摩登时代》中演示的那样，人们感到自己在不断异化，各种职业病逐渐产生，于是人们强烈希望用某种机器代替自己工作，因此人们研制出了机器人，用以代替人们去完成那些单调、枯燥或是危险的工作。由于机器人的问世，使一部分工人失去了原来的工作，于是有人对机器人产生了敌意。“机器人上岗，人将下岗。”不仅在我国，即使在一些发达国家如美国，也有人持这种观念。其实这种担心是多余的，任何先进的机器设备，都会提高劳动生产率和产品质量，创造出更多的社会财富，也就必然提供更多的就业机会，这已被人类生产发展史所证明。任何新事物的出现都有利有弊，只不过利大于弊，很快就得到了人们的认可。比如汽车的出现，它不仅夺了一部分人力车夫、挑夫的生意，还常常出车祸，给人类生命财产带来威胁。虽然人们都看到了汽车的这些弊端，但它还是成了人们日常生活中必不可少的交通工具。英国一位著名的政治家针对关于工业机器人的这一问题说过这样一段话：“日本机器人的数量居世界首位，而失业人口最少，英国机器人数量在发达国家中最少，而失业人口居高不下”，这也从另一个侧面说明了机器人是不会抢人饭碗的。

美国是机器人的发源地，机器人的拥有量远远少于日本，其中部分原因就是因为美国有些工人不欢迎机器人，从而抑制了机器人的发展。日本之所以能迅速成为机器人大国，原因是多方面的，但其中很重要的一条就是当时日本劳动力短缺，政府和企业都希望发展机器人，国民也都欢迎使用机器人。由于使用了机器人，日本也尝到了甜头，它的汽车、电子工业迅速崛起，很快占领了世界市场。从现在世界工业发展的潮流看，发展机器人是一条必由之路。没有机器人，人将变为机器；有了机器人，人仍然是主人。

8.乐高RCX NXT机器人

RCX是是一块可编程积木，即课堂机器人（机器人指令系统）的大脑。它是整个用乐高积木、马达、传感器等组建搭建的机器人系统的中枢，就像大脑一样控制、指挥机

器人的行为。使用ROBOLAB软件，人们可以创造、搭建、编程真正的机器人，让它运动、做运动、甚至自己去“想”。

RCX升级！NXT机器人！

这位全新组装型机器人全身布满了感应器，让它可以根据感应到的声音和动作做出适当反应，也让它对于光线和触觉的反应更加灵敏。NXT 机器人的心脏系统是一个 32位的微型处理器，可以经由 PC 或 Mac 操作程序。

光学传感器

根据传感器的助攻，帮助您的机器人，以“见” 。 它可以让您的机器人，以区分轻，皮肤黝黑，以及确定光照强度在一个房间内，或光照强度不同的颜色。

声音传感器

声音传感器可让机器人听到！ 声音传感器能够测量的噪音水平都分贝（分贝）及DBA （频率约为3-6千赫哪里人耳是最敏感的） ，以及认识到健全的模式和确定基调的分歧。

触碰传感器

触摸传感器的反应接触和释放，机器人创造“感觉”一样，以前从未！ 它可以侦测到单个或多个按钮，压力机，和报告回给nxt 。

超声波传感器

超声波传感器“看到”物体的地方！超声波传感器是能够侦测到一个目标和措施，在其邻近英寸或厘米。

9.北京奥运会曾经使用过的机器人

9.1福娃机器人

福娃机器人能够感应到一米范围内的游客，与人对话、摄影留念、唱歌舞蹈，还能回答与奥运会相关的问题。

9.2翻译机器人

能够实现在任何时间、场所，对任何人和任何设备的多语言服务。

9.3 安保机器人

其杰出代表为排爆机器人。

9.4机器人学国家重点实验室

机器人学国家重点实验室（State Key Laboratory of Robotics)依托于中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所，前身是中国科学院机器人学开放实验室。该实验室是我国机器人学领域最早建立的部门重点实验室，我国机器人学领域著名科学家蒋新松院士1989-1997年曾任实验室主任。近二十年来，实验室在机器人学基础理论与方法研究方面与国际先进水平同步发展，并在机器人技术前沿探索和示范应用等方面取得一批有重要影响的科研成果，充分显示出实验室具有解决国家重大科技问题的能力。目前，我国在沈阳浑南技术开发区的“新松机器人”公司即是我国的该科研领域的基地。该实验室机器人学研究总体水平在国内相关领域处于核心和带头地位，是国内外具有重要影响的机器人学研究基地。

机器人学国家重点实验室定位于为我国经济和社会发展、国家安全和重大科学工程提供所需要的机器人技术与系统，研究机器人学基础理论与方法、发展可行技术和平台样机系统，培养和汇聚从事机器人学研究的高水平人才，推动我国先进机器人技术与系统的可持续发展。主要面向发展具有感知、思维和动作能力的先进机器人系统，研究机器人学基础理论方法、关键技术、机器人系统集成技术和机器人应用技术。

实验室坚持对外开放，吸引国内外专家学者开展交流与合作研究。通过设立基金课题，实验室与国内有关从事机器人学研究的近30所大学、研究所和企业建立了联系，几乎涵盖国内从事机器人学研究的所有单位。近几年来，实验室结合自身的发展方向，有针对性地与国内外知名科研团队建立合作关系。这些合作，对于本实验室加强学科建设、了解国家需求、建立有针对性的演示验证系统，发挥了重要作用。

水下机器人：

Rofish 为仿生机器鱼系列产品，该产品以先进的电子、机械技术，模拟鱼类的游动方式，通过新材料对其外形进行精确仿真，使之达到以假乱真的效果。

Rofish 采用结构化的设计方法，高稳定性的电机保证其产品的稳定性。控制方式有两种选择：串口/USB控制和遥控器控制。产品内核采用Bootloader无线编程的编程方式，可随时更改游动程序以适应实际的环境。

