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2023年12月17日发(作者:河内塔问题解决策略 试错法)
心理测验解释名词
心理测验解释名词
第二章解释名词
1. psychometrician心理计量学家
a specialist in psychology or education who develops and evaluates psychological tests.
是职司心理测验编制及评价的心理或教育专家
2. test测验
a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores.
是藉由行为抽样,用分类或分数来描述行为的标准化程序。
是一个对行为样本的标准化程序,并以分类系统以及分数(数字量尺)来描述之,大部分的测验都有常模及标准来预测行为。
3. standardized procedure标准化程序
an essential feature of any psychological test. A test is considered to be standardized if the procedures for
administering it are uniform from one examiner and setting to another.是心理测验必备的特性,一个测验如果其施测程序,在不同的施测者和情境中,都能制式化,具有一致性,即可被认定是具有标准化的特质
4. norms常模
A summary of test results for a large and representative group of subjects. The norm group is referred to as the
standardization sample.
对一个庞大且具代表性的受试团体的测验结果所做的概述,常模团体必须是标准化样本。
5. standardization sample标准化样本
This group must be representative of the population for whom the test is intended or else it is not possible to
determine an examinee's relative standing. 是一个能代表测验特质的母群的受试团体,藉以测定(,否则将无法侦测)应(受)试者某项测验特质在团体中的相对位置。
6. norm-referenced test常模参照测验
The performance of each examinee is interpreted in reference to a relevant standardization sample. 将测验的表现(结果)与标准化样本做比较,即根据测验分数在团体中的相对位置来加以解释的测验。
7. criterion-referenced test标准(效标)参照测验
The objective is to determine where the examinee stands with respect to very tightly defined educational
objectives. 依教学目标来侦测应试者其分数所占位置的测验,也就是将测验结果依教学前所订的标准来加以解释的测验。
8. assessment衡鉴
To appraising or estimating the magnitude of one or more attributes in a person. The assessment of human
characteristic involves observation, interview, checklist, inventories, projectives, and other psychological test.
评价或估计一个人的单一或多种属性或特质的数量,衡鉴人的特质包含观察、面谈、检核表、测验、投射,以及其它心理测验。
9. group tests团体测验
Group tests are largely pencil-and-paper measures suitable to the testing of large groups of persons at the same
time. 大部分为纸笔测验,适合在同一时间对一大群人施测的测验。
10. individual tests个别测验
Individual tests are instruments which by their design and purpose must be administered one on one.
此测验的设计和目的是只适合做一对一的处理、施测。
11. intelligence tests智力测验
Measure an individual's ability in relatively global areas such as verbal comprehension, perceptual organization,
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or reasoning and thereby help determine potential for scholastic work or certain occupations.
用来测量个人较全面性的能力,如语文理解力、知觉组织、推理,用以帮助测定学业或特定职业的潜能。
12. aptitude test性向测验
Measure the capability for a relatively specific task or type of skill; aptitude tests are, in effect, a narrow form of
ability testing.测量较为特殊工作或技术类型的才能的测验,是较偏狭型态的能力测验。
13. achievement tests成就测验
Measure a person's degree of learning, success, or accomplishment in a subject or task.
测量个人在学科或术科的学习、成功、或作业完成的程度的一种测验。
14. creativity tests创造力测验
Assess novel, original thinking, and the capacity to find unusual or unexpected solutions especially for vaguely
defined problems. 衡量新奇、原创的思考力,即对模陵两可、笼统的问题找到非比寻常、不预期的解决方式的才能的一种测验。
15. creativity创造力
Emphasize novelty and originality in the solution of fuzzy problems or the production of artistic works.
强调对模糊问题能产生新奇的、具有创意的解决方案,或制造出有艺术性的作品。
16. personality tests人格(性格)测验
Measure the traits, qualities, or behaviors that determine a person's individuality; such tests include checklists,
inventories, and projective technique.
测量个人独具的特质、性质或行为模式的测验,包含检核表、测验以及投射技术。
17. interest inventories兴趣测验
Measure an individual's preference for certain activity or topics and thereby help determine occupational choice.
测量个人对特定活动或主题的偏好的一种测验,藉以协助做职业的选择。
18. behavioral procedures行为检核法
Behavioral procedures are available for assessing the antecedents and consequences of behavior, including
checklists, rating scales, interviews, and structured observations. 客观描述并计算行为的频率,衡量行为的前因后果,其包含检核表、评定量表、面(访)谈以及结构式观察。
19. neuropsychological tests神经心理测验
measure cognitive, sensory, perceptual, and motor performance to determine the extent, locus, and behavioral
consequences of brain damage.
用来测量认知、感官功能、知觉及动作表现,以决定脑伤的程度、部位(置)以及行为(成)后果的测验。
20. classification分类
It encompasses a variety of procedures that share a common purpose: assigning a person to one category rather
than another. 包含许多程序,但有一个共同的目的,即分派某一个人到一个适当类别。
21. placement安置
Placement is the sorting of person into different programs appropriate to their needs or skill. 依个人不同需求和技能,将之分至不同的项目。安置placement是将人配合其需求或技能,分派到不同的部门或规划中,例如实施英语能力测验检定,然后依等级分班上课;又如将精神病患分类后给予治疗计划
22. screening筛选
It refers to quick and simple tests or procedures to identify persons who might have special characteristics or
needs. 指用快速简单的测验或程序(即最粗略的方法),来辨认可能有特别特征或需求的人。
23. certification认证
It has a pass/fail quality. Certification typically implies that a person has at least a minimum proficiency in some
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心理测验解释名词
discipline or activity. (P.608)
认证有一个通过或不通过的质量分类(数值),指个人在一训练或活动,其能力至少是最低标准的胜任者。
24. diagnosis诊断
determining the nature and source of a person's abnormal behavior, and classifying the behavior pattern within
an accepted diagnostic system.
决定个人变态行为的本质或来源,并在一个可接受的诊断系统下,对个人的行为组型做分类。
25. learning disability学习失能(困扰、障碍)
The child is well below average in reading comprehension, is highly distractible, and needs help with basic
phonics can provide an indispensable basis for treatment planning.
小孩的阅读理解能力是低于平均值的,且是高度注意力不集中,给予基本的语音帮助可对治疗提供必要的基础。
「为一无明确定义的概念,典型地意指在普通能力和学习成就有极大落差,而不是源于感觉或动作障碍,智能迟滞,情绪困扰,或文化剥夺等因素导致的学习困难者。」
美国联邦EAHC法案的定义是「specific learning disability学习失能一词,意指在涉及语言的了解或使用、说或写等基本心理历程,有一个或多个功能失调,而显现在听、说、读、写、拼字、数学演算等能力的不良,其原因包括知觉障碍、脑伤、轻微的脑功能受损、读字困难、发展性的失语症,而不是源于感官或动作障碍,智能迟滞,情绪困扰,或文化、环境剥夺、或经济不利等因素。」(P.359)
26. correction for guessing猜测校正
in group testing, the practice of revising a subject’s final score in light of apparent guessing. 在团体测验过程中,鉴于受试的猜测机率,而对其最后分数所做的修正。
27. rapport投契(融洽)关系
In testing, a comfortable, warm atmosphere that serves to motivate examinees and elicit cooperation.主试者应营造一种舒服的、温暖的气氛,建立信任和谐的关系,因而有助于提升受试者的动机和引发合作。
28. test anxiety考试焦虑
a constellation of phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral response that accompany concern about possible
failure on a test
因担心考试失败伴随而来的一种生理的 、现象的、行为的多方面的反应
29. coaching测验教导
In testing, the attempt to boost test scores by providing the examinee with extra practice on test-like materials,
review of fundamental concepts likely to be covered by the test, and advice about optimal test-taking strategies.
在测验过程中,借着提供受试者对于类似题目的额外练习、相关的基本观念的复习或考试策略等来膨胀其测验分数的作为。
30. clerical scoring errors文书记分错误
In testing, an error in test scoring related to the mechanics of scoring, such as adding subscores incorrectly or
consulting the wrong conversion table.
在测验过程中,有关评分机制造成的计分错误,例如分测验加总的错误或使用错误的换算表等。
心理测验第三章解释名词
1. norm group 常模团体
A sample of examinees who are representative of the population for whom the test is intended.是一群可代表测验母群的受试样本团体。在常模参照测验中用来取得测验数据以建立常模的代表性群体。
2. raw score 原始分数
The most basic level of information provided by a psychological test, for example, the number of questions
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answered correctly.
心理测验所提供的最基本的讯息,例如︰答对几题。其本身是无意义的,既无法显示成就水平的程度,也无法说明分数在团体中的相对位置。
3. frequency distribution 次数分配
A method of summarizing data or test scores by specifying a small number of usually equal-sized class
intervals and then tallying how many scores fall within each interval.是种摘要数据或将测验分数分成小数量的、常是等分的组间,再画记有多少个分数会落入每个组间中的方法。
4. histogram长条图(直方图)
A method of summarizing data or test scores in graphic form; a histogram contains the same information as a
frequency distribution.是种摘要资料或将由次数分配图整理出的数据绘制成直立的长方形的方法。
5. frequency polygon 折线图(曲线图)
A method of summarizing data or test scores in graphic form; similar to a histogram, except by single points
rather than columns. 是种摘要数据或将测验分数绘制成图的方法,绘制方法与直方图类似,是将次数分配图中间距的次数,以点呈现而非长方形。
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mean算数平均数 简称平均数 The arithmetic average of a group of scores. 计算整组分数的算术平均值。
median中数
The middlemost score when all the scores in a sample have been ranked.
将整组分数按数值大小排序后,居中间位置的数量称之。
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mode众数 The most frequently occurring score. 一群分数中出现次数最多、最频繁的量数称之。
standard deviation标准差
A statistical index that reflects the degree of dispersion in a group of scores; the square root of the variance.
为一个统计上的指数,可反映团体中分数的分散程度,是变异数的平方根。
10. variance变异数
A statistical index that reflects the degree of dispersion in a group of scores.
为一个统计上的指数,可反映团体分数的分散程度、情形。V=Σ(X-x)²/N
11. normal distribution常态分配
A symmetrical, mathematically defined, bell-shaped frequency distribution.
以数学定义来说,是一对称的,钟型的次数分配。
12. skewness偏态
The symmetry or asymmetry of a frequency distributions; positive skew indicates that scores are piled up at the
low end negative skew indicates that scores are piled up at the high end.
是对称或不对称的的次数分配,正偏态表测验分数是偏低的;负偏态表测验分数是偏高的。
13. percentile百分位数
The percentage of persons in the standardization sample who scored below a specific raw score; percentiles
vary from 0 to 100. 受试者在标准化样本的百分比,是由原始分数转化而来的,可表各受试者在测验分数上的相对地位,其数值是从0到100。
14. standard score标准分数
A transformed score in where the original score is expressed as the distance from the mean in standard
deviation units.是将原始分数转换后的分数,可说明原始分数距离算数平均数一个标准差单位是多少。
15. T score T分数
A transformed score with mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.
是一种转换分数,其平均数是50,标准差为10。
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16. normalized standard score常态标准分数
A score obtained by a transformation that renders a skewed distribution into a normal distribution.
是用非直线转换方式将偏态分配转换成常态分配的一种转换分数。
17. stanine scale标准九
A scale in which all raw scores are converted to a single-digit system of scores ranging from 1 to 9.
为一种量尺,将原始分数分成九个等分,从1到9。
18. sten scale 标准十量表
A 10-unit scale with five units above and five units below the mean.
将分数分成10个单位,在平均数上、下两边各包含5个单位的常态标准分数。
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C scale C量尺
A variant on the stanine scale with 11 units. 将标准九两端各加一个单位,故有11个单位。
random sampling随机取样
A selection strategy in which every subject has an equal chance of being chosen.
是种筛选的策略,目的是让每位受试者被选到的机率是相等的。
21. stratified random sampling分层随机抽样
A selection strategy in which subjects are chosen randomly, with the constraint that the sample matches the
population on relevant background variables such as race, sex, occupation, and so on.
是种筛选策略,受试者被随机选择,而且样本被限制需与母群背景,如种族、性别、职业等配合。
22. age norm年龄常模
A type of standardization that depicts the level of test performance for each separate age group in the normative
sample.是种标准化类型,在一常态样本下,描述各年龄群组在测验表现的水平(层次)。
23. grade norm年级常模
A type of standardization that depicts the level of test performance for each separate school grade in the
normative sample.是种标准化类型,在一常态样本下,描述各学校年级在测验表现的水平(层次)。
24. local norms地区(区域)常模
Norms derived from a representative local sample, as opposed to a national sample.
常模是由具代表性的区域样本而来,是相对于全国样本。
25. subgroup norms次团体(子群)常模
Norms derived from an identified subgroup, as opposed to a diversified national sample.
常模是由认定的子群体而来,是相对于多样的全国样本。
26. expectancy table期望表
A table that portrays the established relationship between test scores and expected outcome on a relevant test.