性能参数：

Ø 体长：20cm--80cm，需要特殊尺寸可定做。

Ø 外形：锦鲤、金鱼、海豚、鲨鱼等，可定制。

Ø 游速：1BL/S。BL为身体长度，即游速与体长有关，游速为1倍体长每秒。

Ø 连续工作时间：3--4小时，锂动力电池供电。

Ø 通讯方式：RF通讯或声纳（Sonar）通讯，可选其一。

Ø 控制方式：串口/USB控制或遥控器控制，二者可选其一。

串口/USB控制方式可同时控制多条机器鱼，通过简单的编程控制可实现多鱼之间的相互追逐、嬉戏等。

10.机器人

１．有一个身体

２．有记忆或程序功能

３．有大脑

1886年法国作家利尔亚当在他的小说《未来夏娃》中将外表像人的机器起名为“安德罗丁”（android），它由4部分组成：

1，生命系统（平衡、步行、发声、身体摆动、感觉、表情、调节运动等）；

2，造型解质（关节能自由运动的金属覆盖体，一种盔甲）；

3，人造肌肉（在上述盔甲上有肉体、静脉、性别等身体的各种形态）；

4，人造皮肤（含有肤色、机理、轮廓、头发、视觉、牙齿、手爪等）。

1984年电影《终结者》，有了真皮包裹的机器人的创意；

1991年电影《终结者2》，有了液态金属机器人概念；

2003年电影《终结者3》，固液混合态机器人出现。

影视作品中逐渐诞生了多种自主智能生化机器人，则固液混合自主智能生化机器人也会诞生。

11.日本最新机器人

名古屋市商业设计研究所推出了新款机器人“网络兔子”。它的两只耳朵可以变换许多姿态，会根据人的声音作出反应。“网络兔子” 通过无线通信与家里的电脑相连，如果有电子邮件它会朗读给人听，也可以播放网络电台的节目。最有趣的是不同的“网络兔子”还能够“结婚”、“分手”，通过网络连接让其中一个“网络兔子”的双耳做出一个动作，它远方的“伴侣”也会接着做出同样的动作。

三菱重工业公司的保姆机器人“若丸”连续几年都是各种机器人展上的明星，在本次展会上它依然吸引着众人的目光。“若丸”能在早晨来到主人床边，报告当天的天气或新闻头条。它还能记住主人的生日，或是提醒主人的结婚纪念日。

日本产业技术综合研究所制造的用于陪伴老人和小孩的机器人“Ｐａｒｏ”、本田公司的“阿西莫”双足步行机器人也继续受到关注。

阿西莫：本田公司开发的双脚步行机器人，于2000年11月首次在横滨国际和平会议中心举行的机器人展示会上亮相。2006年12月，本田公司曾改进过“阿西莫”的性能，增加了它的关节和马达，使其可以以每小时6公里的速度小跑，而且将其身高也由最初的1．2米提高到1．3米。

美国战斗机械狗研制成功

美国战斗机器狗

网上引发轰动近日美国官方公布了一段关于军用机械狗的录像，视频中机械狗展示了它惊人的活动能力和适应性，一举在互联网上造成轰动。研发公司称经过测试，这个机械狗能在战场上为士兵运送弹药、食物和其他物品。

附录：

The robot

role of robots

”The role of robots Is a high-level integration of control theory, robotics,

machinery and electronics, computers, materials and bionic product. In

industry, medicine, agriculture, construction and even the military have

important applications in such areas. Now, the international concept of robots

has been gradually approaching the same. In general, people can accept the

claim that the robot is controlled by its own power and ability to achieve the

various functions of a machine. The United Nations Organization for

Standardization adopted by the American Federation of Robotics to the robot

under the definition: "a programmable and versatile, used to move materials,

parts, tools, operating machines; or to perform different tasks have to change

and Programmable action specialized systems.

tion criteria

Capacity of evaluation criteria Robot capability evaluation criteria include:

intelligence, refers to feelings and perceptions, including memory, calculation,

comparison, identification, judging, decision-making, learning and logical

reasoning, etc.; function, refers to flexibility, versatility or space occupied, etc.;

physics can be means the power, speed, continuous operation capability,

reliability, combined with nature, life and so on. Therefore, it can be said robot

is a biological function of three-dimensional coordinates of the machine.

ition of the robot

The composition of the robot Robots in general by the executing agency,

drives, detection devices and control system, etc.. Implementing agency, the

robot body, the buttocks generally use the space for open-chain linkages, the

movement of which the Deputy (rotate or move the Deputy Vice-) often

referred to as joints, and joints shall be the number of robots are usually a few

degrees of freedom. According to joint configuration types and the different

forms of movement coordinates, the robot implementing agencies can be

divided into rectangular type, cylindrical coordinate type, polar coordinate

type and other types of joint coordinate type. For anthropomorphic

considerations, often the relevant parts of the robot body are known as the

base, waist, arm, wrist, hand (gripper or end effector) and the Ministry of

walking (for mobile robot), etc. . Drive device is driven by movement of the

body implementing agencies, in accordance with the directives issued by the

signal control system, by means of dynamic components, the robot action is

needed. It is the input signal, the output is the line, the amount of angular

displacement. Drive robot is mainly used in electric drives, such as stepper

motors, servo motors, etc. In addition, there is also hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.

drives.

Detecting device is the role of real-time detection robot's movement and

work of the required feedback to the control system, compared with the

configuration information, the right to adjust the implementing agencies to

ensure the robot's movements to meet the intended requirements. As a

sensor detecting device can be divided into two categories: one is internal

information sensors for detecting the internal situation in various parts of

robots, such as the joint position, velocity, acceleration, etc., and the

measured information as a feedback the signal sent to the controller, to form

a closed-loop control. The other is external information sensors, used to

obtain information about the operation of robots and other objects and

external environment of information, so that the robot moves to adapt to

changing circumstances, so that to achieve a higher level of automation, even

the machine person has a certain "feel" to the intelligent development, such

as visual, sound and other external sensors sense given object of work,

information about the working environment, the use of such information

constitutes a major feedback loop, which will greatly enhance the work of the

robot accuracy. Control system in two ways. One is the centralized control,

that is, the robot's control by a microcomputer to complete. The other is

decentralized (level)-type control, which uses multiple computers to share the

control of robots, such as when using the upper and lower two computers

together to complete the robot control, the host often used for system

management, communication, kinematics and dynamics calculations, to send

commands to the lower-level computer information; as a junior from the

machine, the joints corresponding to a CPU, for interpolation and servo

control processing operations to achieve a given movement, to the host

feedback. According to the different operational mission requirements, the

robot control mode can be divided into point to point control, continuous path

control and force (torque) control.