精确地描述测验分数与期望结果间的关系。
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reliability信度
The attribute of consistency in measurement. 测量态度的一致性、稳定性,及测验数据的可靠性。
classical theory of measurement古典测量理论
The dominant theory in psychological testing; the theory assumes that an observed score consists of a true score
plus measurement error. 是心理测验的主要理论,假设实得分数等于真正分数加测量误差。
29. true score真正分数
An examinee’s hypothetical real score on a test; the true score can be estimated probabilistically, but is never
directly known. 是一个理论数值,不真正存在,是受试者在一个测验上假设的真实分数,可由机率来估计。
30.
measurement error测量误差
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心理测验解释名词
Everything other than the true score that makes up an examinee’s obtained test score.
除真正分数外,任何组成受试者所得测验分数的事件。
31. systematic measurement error系统性测量误差
A type of measurement error that arises when, unknown to the test developer, a test consistently measures
something other than the trait for which it was intended.
测量误差的一种,发生在测验中一致、稳定地测到除所欲测特质外的其它事物、因子。相对于非系统性测量误差(或称随机误差,如个人动机、情绪、突发状况)。
32. reliability coefficient信度系数
The ratio of true score variance to the total variance of test scores.
真正分数的变异量在测验分数总变异量中所占的比值。
33. correlation coefficient相关系数
A numerical index of the degree of linear relationship between two sets of scores; correlation coefficients can
vary between -1.00 and +1.00.
同一人在两种测验分数间所得的线性关系,相关系数是介于-1.00到+1.00之间。
34. test-retest reliability再测信度
A form of reliability in which the same test is given twice to the same group of heterogeneous and
representative subjects; scores for the two sessions are then correlated. 将同一测验以同样的方法,在不同的时间重复施测于同一受试者彼此间是异质且具代表的团体,再看两次分数间的相关。
35. alternate-forms reliability复本信度
A form of reliability in which alternate forms of the same test are given to a group of heterogeneous and
representative subjects; scores for the two forms are then correlated. 同一测验具两种或以上的复本,将此两种或以上的复本实施于同一受试者彼此间是异质且具代表的团体,再看两次分数间的相关。
36. split-half reliability折半信度
A form of reliability in which scores from the two halves of a test (e.g., even items versus odd items) are
correlated with one another; the correlation is then adjusted for test length.
信度的一种,将测验分成相等的两半(如奇数与偶数),每半各自形成一个别的单位或测验,再求两半间的相关,然后再根据其长度调整(常用斯布校正公式)。
37. Spearman-Brown formula斯布校正公式
A formula for adjusting spilt-half correlations so that they reflect the full length of a scale.
是一个用以调整折半相关的公式,以反映量表的全长,避免低估其信度。
38. coefficient alpha α系数
An index of reliability that may be thought of as the mean of all possible spilt-half coefficients, corrected by the
Spearman-Brown formula.
一种信度指数,可被视为是经过斯布公式校正后所有可能的折半系数的平均数。
39. Kuder-Richardson formula 20库李公式20
An index of reliability that is relevant to the special case where each test item is scored 0 or 1 (e.g., right or
wrong). 一种信度指数,适用于题目计分是0或1(如对或错)的测验。
40. interscorer reliability评分者信度
For test that involve judgmental scoring, the typical degree of agreement between scorers.
适用于包含评分者主观判断计分的测验,主要在测各评分者对此测验彼此间的同意程度。
41. generalizability theory概化理论
A domain sampling model of reliability that recognizes several alternatives of generalization for test results.
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心理测验解释名词
或译概推度理论是Cronbach发展出的一套辨识测量误差来源的统计模型。逐渐取代古典测验理论来定义及估计测验的信度。它与古典测验理论的不同在于,认为测量误差除了随机误差之外,尚有系统性误差,例如主试者的施测或评分习性,或施测地点、季节等。
42. speed test速度测验
A timed test that contains items of uniform and generally simple level of difficulty; the time limit is strict
enough that few subjects finish a speed test.
是一种限时的测验,其试题形式单一化,且难度偏易,时间限制严格以致几乎没有受试者可完成作答。
43. power test难度测验
A test that allows enough time for test takers to attempt all items; however, the test is difficult enough that no
test taker is able to obtain a perfect score.
为一种类型的测验,让受试有充分时间作答,但试题难度却使得受试者无法获得全部的分数。
44. restriction of range全距局限
A phenomenon in which the range on a variable is restricted, causing correlations with other variables to be
artificially low. 为一种因某变量全距受限,导致与其它变量间相关人为的变低的现象
45. standard error of measurement测量标准误
An index of measurement error which indicates the extent to which an examinee’s score might vary over a
number of parallel tests. 在测量中,对同一受试者测无限多次的平均数为真正分数,但每次测量的实得分数与真正分数间不一定一致,而有误差,称为「测量误差」,而无限多次的测量误差将形成一常态分配,测量误差分配的标准差,特称为「测量标准误」。
46. confidence interval信赖区间
根据误差,估计母数在某一信赖系数状况下,最可能落入的区段或范围。
例如:个人真正分数的估计方法,乃藉由信赖水平和测量标准误,以估计真正分数最可能落入的区间。
47. standard error of the difference差异分数标准误
A statistical index that can help a test user determine whether, for an individual examinee, the difference
between scores on two tests or subtests is significant.
用于个人测验分数的解释,可帮助受试者了解其在两测验或分测验所得分数间,是否达显著差异。其公式如下:
SediffSx2rxxryy
二、信度的类别及其求法
(1)内部一致法,为一种内部一致性量数,其高低受到内容取样和样本异质性两种误差变异量的影响。
A. 折半信度 ( split-half reliability ),依正常程序施测,将全部试题分为相等的两半(大多依单、双数题),计算每位受试者在两半测验的总得分,再以这两半分数计算其相关系数。因仅计算测验两半之相关,故需用公式校正,其中常用的是斯布校正公式(Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula),如下左;但若两半变异数不等,则宜用范氏公式(如下右)。
B. 库李信度〈Kuder-Richardson Reliability,1937〉仅适用二分法测验。
KR201k12rkhhrSBpq2SDrxx1rhhk222SaSb221S
(SDi)12k1SDKR21M(kM)12k1k(SD)kC. Cronbach’s α 系数 (1951)适用各种计分法之测验。
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心理测验解释名词
D. Hoyt 信度系数 (C. Hoyt, 1941) 信度乃真正分数变异数在实得分数总变异数中所占之比率。rH1MSerrorsMSindividualrhhs
Sa2【附注:上述公式中之 为折半相关,,
Sb2分别为A,B两半之变异数 ,S 或SD为测验总分的SDi222变异数,k为题数,p为某题答对率,q为答错率,M 为测验总分的平均数, 为第i题分数的变异数。】
(2)复本法 alternative-form reliability。同一测验有两种以上复本,将两种复本分别实施于同一群受试者,再以其分数计算相关系数,即得复本信度,如两者同时连续实施,其复本信度又称等值系数;如隔一段时间或分两次实施,其复本信度又称稳定与等值系数。
(3)重测法,同一测验,同一群受试者,前后测两次,再计算其相关系数即得再测信度retest reliability (又称稳定系数)。
(4)评分者信度,指不同的评分者或同一个评分者在不同的时间,在测验过程中观察、记录、计分等一致性而言,方法为随机抽样相当份数的测验卷,由评分者按记分要点评分,然后计算这些分数之相关。
三、测验信度的运用
1. 个人真正分数的推定。测量标准误是由信度系数衍生而来的一个统计数值,对测验分数的解释有重要的用途,测量标准误最大的功能便是协助我们去对测验各层面上误差的大小有所了解。其公式如下:
SEmSDx1rxx较理想的测量分数解释是同时使用实得分数和测量标准误,来估计真正分数,通常用区间估计来呈现;例如某人在魏氏智力测验智商为108,该测验之信度系数为.91,则其真正智商的信赖区间如下:
测量标准误=15(√1-.91) =4.5
95% 信赖区间=108±2 (4.5)=99~117
99% 信赖区间=108±2.58 (4.5) =96.4~119.6
[注:上式中2为概率95%的z值的近似值;2.58为概率99%的z值]
2.两项测验分数的比较。应用差异分数的标准误,其公式如下:
例如小华在语文测验得T分数56,空间关系测验得T分数48,已知语文测验信度系数为.86,空间关系测验信度系数为.91,则其差异分数的标准误 =10*0.5=5。当α=.05,其临界值=1.96*5=9.8,而两测验分数差异为八分(56-48=8),小于临界值,故差异不显著。
第四章名词简释
1. validity效度
A test is valid to the extent that inferences made from it are appropriate, meaningful, and
useful. 效度乃根据测验所做推论的恰当性、意义性及合用性的程度。
2. content validity内容效度
The type of validity that is determined by the degree to which the question, tasks, or items
on a test are representative of the universe of behavior the test was designed to sample.内容效度是对测验内容,即测验的问题、作业、试题做系统化地检验,以确定测验内容涵盖所有欲测量特质的代表性试题,也包含取样的适切性
3. face validity表面效度
For tests, the appearance of validity to test users, examiners, and especially the examinees;
not a technical form of validity, but important for the social acceptability of a test.
对一个测验而言,其是指测验使用者或受试者所显现出的效度,包含测验试题和形式等外形上给人的主观印象,并不是一个具技术形式的效度,但对一个测验的社会可接受性很重要,若一个测验从外表上看似可适切地测量其所欲测的特质或行为,即表其具表面效度。
4. criterion-related validity效标关联效度
The type of validity that is demonstrated when a test is shown to be effective in estimating
8
SediffSx2rxxryy
心理测验解释名词
an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure. 是种可有效评估受试者在某些测量结果上的表现的一种效度,是以经验性的方法,研究测验分数与一些外在效标间的关系。
5. concurrent validity同时效度
a type of criterion-related validity in which the criterion measures are obtained at
approximately the same time as the test scores. 是效标关联效度的一种,指测验的实施和效标资料的搜集时间发生在同一或极相近的时间,旨在使用测验分数估计个人在效标方面的目前实际表现。
6. predictive validity预测效度
A type of criterion-related validity in which the criterion measures are obtained in the future,
usually months or years after the test scores are obtained, such as when college grades are
predicted from an entrance exam.
是效标关联效度的一种,测验实施在先,而效标的搜集是发生在几个月或几年之后,两者发生在不同的时间,旨在使用测验分数预测个人在效标方面的未来表现,如同学院成绩是从入学考试预测而来的。
7. regression equation回归方程式
An equation that describes the best-fitting straight line for estimating the criterion from
the test; the best-fitting line is one that minimizes the sum of the squared deviations from
the line. 是用来描述从测验估计效标的最适合直线的一种方程式,所谓最适合直线是所有点到此线的距离平方和的最小值。
8.
9.
validity coefficient效度系数
the correlation between test and criterion (rxy). 表示测验和效标间的相关程度。
standard error of estimate估计标准误
SEest is the margin of error to be expected in the predicted criterion score; the error of
estimate is derived from the following formula:
SEest
= SDy√1−rxy2
在预测效标中被预期的误差的幅度,即从测验分数上去预测效标表现时误差分布的标准差,其意义与任何常态分配之标准差相同,其公式如上。
10. decision theory决策理论
an approach to psychological measurement that considers the costs and benefits of test-based
decisions, for example, in personnel selection.
是种关心测验基本决策的成本和利益的心理上测量的取向,例如人员的选择。
11. false positive假性优异(错误录取)
in decision theory, a subject who is incorrectly predicted to succeed on the criterion.
在决策理论中,被预测在效标会成功却表现失败的受试者。
12. false negative假性低劣(错误拒绝)
In decision theory, a subject who is incorrectly predicted to fail on the criterion.
在决策理论中,被预测在效标会失败却表现成功的受试者。
13. base rate基本率
in decision theory, the proportion of successful applicants who would be selected using current
methods, without benefit of the new test.
在决策理论中,在使用目前的方法下被选择的应征者成功的机率,尚未论及新的测验可能带来的获益。(意即即使未使用任何筛选工具应征者被选择后表现成功的机率。
14. construct构念
A theoretical, intangible quality or trait in which individuals differ.
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心理测验解释名词
是种理论上,无形的特性或特质,显现于个别差异,例如智力、人格。
15. construct validity构念效度
A type of validity that refers to the appropriateness. of test-based inferences about the
underlying construct purportedly measured by the test. 测验能推论到理论上的构念或特质的程度,即凡根据心理学的构念,对测验分数的意义所做的分析和解释。
16. homogeneous scale同构型量尺
A scale in which the individual items tend to measure the same thing; homogeneity is gauged
by item-total correlations.
每个试题都企图测同一样东西的量表,同构型可由试题与总分相关程度来判断。
17. convergent validity聚敛效度
A type of validity that is demonstrated when a test correlates highly with other variables
or tests with which it shares an overlap of constructs.