y of Robots

Robot History 1920 Czechoslovakia writer Karel Capek in his • sci-fi

novel "Rossum's Universal Robots company", according to Robota (Czech,

intended to "labor, slave labor") and Robotnik (Polish, the original intent as

"workers"), to create a "robot" is the word. World Expo 1939 in New York on

display at the Westinghouse Electric Company manufactured home robot

Elektro. It is controlled by a cable, you can walk, say 77 words, or even smoke,

but still far from the real chores. But it give people a vision of domestic robots

to become more specific. Asimov sci-fi masters 1942, the United States put

forward the "Three Laws of Robotics." Although this is only the creation of

science fiction, but later became the principle of academic research and

development by default. • In 1948 Norbert Weiner published in "control

theory" to explain the machine in the communication and control function and

the nervous, sensory function of the common law, first proposed as the core

of computer-automated factory. 1954, American George • Dwyer created the

world's first programmable robot and registered patents. This mechanical

hand in accordance with different programs in different jobs, so has the

versatility and flexibility. 1956 Dartmouth meeting • Marvin Minsky has made

his views on intelligent machines: Smart Machine "to create an abstract

model of the surrounding environment, if you encounter problems, from

abstract model to find a solution" . This definition affects the subsequent 30

years of intelligent robot research direction. Dwyer and the United States in

1959, inventor Joseph • Ingeborg joined hands to create the first industrial

robot. Subsequently, the establishment of the world's first a robot

manufacturing plant - Unimation company. As Ingeborg R & D for industrial

robots and publicity, he was known as the "father of industrial robots." AMF

Inc. in 1962, the United States produced "VERSTRAN" (meaning universal

handling), and Unimation produced Unimate as a truly commercial industrial

robots, and exported to countries around the world, setting off a worldwide

study of robots and robot the globe. 1962 -1,963 years the application of

sensors to improve the operability of the robot. People try all kinds of sensors

installed on the robot, including the 1961 Ernst used in tactile sensors,

Tomovic and Boni 1962, the world's first "smart hand" on the use of pressure

sensors, while the McCarthy in 1963, has begun to add visual sensor in robot

system, and in 1965, helped MIT launched the world's first with a vision

sensor that can identify and locate building blocks of the robotic system. 1965

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory • developed Beast

robot. Beast has been through sonar systems, photoelectric tubes and other

devices, the environmental correction own position. 60 mid-20th century, the

U.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of

Edinburgh, been set up in the robot lab. The United States with the rise of the

second-generation sensors research, "there feel" of the robot, artificial

intelligence and to work towards it. The world's first intelligent robot Shakey

Stanford Research Institute in 1968, the United States announced that they

successfully developed a robot Shakey. It is with a vision sensor, according to

the instructions of people to discover and crawl the building blocks of a

computer to control it, but there is a room so much. Shakey can be regarded

as the world's first intelligent robot, beginning the prelude to the third

generation of robot research and development. 1969, Ichiro Kato, Waseda

University Laboratory developed the first robot to walk, walk. Ichiro Kato, the

long-term commitment to research humanoid robot, known as "the father of

humanoid robot." Japanese experts has been to develop humanoid robots

and robot technology, known for entertainment, then go one step further

hastened the development of Honda's ASIMO and Sony's QRIO. In 1973 the

world's first robot and small computers to work together, they gave birth to the

U.S. company Cincinnati Milacron robot T3. Unimation introduced in 1978, the

U.S. general industrial robot PUMA, which marks the industrial robot

technology has reached full maturity. PUMA is still work in the factory in the

forefront. 1984 Ingeborg pushed robot Helpmate, the robot can deliver meals

to patients in the hospital and get drugs, to send e-mail. In the same year, he

predicted: "I want robots to clean the floor, cooking, washing out to help me to

check security." In 1998 Denmark introduced Lego Robot (Mind-storms)

package, so get with the building-block robot manufacturing the same,

relatively simple and can arbitrarily assembled, the robot started to enter the

private world. In 1999 Sony introduced Aibo robot dog (AIBO), immediately

sold out, and from entertainment robots become the robot forward one of the

ways ordinary family. In 2002 the U.S. introduced the iRobot robotic vacuum

cleaner Roomba, it can avoid obstacles, automatic design of the road route,

but also in the power is insufficient, automatically towards charging seat.

Roomba is the world's largest-selling and most commercial household robots.

an authorized agent iRobot Corporation Beijing: Beijing Science and

Technology Co., Ltd. Micro-Mesh, Tomohiro http / / www micronet net cn. In

June 2006, Microsoft launched the Microsoft Robotics Studio, robotics

modular, unified platform, it became increasingly evident, Bill • Gates

predicted that household robots will soon be sweeping the world

category articles

Being born in science fiction, like, people are full of fantasy robot.

Perhaps it is because the definition of fuzzy robots, which gave the people full

of imagination and creative space. Domestic robots: to help people take care

of life, to do simple household chores. Manipulator-type robot: Can automatic,

repeatable programming, multi-functional, there are several degrees of

freedom can be fixed or movement, for associated automation systems.

Programmable Robot: According to the order and conditions of a

pre-requirement in turn control the robot's mechanical movements.

Teaching-playback robot: Adoption of the guidance or other means, the first

robot moves the church, enter the work process, the robot will automatically

repeat operations. NC robots: do not have to move the robot through the

values, language, etc. for teaching the robot, the robot according to the

information after teaching job. Feel-controlled robot: the use of sensors to

obtain information on control of robot action. Adaptive control robot: able to

adapt to changes in the environment, control their own actions. Learning

control for robots: can "understand" the work experience, with a certain

degree of learning function, and the "learning" experience for the work.

Intelligent Robots: The artificial intelligence robot to determine its actions.

China's environment, starting from the application of robotics experts, robots

are divided into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robot.

The so-called industrial robots for industrial areas of multi-joint or multi-DOF

robot manipulators. In addition to the special robot is outside of industrial

robots used for non-manufacturing and the service of mankind advanced

robots, including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots,

military robots, agricultural robots, robot-based machinery. In the special

robots, some branches have developed rapidly, there is a separate system for

trends, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots,

micro-operation of robots. At present, the international robot scholars, starting

from the application environment, the robot is also divided into two categories:

manufacturing environment of industrial robots and the non-manufacturing

environment, the service and humanoid robots, This classification is

consistent with our The. Also known as unmanned aerial robot machines, in

recent years, the family in the military robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles are

the most active research activities, technological progress, the largest

research and procurement of funds into the largest and most experienced in

the field of combat. 80 years, the world is basically the development of

unmanned aerial vehicles based on the main line of the United States to move

forward, regardless of the technical level, the types and number of UAVs, the

U.S. ranking first in the world.

varieties articles

6.1 Unmanned aircraft

drones "Detachment" Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Throughout the history of

UAV development can be said that modern warfare is to promote the UAV

development. The impact of modern warfare UAV is also growing. The first

and during World War II, despite the emergence and use of unmanned aerial

vehicles, but because of low levels of technology, unmanned aerial vehicles

does not play a significant role. The Korean War in the United States use of

unmanned reconnaissance and attack aircraft, but in limited quantities. In the

ensuing war in Vietnam, the Middle East war, UAVs have become an

essential weapon systems. In the Gulf War, the war in Bosnia and Kosovo war,

has become the main reconnaissance UAV types. French "Red Hawk"

unmanned aerial vehicle U.S. Air Force suffered heavy losses during the

Vietnam War, was shot down aircraft, 2500, killed more than 5,000 pilots, the

U.S. domestic public outcry. To this end the Air Force increased use of the

UAV. Such as "buffalo hunters" UAV mission over North Vietnam 2500 times,

low altitude photographs, injury rate of only 4%. AQM-34Q-type 147 firebee

UAV Flight 500 several times, to conduct electronic eavesdropping, radio

interference, dispersal of metal chaff and for some people to open up access,

and so the aircraft. High-altitude unmanned reconnaissance aircraft In the

1982 war in the Bekaa Valley, Israeli forces discovered through aerial

reconnaissance. Syria in the Bekaa Valley, a large concentration of troops.

June 9, the Israeli army deployed US-made E-2C "Hawkeye" early warning

surveillance aircraft to Syrian forces, and sent every day, "Scout" and "vicious

dog" and unmanned aerial vehicles more than 70 sorties against Syrian

forces in air defense positions Airport repeated reconnaissance, and to send

images taken early warning aircraft and ground command. In this way, the

Israeli army and accurately identify the location of the radar of the Syrian

forces, and then launch the "wolf" type of anti-radar missiles, destroying the

Syrian forces a lot of radar, missiles and automatic antiaircraft guns, and

forced Syrian forces did not dare turn the radar, in order to in order to Army

was the target to create the conditions for the aircraft. Phantom UAV The

outbreak of the Gulf War in 1991, the U.S. military first face the problem of the

Sand Sea is to be found in the vast hidden Iraqi Scud missile launchers. If

someone reconnaissance aircraft, it must be round-trip flights over the desert,

long exposure to the Iraqi army antiaircraft fire, under extremely dangerous.

To this end, the U.S. military unmanned aerial surveillance has become the

main force. Throughout the Gulf War, "Pioneer," the U.S. military to use

unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs most kinds of U.S. forces deployed in the

Gulf region a total of six Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicles with a total of 522

sorties flown, flight time of up to 1640 hours . At that time, regardless of day

or night, every day there is always a Pioneer UAV flying over the Gulf. In

order to destroy the Iraqi forces in the coastal fortifications built by strong,

February 4 USS Missouri Chengye reaching offshore area, Pioneer UAV

taking off from its deck, using infrared detectors were shot and send the

images of ground targets to the command center. A few minutes later,

warships and 406 mm guns began to bombard targets, unmanned aerial

vehicles for the gun to school constantly firing. USS Wisconsin took over after

the Missouri, so bombarded for three days straight, so that Iraqi artillery

positions, radar network, command and communications center was

completely destroyed. During the Gulf War, taking off only from the two

battleships there is a pioneer in UAV 151 sorties, flying more than 530 hours

to complete the target search, battlefield warning, maritime interdiction and

naval gunfire support missions. Brevel UAV During the Gulf War, the Pioneer

unmanned aerial vehicles have become pioneers of the U.S. Army troops. It is

for the Army's 7th Army for aerial reconnaissance, shooting a large number of

Iraqi tanks, command centers and missile launch position of the image, and

send it to the helicopter unit, followed by the U.S. military sent the "Apache"

attack helicopters of the targets attack, if necessary, can call for artillery fire

support units. Pioneer aircraft survivability strong in the 319 sorties were

flown, only one was hit, there are 4 ~ 5 due to electromagnetic interference

and distress. In addition to the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Canada

also deployed unmanned aerial vehicles. Such as France's "fawn" division is

equipped with a "Malte" UAV row. When the French troops fighting in Iraq

in-depth, first sending the enemy reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles,

according to detected conditions, the French escaped the Iraqi army tanks

and artillery positions. 1995 Bosnian war, because troops need, "Predator"

unmanned aerial vehicles will soon be transported to the front. Serb forces in

the NATO air strikes of the supply lines, ammunition depots, command center,

the "Predator" has played an important role. It first carried out reconnaissance

and found that target to guide the aircraft to attack someone, and then for the

war effort. It also provided for the United Nations peacekeeping force in

Bosnia and Herzegovina on the main road military vehicles movement, and to

determine whether the parties complied with the peace agreement. U.S.

military and thus the "Predator," called the "battle of the low-altitude

satellites." In fact, satellites can only provide instant images on the battlefield,

while the UAV could be a long time hovering over the battlefield to stay on the

battlefield and thus able to provide continuous real-time image, unmanned

aerial vehicles is also much cheaper than using satellites. March 24, 1999,

the US-led NATO banner of "safeguarding human rights" under the guise of

the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began bombing the outbreak of that

shocked the world, "the Kosovo war." In the 78 days of bombing, NATO

deployed a total of 32 million per aircraft, ships into more than 40 vessels,

dropped bombs, 13 million tons, resulted in an unprecedented catastrophe in

Europe since World War II. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is mountainous

and forest terrain, as well as more than rainy days more than the climatic

conditions significantly affected the NATO reconnaissance satellites and

high-altitude reconnaissance plane effect, the Sierra Leone Army also brings

a fierce anti-aircraft fire, it was not low-flying reconnaissance planes,

resulting in NATO Air Force does not recognize and attack the clouds below

target. In order to reduce casualties, NATO's extensive use of unmanned

aerial vehicles. The Kosovo war was the use of local wars in the world the

largest number of unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles play a

role in the greatest war. Although the UAV fly slowly at low altitudes, but it is

small, radar and infrared characteristics of small, good for hiding, can not

easily be hit, suitable for low-altitude reconnaissance, you can see the

satellite and reconnaissance aircraft was See unclear objectives. During the

Kosovo war, the United States, Germany, France and Britain dispatched a

total of 6 different types of unmanned aerial vehicles, more than 200 planes,

which are: U.S. Air Force's "Predator" (Predator), the Army's "Hunter"

(Hunter) , and the Navy's "Pioneer" (Pioneer); German CL-289; France's "Red

Falcon" (Crecerelles), "Hunter", and the United Kingdom's "Phoenix" (Phoenix)

and other unmanned aerial vehicles. UAV in the Kosovo war, some of the

major completed the following tasks: low-altitude reconnaissance and

battlefield surveillance, electronic interference, victories assessment,

targeting, weather data collection, distribution of leaflets, and rescue pilot,

and so on. The Kosovo war has not only greatly increased the UAV's position

in the war, but also aroused the attention of Governments on the UAV. U.S.

Senate Armed Services Committee requested that the military should be

prepared to 10 years, a sufficient number of unmanned systems to

low-altitude attack aircraft in one-third of UAVs; 15 years, one-third of ground

combat vehicles unmanned systems should be in . This is not to use

unmanned aircraft to replace the pilot and it was, but some people use them

to add the capacity of the aircraft in order to high-risk tasks to minimize use of

the pilot. UAV's development will accelerate the theory of modern warfare and

unmanned warfare systems development.