说明一个测验的分数与其它测量相同构念或特质的测验分数有高相关。
18. discriminant validity辨别效度
A type of validity that is demonstrated when a test does not correlate with variables or tests
from which is should differ.
说明一个测验的分数与其它测量不同构念或特质的测验分数有低相关。
19. multitrait-multimethod matrix多元特质-多重方法矩阵
A research design for assessing convergent and discriminant validity that calls for the
assessment of two or more traits by two or more methods. 是测验效度研究的一种设计,由Campbell & Fiske创用,包含聚敛和辨别效度,用两个或多个方法评价两个或多个特质。
20. factor analysis因素分析
A family of statistical procedures that researchers use to summarize relationships among
variables that are correlated in highly complex ways; the goal of factor analysis is to derive
a parsimonious set of derived factor. 研究者用来摘要多变项间以高度复杂的方式下的相关程度,目的在引导出一连串的因素中较简洁的表达方式。
21. factor loading因素负荷量
In factor analysis, the correlation between an individual test and a single factor.
指在因素分析中,一个别测验与单一因素的相关度
22. extra-validity concerns效度外考虑
The side effects and unintended consequences of testing.
指测验中附带的效果及非意图的结果。
23. nominal scale名义量尺
A measurement scale in which the categories are arbitrary and do not designate ”more” or
“less” of anything; the simplest and lowest level of measurement.
是种测量量尺,其对变项做独断的分类,不标示多寡,是种最简单最低层次的测量。
24. interval scale等距量尺
A measurement scale that provides information about ranking and the relative strength of ranks;
based on the assumption of equal-sized units or intervals for the underlying scale.
是测量量尺的一种,可对排序提供相对强度的讯息,其假设量尺中各单位和间距是相同大小的。
25. ratio scale比率量尺
A measurement scale that yields equal-sized units or intervals and that possesses a
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心理测验解释名词
conceptually meaningful zero points; the highest level of measurement.
是测量量尺的一种,其除等距外,在尺度上还有一具意义的绝对零点,是最高层次的测量。
26. expert rankings专家评等
A scaling method that relies upon the judgment of experts to determine the rankings for
individual components. 将个体的特性或成分依专家主观的判断,来排序的一种方法。
27. method of equal-appearing intervals等距法
A method for constructing interval-level scales from attitude statements.
由Thurstone所创用,从态度陈述句来建构等距量尺的方法。
28. method of absolute scaling绝对量尺法
A procedure for obtaining a measure of absolute item difficulty based upon results for different
age groups of test takers.
由Thurstone所创用,依不同年龄群组受测者的结果,来获得对绝对试题难度的测量程序。
29. Likert scale李特克式量尺
A scale that presents the examinee with five responses ordered on an agree/disagree or
approve/disapprove continuum.
以有顺序性且有连续性的五点反应量表来代表受试的同意度或赞成度。
30. Guttman scale古特曼式量尺
原是用于确定一组态度陈述是否为单一向度。古特曼认为如果态度量尺的题目能依照接受程度排列,而我们知道个人所能接受最极端的陈述句,就应该能确知其所有反应。
31. method of empirical keying实征关键法
A scale development method in which test items are selected based entirely on how well they
contrast a criterion group from a normative sample.
是编制量表的方法,测验试题是由效标团体与常模样本对比程度而来的。
32. method of rational scaling合理量尺法
A scale construction method in which all scale items correlate positively with each other and
also with the total score for the scale; also known as the internal consistency approach. 是量表建构的方法,指量表中所有试题间,以及各试题与量表总分间有正相关,与内部一致性取向观念相同。
33. table of specifications双向细目表
In test development, a table that lists the exact number of items in relevant content areas;
such a table also specifies the precise number of items which must embody different cognitive
processes. 在编制测验时,此表可列出在相关的内容区域中,各试题的确切数字,也能说明包含不同认知历程的试题精确数字。故此表可来检视、确认试题之内容效度。
34. forced-choice methodology强迫选择法
In personality test development, an item-writing method in which the alternatives are matched
for social desirability. 在编制人格测验时,一种试题撰写的方法,只提供两个或两个以上具相等吸引力或没有吸引力的题目,让受试选答。
35. item-difficulty index试题难度指数
For a single test item, the proportion of examinees in a large tryout sample who get that item
correct. 对一个单一测验试题,计算全体受试者答对每题的人数百分比。
36. item-reliability index试题信度指数
siriT, the product of a test item’s internal consistency as indexed by the correlation with
the total score(riT)and it’s variability as indexed by the standard deviation (si). 为 11
心理测验解释名词
测验试题的内部一致性(以试题与总分的相关(riT)表示)与其变异量(以标准差表示)的乘积。
37. item-validity index试题效度指数
siriC, consists of the product of a test item’s standard deviation (si) and the point-biserial
correlation with the criterion riC.
由测验试题的标准差与点二系列相关来求
38. item-characteristic curve试题特征曲线
A graphical display of the relationship between the probability of a correct response and
the examinee’s position on the underlying trait measured by the test.
可表示受试在测验中所测到特质与正确反应百分比的关系的曲线。
39. normal ogive常态肩形曲线
The normal distribution graphed in cumulative form.
一常态分配图以累计的形式呈现的图形。
40. item-discrimination index试题鉴别指数
A statistical index of how efficiently an item discriminates between persons who obtain high
and low scores of entire test.
是种统计指数可表示测验试题是否可有效鉴别出高分及低分的人。
41. cross validation效度交叉验证(效度复核)或译对照效度
For predictive tests, the practice of using the original regression equation in a new sample
to determine whether the test predicts the criterion as well as it did in the original sample.
将新的样本放入原始的回归方程式中,以侦测测验是否能如同在原始样本中一样有效地预测效标。
42. validity shrinkage效度减缩现象
The common discovery in cross-validation research that a test predicts the relevant criterion
less accurately with the new sample of examinees than with original tryout sample.
在效度复核研究中常见现象,测验对相关效标的预测度,新的受试样本的正确性比原始测试样本低,即因样本不同,而产生的效度变小的现象。
43. technical manual技术手册
In testing, the manual that summarizes the technical data about a new instrument.
对新仪器所做的技术性数据摘要的手册。
44. user’s manual使用者手册
In testing, the manual which gives instructions for administration and also provides guidelines
for test interpretation. 给予测验实施的简介,并对测验诠释提供指导方针的手册。
第五章名词简释
1. operational definition 操作性定义
A definition of a concept in terms of the way it is measured, such as, intelligence is “what
the tests test.”对一个概念以其被测量的方式做定义,例如,智力就是测验所测到的。
2. real definition真实定义
A definition that seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being defined
对一个事物以其真正的本质做定义。
3. general factor普通因素
According to Spearman, the single general factor of intelligence that must exist to account
for the observed correlations between a large number of tests.