6.2 Special features robot

special feature of the robot Machine Police The so-called military robots

on the ground is used on the ground robot system, they are not only in times

of peace can help police rule out bomb to complete the task should be to the

security in wartime can be replaced by soldiers of mine, reconnaissance and

attack a variety of tasks such as Today, the United States, Britain, Germany,

France, Japan and other countries have developed various types of ground

military robots. Britain's "trolley" robot In Western countries, terrorism has

always been one to make the headache problem. The United Kingdom due to

ethnic conflicts, suffering from the threat of explosives, so as early as 60

years on the successful development of EOD robot. British developed

crawler-style "trolleys" and "super cart" EOD robot, has more than 50

countries and police agencies has sold more than 800 units. Recently, Britain

has in turn trolley robot to be optimized, prairie dogs and bison have

developed two kinds of remote control electric EOD robot, the British Royal

Engineers in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo are using them to detect and

deal with explosives. Prairie dogs weigh 35 kilograms, the mast is equipped

with two cameras. Bison weighed about 210 kilograms and can carry 100 kg

of load. Both use radio control system, remote control distance of about 1 km.

"Prairie Dog" and "Maverick" and EOD robot In addition to a bomb planted by

terrorists outside the war-torn countries in many of the world, and everywhere

a variety of scattered unexploded munitions. For example, in Kuwait after the

Gulf War as an ammunition depot could explode at any time. In the

Iraq-Kuwait border over 10,000 square kilometer area, there are 16 countries

manufacture of 25 million mines, 85 million rounds of ammunition, and the

multinational forces dropped bombs and cluster bombs mines of 25 million

bullets, of which at least 20% No explosion. And now, even in many countries

there is residual in the First World War and World War II unexploded bombs

and landmines. Therefore, explosive ordnance disposal robot is a great

demand. Wheeled robot with the Removal of Explosive Devices and tracked,

and they are generally small size, steering a flexible, easy to work in a small

space, the operator can be a few hundred meters to several kilometers away

through radio or optical control of their activities. Robot cars general color

CCD camera is equipped with multiple pairs of explosives used for

observation; more than one degree of freedom manipulator, with its gripper or

clamp may be explosives, fuses or detonators screwed down, and to transport

explosives walking; car was also equipped with shotguns, using a laser

pointer aimed at, it can be to the timing device and detonating explosive

devices to destroy; some robot is equipped with high-pressure water gun, you

can cut explosives. Germany's EOD robot In France, the Air Force, Army and

Police Department have purchased Cybernetics developed TRS200

medium-sized companies EOD robot. DM's robots have been developed

RM35 Paris Airport Authority selected. German peacekeepers in Bosnia and

Herzegovina equipped Telerob team returned the company's MV4 series of

robots. Developed by the Shenyang Institute of Automation of China's PXJ-2

robot has joined the ranks of security forces. U.S. Remotec's Andros series of

robots were welcomed by national uniformed services, the White House and

congressional buildings, police stations have to buy this robot. Before the

presidential election in South Africa, the police bought a four AndrosVIA

robots, they are in the electoral process carried out in a total of 100 multiple

tasks. Andros robot can be used for small-scale random explosive ordnance

disposal, it is the U.S. Air Force aircraft and passenger cars for use only

robots. After the Gulf War, the U.S. Navy has used such a robot in Saudi

Arabia and Kuwait Air Force Base in clearing mines and unexploded ordnance.

U.S. Air Force also sent five sets Andros robot to Kosovo, for the clean-up of

explosives and sub-shells. Each active duty Air Force explosives disposal

team and air rescue centers are equipped with a Andros VI. EOD robot

developed in China EOD robot can not only rule out the bombs,

reconnaissance sensors can also use it to monitor the activities of criminals.

Surveillance personnel in the far right criminals day and night to observe,

listen to their conversation, do not expose themselves very well could be right.

In early 1993, in the United States occurred in Waco estate lesson plans, in

order to get the activities of the Puritans who, the FBI used two kinds of robots.

One is Remotec's AndrosVA type and Andros MarkVIA-type robot, the other is

developed by RST company STV robots. STV is a six remote control cars,

using radio and cable communications. On board can be raised to a 45-meter

bracket, the above three-dimensional with color camera, day-optic sight, night

vision sights, binaural audio detectors, chemical detectors, satellite

positioning systems, target tracking using The forward-looking infrared

sensors. The car takes only one operator, remote control distance of 10

kilometers. During the operation, sent out three sets STV, the operator

remote control robot moving to a place 548 meters away from the manor to

stop, the car bracket raised the use of video cameras and infrared detectors

to the window spying, FBI officials were observed around the screen back to

the image sensor, the activities of the house can be seen clearly.

6.3 civil robot

Robot command

Third, civil robot Robot command In fact, people do not want to the robot

is not a complete definition, since the robot from the date of the birth of people

will continue to try to explain what a robot in the end. But with the rapid

development of robot technology and information era, the robot covers the

contents of the increasingly rich and constantly enrich the definition of robot

and innovation. 1886, French writer Lier Ya When his novel "Future Eve" will

look like a person's machine named "Andeluoding" (android), It consists of

four components: 1, Life system (balance, walking, talking, body swing,

feeling, expression to regulate the movement, etc.); 2, modeling solution

quality (freedom of movement joints can be covered by a metal body, a suit of

armor); 3, artificial muscles (in the armor on the body, veins, and gender of

the body of various forms); 4, artificial skin (containing color, mechanism,

contour, hair, vision, dental, gripper, etc.). • 1920 Czech writer Karel Capek

published a science fiction screenplay, "Rossum's Universal Robots." In the

script, the Capec the Czech "Robota" wrote the "Robot", "Robota" meaning

slave. Opera preview of the development of robots the tragic impact on

human society, causing widespread concern in everyone, be regarded as the

origin of the word robot. In the drama, the robot according to its owner's

commands work quietly, without feelings and emotions in order to dull the way

hard labor. Later, Rosam the success of the company to make robots with

feelings, resulting in the application of robotics sector is increasing rapidly. In

factories and domestic work, the robot has become an indispensable member.

Robots find selfishness and injustice of human beings, and finally rebelled,

and the robot are very excellent physical and mental, so exterminate the

human race. But the robot does not know how to make their own that they

themselves will soon become extinct, so they started looking for human

survivors, but to no avail. Finally, a pair of robot perception is better than

other men and women love a robot. Then robots evolved for mankind, the

world has revived the. Capek made a robot safety, perception and

self-propagation problems. Scientific and technological progress is likely to

spark a human do not want problems. Although only a science fiction world of

imagination, but human society is likely to face this reality. In order to prevent

harm to human robots, science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (Isaac Asimov) in

1940 proposed a "three principles of robotics": 1, the robot should not harm

humans; 2, the robot should abide by the order of mankind, with the exception

of the first violation of an order; 3, the robot should be able to protect

themselves in conflict with the exception of the first phase. This is ethical

given to the robot program. Robot academia has developed these three

principles as guidelines for robots. In 1967, Japan held the first academic

conference on the robot, the proposed two representative definition. First,

Masahiro Mori and co-Tian Zhou Ping made: "The robot is a kind of mobility,

individuality, intelligence, versatility, half-human half-machine, automatic

nature of slave mentality, etc. 7 features flexible machine." From this

definition, Masahiro Mori proposed the automatic nature of intelligence,

individuality, half-human half-machine, job nature, universal, informative,

flexible, limited, mobility features such as 10 to represent the robot image.