根据Spearman的论点,单一的智力普通因素是存在的,藉以用来说明多个测验中被观察到的相关。Spearman 12
心理测验解释名词
将普通因素较倾向定义为一种能量或力量,即一个人的智力总能量,其本质以思考上的推理和演绎能力为主,是任何心智活动所必须的,心智活动越复杂时其所需的g因素也越多。
4. specific factors特殊因素
According to Spearman, a factor of intelligence specific to an individual test 根据Spearman的论点,智力的特殊因素是在个人测验中,其可测得的特定的心理特质,是特殊心智活动所必须的。
5. primary mental abilities基本心理能力
The seven group factors of intelligence posited by Thurstone which are verbal comprehension,
word fluency, number, space, associative memory, perceptual and inductive reasoning.
由Thurstone所假定的七个智力因素,包含语文理解、字汇流畅、数字、空间能力、联想记忆、知觉速度以及演绎推理。
6. fluid intelligence 流体智力
In Cattell and Horn’ theory, a largely nonverbal and relatively culture-reduced form of mental
efficiency. It’s related to a person’s inherent capacity to learn and solve problem.
在Cattell和Horn的理论中,是种非语文的,且不受文化影响的心理效能,其与个人与生俱来学习和解决问题的能力有关。
7. crystallized intelligence结晶智力
In Cattell and Horn’ theory, what one has already learned through the investment of fluid
intelligence in cultural settings (e.g., learning algebra in school).It’s highly culturally
dependent. 在Cattell和Horn的理论中,结晶智力指的是在一个文化环境中,个人从流体智力中习得的经验(例如在学校学习代数),与文化高度相关。
8. conservation 保留
Conservation is in Piaget’s theory, the awareness that physical quantities do not change in
amount when they are superficially altered in appearance. 皮亚杰Piaget的理论,指个体能认知物体不因外表形状的不同而改变数量。(对物体物理上的量,即使有转换、变形,其数量仍保持不变的知晓)
9. schema 基模
In Piaget’s theory, an organized pattern of behavior or a well-defined mental structure that
leads to knowing how to do something. 在Piaget的理论中,基模就是一组有组织的行为或定义明确的心理架构,以让我们知道该如何做某件事,及对事物有所了解。
10. equilibration均衡
Equilibration is in Piaget’s theory, the entire process of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibrium. 在Piaget的理论中,均衡就是同化、调适和平衡的过程。
11. assimilation同化
Assimilation is in Piaget’s theory, the application of a schema to an object, person, or event.
在Piaget的理论中,同化就是个人对物体、人,或事件的基模应用。
12. accommodation调适
Accommodation is in Piaget’s theory, the adjustment of an unsuccessful schema so that it works.
在Piaget的理论中,调适就是对不成功的基模做调整,使其能顺利被应用。
13.
14.
15.
convergent thinking 聚敛思考
指根据已有经验循逻辑途径找出固定答案的思考方式。
divergent thinking扩散思考
指思路广阔,能从不同角度思考问题的一种思维方式。
divergent production 扩散产出
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心理测验解释名词
Divergent production is the creation of numerous appropriate responses to a single stimulus
situation.
是指对单一刺激情境创造出许多适当反应。
16. simultaneous processing 同时处理
Simultaneous processing is a form of information processing characterized by the simultaneous
execution of several different mental operations. 是种讯息处理的形式,指个人可同时执行许多不同的心智运作,亦界定为一个人在问题解决情境中可同时考虑多种刺激并作答的能力。
17. successive processing序列处理
Successive processing is a form of information processing in which a proper sequence of mental
operations must be followed. 是种讯息处理的形式,指个人有顺序地执行心智运作,亦指个人在同样情境中将刺激做顺序性安排以求出答案的能力。
18. architectural system 结构系统 P.150
讯息处理理论认为结构系统有如计算机的硬件,是个体处理讯息所需的特性以生理为基础,例如记忆广度、讯息编码或译码的速度等。
19. executive system 执行系统
讯息处理理论认为执行系统有如计算机的软件,由环境所习得,主导问题解决,其要素包括追忆、思考的规则、历程控制、后设认知等。
20. componential intelligence组合性智力或译分析性智力
It’s in Sternberg’s theory, the internal mental mechanisms that are responsible for
intelligent behavior. 在Sternberg的理论中,是个体智力行为的内在心理机制,即个体在问题情境中,运用知识分析数据,经由思考、判断、推理以达到问题解决的能力。
21. experiential intelligence经验性智力或译创造性智力
It’s in Sternberg’s theory, the ability to deal effectively with novel tasks.
在Sternberg的理论中,是指个体运用既有经验有效处理新问题的能力。
22. contextual intelligence 肆应性智力 或译环境智力
It’s in Sternberg’s theory, the mental activity involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping
of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one’s life.
在Sternberg的理论中,肆应性能力是指在与个人生活相关的真实环境中,做有目的地适应、塑造以及选择的心智活动,即个体在日常生活中,运用学得的知识经验以适应环境需要的能力。
23. meta-cognition 后设认知 P.151
是个人对自己的认知历程能够掌握、控制、支配、监督、评鉴的另一种知识,是在已有的知识之后为了指挥、运用、监督既有知识而衍生的另一种知识。
24. structure-of-intellect (SOI) model 智力结构模式
Guilford’s SOI model classifies intellectual abilities along three dimensions called
operations (5 kinds), contents (5 kinds), and products (6 kinds), thus he proposed 150 different
kinds of intelligence. Guilford的SOI模式是将智力能力分成三个向度,分别为运作(有5种)、内容(有6种)、产物(有6种),因此共可分成180种不同的智力。
25. savant智缓天才(智能低而有某种天分,例如艺术、快速计算等)
A savant is a mentally deficient individual who has a highly developed talent in a single
area such as art, rapid calculation, memory or music.
是指在心智上有缺陷的个体,其可能在单一领域,如艺术、快速计算、记忆或音乐有特殊天份。
第六章名词简释
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心理测验解释名词
1. IQ constancy 智商恒定性—智力分类的基础
On the Wechsler tests, the axiomatic assumption that IQ must remain constant with normal aging, even
though raw intellectual ability might shift or decline.