The other is made by Kato Ichiro has the following three conditions for a

machine called the Robot: 1, with the brain, hands, feet and other three

elements of the individual; 2, with non-contact sensor (with eyes, ears to

accept the distance information) and contact sensors; 3, with a balanced feel

and inherent sense of sensors. Etiquette Robot This definition emphasizes

the implications of humanoid robots should be, that it work by hand, relying on

foot to achieve movement, from the brain to complete the unified command

role. Non-contact sensors and touch sensors is equivalent to people's facial

features, the robot can identify the external environment, while the balance of

perception and the inherent sense is the state of robot perception itself

indispensable to the sensor. Industrial robots are not described here but the

autonomous robot. Robot is defined as a wide variety of, the reason is that it

has a certain degree of ambiguity. Animals generally have these elements, so

to be understood as humanoid robot machine at the same time, the robot can

be broadly understood as imitation animal machine. 1988 in France Espiau

the robot is defined as: "Robotics is the design of sensor information

according to pre-planning to achieve a good operating system, and thus the

system to use as a research object." 1987 International Organization for

Standardization of industrial robots are defined: "Industrial robot is a kind of

automatic control of the operation and mobility features, to complete a variety

of operating a programmable manipulator." Chinese scientists on the robot is

defined as: "robot is an automated machine, the only difference is that this

machine has some similarities with human or biological intelligence

capabilities, such as perceptual capacity, planning capacity, motor ability and

collaboration capabilities, is a highly flexible automated machines. " In

research and development operation unknown and uncertain environment,

the process of the robot, people gradually come to realize is the essence of

robotics perception, decision-making, action and interactive technology

combination. As people of understanding the nature of the intelligent robot

technology deepening, robotics technology has begun to stream to penetrate

all areas of human activity. With the application characteristics of these areas,

people have developed a wide variety of perceptions, decisions, actions and

ability to interact with a variety of intelligent robots and special machines,

such as mobile robots, micro robots, underwater robots, medical equipment

people, military robots, air space robots, entertainment robots. Special

environment for different tasks and the adaptability of robotics and general

automation equipment is also an important distinction. These robots are far

from their appearance out of the first humanoid robot and industrial robot has

a shape more in line with a variety of special requirements of different

application areas, their features and greatly enhanced the degree of

intelligence, so as to robots technology to open up a broader space for

development. Song Jian, Chinese Academy of Engineering said: "Robotics

progress and application of automatic control of the 20th century's most

compelling achievement is the highest sense of the contemporary

automation." Robot technology integrates multi-disciplinary development

results represent the forefront of high-technology development, its application

fields of human life is causing the growing awareness of the international

community to re-role and influence of robot technology. China's environment,

starting from the application of robotics experts, robots are divided into two

categories, namely industrial robots and special robot. The so-called

industrial robots for industrial areas of multi-joint or multi-DOF robot

manipulators. In addition to the special robot is outside of industrial robots

used for non-manufacturing and the service of mankind advanced robots,

including: service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military

robots, agricultural robots, robot-based machinery. In the special robots,

some branches have developed rapidly, there is a separate system for trends,

such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots, micro-operation of

robots. At present, the international robot scholars, starting from the

application environment, the robot is also divided into two categories:

manufacturing environment of industrial robots and the non-manufacturing

environment, the service and humanoid robots, This classification is

consistent with our The. Ancient Robot The emergence of the term robot and

the world's first industrial robot in recent decades the advent of all things.

However, people's fantasies and the pursuit of the robot was already 3,000

years of history. Mankind's desire to create a humanlike machine in order to

complete the various tasks instead of human beings. Machine carriage

Western Zhou Dynasty, China's craftsmen Yanshi developed a singing and

dancing on the Lingren, which is the earliest recorded robots. Spring and

Autumn Period, China's well-known carpenter Lu Ban, the machinery is also

an inventor, according to "Mojing" record, he has been a manufacture of

wooden bird that can fly in the air, "no less than three days," reflects our

working people wisdom. 2nd century BC, Alexander era of the ancient Greeks

invented the most primitive robot ─ ─ automaton. It is based on water, air

and vapor pressure as a driving force of the statue will move, it can open the

door itself, but also can make use of steam to sing. 1800 years to the Han, is

not only a great scientist Zhang Heng's seismograph was invented, and

invented the meter inside drum cart. Meter where each row a drum truck, the

car blockhead drum about every shot clock about ten-mile line. Later Han

Dynasty Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, prime minister of Shu

successfully created a "wooden ox", and with its delivery of rations to support

the front of the war. 1662, Japan's Takeda Omi invention the use of clocks

and watches automatic mechanical doll, and in Osaka, Dotonbori

performances. In 1738, the French genius technician Jack • Day • W Dixon

invented a machine duck, it will rattle called, will be swimming and drinking,

but also eating and excretion. W Dixon's intention is to make

bio-mechanization of the function to be carried out medical analysis. Write

robot At the time of automatic doll, the most prominent to the number of Swiss

watchmaker Jack • Road, Ross and his son Lee • Louis • Road, Ross. In 1773,

they introduced the automatic writing straight doll, auto-playing dolls and so

on, they create an automatic gears and clockwork doll is the use of principles

which made. Some of them are holding a brush and color paintings, some

holding a goose feather dipped in ink to write, structure, clever, clothing

gorgeous, all the rage in Europe. At that time, technological constraints, these

dolls is one meter tall giant toy. Now the earliest preserved robot Ruishi Nu

Sa Dier History Museum of the girl doll, which was produced in two hundred

years ago, the two hands 10 fingers can be pressing the keys while playing

organ music, now playing on a regular basis for visitors to enjoy,

demonstrating the wisdom of the ancients. The mid-19th century is divided

into two schools of automatic doll, that is science fiction to send and

mechanical production of camp, and each in literary arts and modern

technology to find its own place. In 1831 Goethe published the "Faust",

shaped man-made "and my appreciation of Cruise"; 1870, Hoffman published

an automatic doll as the main character of the work, "Gebeiliya"; 1883

Collodi's " Pinocchio "have come; 1886" Future Eve "have come. In

mechanical physical manufacturing, 1893, Moore created a "steam" and

"steam" and rely on the steam-driven legs walking along the circumference.