在魏氏测验中,其合理地假设,尽管智力能力会转换或衰弱,但智商随着年龄的改变仍维持一致不变的。
2. verbal comprehension语文理解
This is the first factor on the WISC-Ш consisting of Information, Similarities, Vocabulary, and
Comprehension.是魏氏儿童智力量表第三版的第一个因素,由常识、类同、词汇,以及理解所组成。
3. perceptual organization知觉组织
This is the second factor on the WISC-Ш consisting of Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block
Design, and Object Assembly.
是魏氏儿童智力量表第三版的第二个因素,由图画排列、图系完成、图形设计,以及物型配置所组成。
4. freedom from distractibility免于分心
This is the third factor on the WISC-Ш consisting of Arithmetic and Digit span.
是魏氏儿童智力量表第三版的第三个因素,由算术以及数字记忆广度所组成。
5. Digit Span 数字记忆广度
Digit Span consists of two separate sections, Digit Forward and Digit Backward, it’s a measure of
immediate auditory recall for numbers.
在单一练习(不重复练习)下所能记忆,且能正确反应的最多位数目字,其分成向前记以及向后记,在测听觉立即能回忆的数字,即表受试者的数字广度,约在7~11之间,其广度大小与能力有关。
6. processing speed处理速度
This is the fourth factor on the WISC-Ш consisting of Coding and Symbol Search.
是魏氏儿童智力量表第三版的第四个因素,由符号替代以及符号查找所组成。
7. routing procedure编排程序
在测验中,以最初的若干试题或分测验,作为认定其后各分测验的起始题。如此可节省施测时间。例如SB5斯比智力量表第五版设有编排题目routing item包括非语文(物体系列、矩阵)和语文(词汇),这些题目也提供减缩版智商,有时被用于初步筛检。
8. Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scales魏贝智力量表
The first Wechsler test was the Wechsler-Bellevue, published in 1939 and update in 1946.
是第一个魏氏测验,在1939年首度出版,1946年更新,为第一个专供成人的智力测验,是由美国心理学家D.
Wechsler在纽约Bellevue精神医院任职时所编,故名。该量表属个别智力测验,内容分语文及作业两类题目,评分后可得语文智商与作业智商,也可由总分得全量表智商。第一个采离差智商。
9. WAIS-Ⅲ魏氏成人智力量表
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Ш(WAIS-Ш) is the most widely used individual test of adult
intelligence. The test has excellent reliability, well-established validity, and adds a new subtest:
Matrix Reasoning.
魏氏成人智力良表是最常被使用的个别成人智力测验,由D. Wechsler所编,其有极好的信度,不错的效度,内容分语文及作业两类题目,构成两个量表,语文量表内容又包括常识、理解、算术、相似、记忆、字汇六个分测验,共48题;作业量表又包括符号代替、图画完成、图系排列、图形设计、矩阵推理(新加的)五个分测验,共44题。测验结果以离差智商表示;也可分别计算语文智商、作业智商、全量表智商三种智商,藉以分析比较受试者各方面的能力,适用年龄为16岁以上的成人。
-Ⅲ魏氏儿童智力量表
The WISC was published in 1949 as a downward extension of the original Wechsler-Bellevue. The WISC
15
心理测验解释名词
-Ⅲ consists of 10 subtests and 3 supplementary subtests. There were two subtests: verbal and
performance subtests.
属智力测验之一,由D. Wechsler所编,在1949年出版,是魏贝智力量表的向下延伸,属个别智力测验,包含10个分测验以及三个追加的分测验(记忆广度、迷津找路、符号查找),内容分语文及实际作业两类题目,构成两个量表,语文量表包括常识、相似、算术、字汇、理解与另一测量记忆广度的交替测验。作业量表包括图画补充、图系配置、积木设计、物型配置、符号替代以及迷津找路的交替测验。测验结果以离差智商表示;也可分别计算语文智商、作业智商、全量表智商三种智商,藉以分析比较受试者各方面的能力,该测验适用年龄为6~15岁。
11. SB5斯比智力量表第五版(2003)
是Roid根据现代认知理论取五个因素,修订斯比智力量表,所编制完成的个别智力量表,适用于二岁至八十五岁。有十个分测验分数,另可得三个智商分数(语文、非语文、全量表)及五个因素分数(流体推理、知识、数量推理、视觉空间处理及工作记忆),智商及五个因素分数采平均数100,标准差15。
12. DTLA4底特律学习性向测验(1999)
The Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-4 (DTLA-4, Hammill, 1999) is a recent revision of an instrument
first published in 1935. The test is individually administered and designed for school-children from
6 through 17 years of age. The DTLA-4 consists of 10 subtests which from the basis for computing
16 composites, including general intelligence, optimal level, and 14 ability areas. The subtests
are largely within the Binet-Wechsler tradition, although there are a few surprises such as the
inclusion of Story Construction, a measure of story-telling ability.
底特律学习性向测验第四版是由Hammill对1935年初版的修订版,属个别测验,是针对6到17岁的学童所设计的,其包含以16个成分如一般智力,理想层级等为基础所得的10个分测验;其每个分测验主要仍遵循Binet-Wechsler的传统概念,唯一不同的是多增加了故事建造,其主要在测量说故事的能力。
13.K-BIT考夫曼简式智力测验(1990,1992)
The K-BIT consists of a Vocabulary section and a Matrices section. The Vocabulary test contains two
parts: Expressive Vocabulary (naming pictures) and Definition (providing a word based upon a brief
phrase and a partial spelling). The Matrices test requires solving 2×2 and 3×3 analogies using
figural stimuli.
考夫曼简式智力测验是由字汇和矩阵两部分所组成;字汇测验包含词汇表达(说出图片上事物的名称)以及定义(提供一个字简要的词组以及部分拼写);而矩阵测验是要求对2×2及3×3的类推图形刺激解答。
14. Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) 多向度性向测验组合
The Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB; Jackson,1984a) is a recent group intelligence test
designed to be a paper-and-pencil equivalent of the WAIS-R. The MAB yields 10 subtest scores, as
well as Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs.
多向度性向测验组合由Jackson于1984编制团体智力测验,乃WAIS-R的纸笔式等值版本,包含十个分测验,分为语文和操作两部分,较显著不同的事以空间分测验取代图形设计。另外国内路君约、欧沧和编制以ASVAB的架构为蓝本,适用国中二年级至成人的多因素性向测验,亦命名为多向度性向测验组合,包含八个分测验,分为两册:第一册有语文类推、机械推理、计算机能力、数学推理,第二册有抽象推理、电学知识、文句重组、数据检验。
15. Shipley Institute Living Scale (SILS) 希普力机构生活量表
The Shipley Institute Living Scale (SILS) is also known as the Shipley-Hartford because of its
inception in Hartford, Connecticut, decades ago(Shipley, 1940, 1983). The SILS was originally
proposed as an index of intellectual deterioration, in an attempt to gauge the effects of dementia,
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心理测验解释名词
brain damage, and other organic conditions. However, the test has been used primarily as a short
screening test of intelligence, particularly within the mental health system of the Veterans
Administration.