Beginning of the 20th century, the robot research and development has been

more and more people care and support, a number of application-oriented

robots one after another, in 1927 the U.S. Westinghouse engineers

temperature Beardsley produced the first robot "cable box", and held in New

York World's Fair exhibit. It is an electric robot, equipped with a radio

transmitter, you can answer some questions, but the robot can not move. In

1959 the first industrial robot (programmable, round coordinates) was born in

the United States and open a new era of robot development.

6.4modern robo

modern robot Modern robotics research began in the mid-20th century,

its technical background, the development of computers and automation, as

well as the development and utilization of atomic energy. Since 1946, the first

since the advent of digital electronic computer, the computer has made

remarkable progress, the high-speed, large capacity, low price direction. The

urgent needs of mass production promoted the progress of automation

technology, the result is one of the birth of CNC machine tools in 1952.

Associated with the control of CNC machine tools, machinery and parts for

robotics research has laid the foundation for the development. On the other

hand, atomic energy laboratory harsh environmental requirements of certain

operating equipment instead of people to deal with radioactive material. In the

context of this demand, the United States Atomic Energy Commission's

Argonne Institute in 1947 developed a remote control robot in 1948, has

developed a mechanical master-slave manipulator. Riveting robot In 1954,

the United States wearing a Wal-Mart first proposed the concept of industrial

robots, and apply for a patent. The point is that the patent technology control

the robot with servo joints, the use of staff teaching the robot to move the

robot can achieve the recording and reproduction of movement. This is the

so-called teaching-playback robot. Almost all existing robots using this control

method. As the first practical model of robotic products (teaching-playback)

was introduced in 1962, the United States AMF's "VERSTRAN" and

UNIMATION company launched "UNIMATE". These industrial robots and

CNC machine tool control method broadly similar, but the shape

characteristics of different, largely similar to the composition of people's

hands and arms. In 1965, MIT's Roborts shows the first one with a vision

sensor that can identify and locate a simple building blocks of the robotic

system. Robot dog In 1967, Japan set up the study of artificial hand (now

renamed the study of bionic body), the same year held the first robot of

Japan's Academic Council. In the United States in 1970, convened the first

session of the International Symposium on Industrial Robots. Since 1970,

Robot rapid widespread popularity. In 1973, Cincinnati Milacron Inc. • Richard

• Horn created the first by a small computer-controlled industrial robots, it is

hydraulically driven, and can enhance payload up to 45 kilograms. By 1980,

industrial machinery talent really popular in Japan, it said the year "robot first

year." Subsequently, the industrial robots have been tremendous

developments in Japan, Japan, and thus also won the "robot kingdom

laudatory." Autonomous underwater vehicle With the computer technology

and artificial intelligence technology, the rapid development of the robot in the

functional and technical level has been greatly improved, mobile robots and

robot technologies such as visual and tactile is a typical representative. As

the development of these technologies to promote the concept of an

extension of the robot. 80 years, will have the feeling, thinking,

decision-making and motor ability of the system is called intelligent robots,

which is a broad, meaning a broad concept. This concept has not only guided

the research and application of robot technology, but also gives a broad and

deep development of robot technology to a huge space, underwater robots,

space robots, aerial robots, ground robots, micro robots, etc. robots for

various purposes have been brought forth, and many dream become a reality.

Robot technologies (such as sensor technology, intelligent technology,

control technology, etc.) to various areas of proliferation and infiltration of the

formation of a wide variety of new machines - robot-based machine. Current

and the interaction and integration of information technology has produced a

"software robot", "network robots" name, which also illustrates the robot has

the innovation.

and robot

Human and robot As society continues to develop, more and more detail

the division of labor all walks of life, especially in the modern big industry,

some people have twisted a number of products per day are only targeted at

the same site on a nut, and some people the whole days to take an end of a

thread, just like the movie "Modern Times", as demonstrated, people feel that

they have been alienated in the various occupational diseases has the effect,

so there is a strong wish to use a machine instead of their own work, so

people have developed a robot , to replace the people to accomplish these

monotonous, boring, or dangerous jobs. Since the advent of robots, so that

part of the workers lost their jobs, so some people had a hostile robot.

"Robots posts, people will be laid off." Not only in our country, even in some

developed countries like the United States, it was also held this viewpoint. In

fact, this worry is unnecessary, and any advanced machinery and equipment,

will increase labor productivity and product quality, create more social wealth

will inevitably provide more employment opportunities, which has been

proved by the history of human production and development. The emergence

of any new things are advantages and disadvantages, but advantages

outweigh the disadvantages, and soon people get recognized. The

emergence of such vehicles, which not only deprived of part of the rickshaw

pullers, porters business, but also often a car accident, a threat to human life

and property. Although people have seen the car of these abuses, but it is

people's daily life has become an indispensable means of transport. A

well-known British statesman for the issue on industrial robots made such a

passage: "the number of robots in Japan ranks first in the world, while the

unemployed population at least, the United Kingdom the number of robots in

the developed world at least, while the unemployed population high ", which is

also from another angle, the robot will not get people's rice bowls. The United

States is the birthplace of the robot, the robot has a capacity far less than

Japan, where some of the reasons is that some workers did not welcome the

U.S. robot, thus inhibiting the development of the robot. Japan robot is able to

quickly become a big country for many reasons, but a very important one is

that when Japanese labor shortage, the government and enterprises hope to

develop robots, people are also welcome to use the robot. As the use of

robots, Japan has also tasted the sweetness of its cars, electronics industry,

the rapid rise, and soon to dominate world markets. From now on the trend of

industrial development in the world to see the development of robot is the only

way one. No robots, people will become machines; With robots are still the

masters. Lego RCX NXT robot RCX yes yes a programmable building blocks,

namely, the classroom robot (Robot instruction) in the brain. It is as a whole

with Lego blocks, motors, sensors and other structures to form the backbone

of robotic systems, like the brain, like control, command and robot behavior.

Use ROBOLAB software, people can create, build, programming a real robot,

it sports, exercise, and even themselves to "think." RCX to upgrade! NXT

Robot! The new assembly robot body full of sensors, it can sound and motion

sensors to the appropriate response, but also for the light and tactile it more

responsive. NXT robot system is the heart of a 32-bit micro-processor can be

transmitted by PC or a Mac operating procedures. Optical sensor According

to the sensor assists to help your robot to "see." It allows your robot to

distinguish between light and dark skin, and determining the light intensity in

a room, or light intensity of different colors. Sound Sensor Sound sensor

enables robots to hear! Sound Sensor can measure the noise level of

decibels (dB) and DBA (frequency of approximately 3-6 kHz where the human

ear is most sensitive), and the recognition of sound patterns and identify tone

differences. Touch sensor Touch sensor contacts and the release reaction of

the robot to create a "feel" like never before! It can detect single or multiple

button presses, and report back to the nxt. Ultrasonic Sensors Ultrasonic

sensors "see" objects in place! Ultrasonic sensor is able to detect a target and

measures, in the vicinity of inches or centimeters.

g Olympic Games have been used in robot

1, Fuwa robot Fuwa robot can sense the visitors within one meter, a

dialogue with people, photography pictures, music and dance, but also to

answer the Olympic Games-related issues. 2, translation robot Can be

achieved at any time, place, and any device to any multi-language services. 3,

security robot Of its outstanding representative of EOD robot.

State Key Laboratory of Robotics

State Key Laboratory of Robotics State Key Laboratory of Robotics relies

on the CAS Shenyang Institute of Automation, formerly Robotics Laboratory

of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The laboratory is the first in China to

establish the field of robotics sector Key Laboratory, China's leading

scientists in the field of robotics Jiang Xin-song Academy of Sciences

1989-1997 served as Laboratory Director. Past two decades, laboratory

robotics research in basic theory and method of simultaneous development

with the international advanced level, and cutting-edge robotics to explore

and demonstrate applications has made a number of important influence in

scientific research, fully demonstrating the experimental Room with a major

national science and technology to solve problems. At present, China

Technology Development Zone in Shenyang Hunnan the "new song Robot"

company that is in our country in the field of scientific research base. The

overall level of laboratory robotics related areas in the country at the core and

take the lead position is the major influence in domestic and international

robotics research base. State Key Laboratory of Robotics positioned for

China's economic and social development, national security and major

scientific projects to provide the required robotics technologies and systems

to study the basic theories and methods of robotics, the development of viable

technologies and platforms prototype systems, cultivate and retention of

high-level research in robotics talent, promoting China's advanced robot

technology and systems for sustainable development. Mainly for the

development of perception, thinking and motor ability of advanced robotic

systems, research-based robotics theoretical methods, key technology, the

robot system integration technology and robot application technology. Labs

persist in opening up to attract domestic and foreign experts and scholars to

conduct exchanges and cooperative research. Issues through the

establishment of the fund, laboratory and domestic robotics research in

relation to performing for nearly 30 universities, research institutes and

enterprises to establish a link, almost covering the country engaged in

robotics research to all units. In recent years, laboratory with its own direction

of development, targeted research team with the well-known at home and

abroad to establish cooperative relations. Such cooperation, for strengthening

disciplines in our laboratory to understand the country needs to establish a

targeted demonstration system has played an important role. Underwater

Robot: Rofish for bionic robot fish products, the product of advanced

electronic, mechanical technology, analog way fish swim through the new

material for accurate simulation of its shape, so as to reach this highly

effective. Rofish using structured design methods, high stability motor to

ensure the stability of their products. Control method, there are two options:

Serial / USB Control and remote control. Product kernel using Bootloader

radio programming programming approach can change the swimming

program at any time to adapt to the realities. Performance parameters: Ø

Length: 20cm - 80cm, in need of special sizes can be customized. Ø Overall:

koi, goldfish, dolphins, sharks and so on, can be customized. Ø Tour Speed:

1BL / S. BL is body length, swim speed and body length that is related to

travel speed of 1 times the body length per second. Ø Continuous working

time :3 - 4 hours, lithium-powered battery. Ø communication: RF

communications or sonar (Sonar) communications, an optional one. Ø control

mode: Serial / USB control or remote control, the two optional one. Serial /

USB control mode can simultaneously control multiple robot fish, through a

simple programming control over the fish can be realized between the chase

and play and so on.

Robots 1. There is a body 2. There memory or program features 3. And

brain 1886, French writer Lier Ya When his novel "Future Eve" will look like a

person's machine named "Andeluoding" (android), It consists of four

components: 1, Life system (balance, walking, talking, body swing, feeling,

expression to regulate the movement, etc.); 2, modeling solution quality

(freedom of movement joints can be covered by a metal body, a suit of armor);

3, artificial muscles (in the armor on the body, veins, and gender of the body

of various forms); 4, artificial skin (containing color, mechanism, contour, hair,

vision, dental, gripper, etc.). 1984 movie "Terminator", with leather wrapped

the creative robot; 1991 movie "Terminator 2", with the liquid metal robot

concept; 2003 movie "Terminator 3", solid-liquid mixed state robot appears.

Television works gradually gave birth to a variety of autonomous intelligent

biological robots, then the solid-liquid mixed autonomous intelligent robots

will be the birth of biochemistry.

's latest robots

美国战斗机器狗

Japan's latest robots Nagoya City Commercial Design Institute

introduced a new robot "network Rabbit." It's two ears may come and go many

gesture, according to people's voices to respond. "Network Rabbit" through

wireless communication with the home computer connected to, if there is an

e-mail it will read it sounded, you can also play Internet radio programs. The

most interesting is the different "network Rabbit" is also able to "get married",

"breaking up", through a network connection to one of the "network Rabbit"

ears to make a move, it is distant "partner" will then make the same action.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. nanny robot "If the pill" are a variety of

robots for several years show star, in this exhibition it is still attracting

everyone's attention. "If the pill" can come to the master bed in the morning,

reporting the day's weather or news headlines. It can also remember the

owner's birthday, or wedding anniversary to remind the owner. Institute of

Industrial Science and Technology of Japan for the manufacture of the elderly

and children to accompany the robot "Paro", Honda's "ASIMO," Biped

Walking Robot also continues to be concerned about. Asimo: Honda's walking

robot developed by the feet, was the first time in November 2000 at the

Yokohama International Peace Conference Center, unveiled at a robot show.

In December 2006, Honda has improved too, "ASIMO" performance, an

increase of its joints and motors, so that it can speed of 6 kilometers per hour

trot, but also its height from the initial 1.2 m up to 1.3 meters. The successful

development of the United States fighting robot dog U.S. combat robot dog

Internet has caused a stir on the U.S. government released a video of a

military robot dog, robot dog video showing the activities of its amazing ability

and adaptability, in one fell swoop on the Internet creates a sensation. R & D

company said tested, this robot dog can be on the battlefield as soldiers

carrying ammunition, food and other items.

's Three Laws of Robotics

science fiction writer Isaac Asimov in the novel "I, Robot" in the set of

"Three Laws of Robotics." Asimov robot's three "Law" (law), the procedure

that all robots must comply with A robot may not harm humans, or sit back

and do nothing hurt humans; 2 Unless the contrary to the first rule, the robot

must obey human orders; 3 Without prejudice to the first and second laws, the

robot must protect themselves.