希普力机构生活量表,同时以Shipley-Hartford 知名,乃因其开端于康乃狄克州的哈特福(Shipley, 1940,
1983)首先提出智能退化指数,旨在鉴定后天痴呆、脑伤及其它机能性病变的影响,主要作为智力的简易筛检测验short screening test,尤其使用在荣民心理健康系统mental health system of Veterans
Administration。
16. Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) 认知能力测验
The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) is representative of the many multilevel, school-based test
batteries in current use. The nine subtests of the CogAT include a Verbal Battery, a Quantitative
Battery, and a Nonverbal Battery. The test is co-normed with two achievement tests, the Iowa Test
of Basic Skills and Tests of Achievement and Proficiency.
认知能力测验是在当今许多多层次、以及一系列以学校为基础的测验当中最具代表性的测验,其九个分测验中包含语文系列、数量系列以及非语文系列,此测验并同时和两个成就测验使用同一样本建立常模,分别为Iowa
Test of Basic Skills以及Tests of Achievement and Proficiency。
17. Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM)瑞文氏图形补充测验
First introduced in 1938, Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) is a nonverbal test of inductive
reasoning based on figural stimuli (Raven, Court, & Raven, 1986, 1992). This test has been very popular
in basic research and is also used in some institutional setting for purposes of intellectual
screening.
瑞文氏图形补充测验首见于1938年,由瑞文氏等所编,是以图形刺激为基础的归纳推理非语文测验,其在基础研究上是很普及的,常被一些机构作为智力筛检用。
18. Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT)文化公平智力测验
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) is a nonverbal measure of fluid intelligence which attempts
to minimize cultural bias. The CFIT is suited for age four through adult and comes in there versions,
each consisting of two equivalent forms. Each form consists of four subtests: Series, Classification,
Matrices, and Conditions.
文化公平智力测验是Cattell编制,以非语文的方式来测量结晶智力,企图减低文化偏误;适用于4岁至成人,有不同的版本,每个版本皆由两个复本所组成,而每个题本又由四个分测验所组成,分别为系列、分类、图形以及条件。
19. culture-fair test 文化公平测验
Culture-fair test is an idealized abstraction that is never achieved in the real world. Even the
meaning of the test may differ among cultural groups, which will affect the validity of comparisons.
Some tests are more culture-fair than others, but it is not possible for any test to be equally fair
to all cultural groups.
指测验中的题目,对所有不同社会文化中的成员而言,都是适当的,所有题目的难易程度,对所有不同文化的成员而言,都是公平的,这种测验称之。但这种测验似乎是一个理想且抽象化的过程,很难在真实世界中达成,一个测验在不同的文化团体中会有不同的意义,此对不同文化的受试者会产生不同的效度影响,虽然有些测验的文化公平较佳,但要做到对所有文化团体皆相等公平是不可能的。
of intellectual deterioration智能退化指数
On the Shipley Institute Living Scale, an index based on the discrepancy between verbal and
abstractions ability which was intended to gauge the effects of organic brain impairment.
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心理测验解释名词
在希普力机构生活量表中,此指数主要在测脑伤者其语文以及抽象概念能力间的不一致,用以测量器质性脑伤的影响。
第七章名词简释
Public Law 93-112 公法93-112
Public Law 93-112 is a “Bill of Rights” for handicapped persons that outlawed discrimination
based upon handicap.
是一个残障者的权利法案,对残障者所受不平等待遇的权利保护。
Public Law 94-142公法94-142
Public Law 94-142 is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act which
mandated that handicapped schoolchildren receive appropriate assessment and educational
opportunities.
是对所有智能不足的儿童的教育所立的法条,其规定所有智能不足的学童需有接受适当衡鉴及教育的机会。
Public Law 99-457公法99-457
Legislation which requires states to provide a free appropriate public education to handicapped
children ages 3 through 5.
制订法律来要求政府需对3至5岁的智能不足学童提供公共教育。
ROC残障福利法1980及其施行细则1981;前者共23条,后者共34条及一附件(律定残障者类别及等级,主要包括视障、听障、语障、肢障、智障及多重残障,前五项各分三级,例如中度智障为第三级,重度为第二级,极重度为第一级)。
特殊教育法--民国73年12月公布全文25条,民国86年5月修正公布全文33 条,其后分别于民国90年及93年修正,主要在律定使身心障碍及资赋优异之国民,均有接受适性教育之权利,并将身心障碍界定为1.智能障碍、2.视觉障碍、3.听觉障碍、4.语言障碍、5.肢体障碍、6.身体病弱、7.严重情绪障碍、8.学习障碍、9.多重障碍、10.自闭症、11.发展迟缓、12.其它显著障碍。资赋优异界定1. 一般智能。2. 学术性向。3.艺术才能。4. 创造能力。5.领导能力。6.其它特殊才能。
Americans with Disabilities Act 美国失能者法案
Americans with Disabilities Act is an act passed by Congress in 1990 that forbids discrimination
against qualified individuals with disabilities.
是由美国议会在1990所通过的法案,其规定禁止对失能者有不平等的待遇。
legally blind法定盲
法定盲,其矫正后中央视力锐度为20/200或以下,或其视野的直径视角减少20度,用以决定取得政府福利的资格。(美国约有一百万人)。
mental retardation智能不足
It’s a significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning resulting in or associated with
concurrent impairments in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period.
泛指心智能力低于常人或智商低于70以下的人,按美国智能不足协会的界定:智能不足系指个体在发展时期,普通智力功能显著低于平均数以下,并兼有适应行为缺陷的现象。按我国教育部1974年公布的「特殊儿童鉴定及就学辅导准则」对智能不足界定为:在发展期间由于普通智力功能之发展迟滞而导致适应困难者。
the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised莱特国际作业量表
The Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised is an untimed measure of perceptual
organization and reasoning ability. The test can be administered completely by pantomime-the examinee
matches small laminated cards underneath corresponding illustrations on an easel display.
此量表是一个没有时间限制的量表,用以测量知觉组织及推理能力,可用手势来实施,受试者将所呈现的小 18
心理测验解释名词
卡上的图案,依样画葫芦地画在提供的画板上。
Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test古贺画人测验
The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test is a brief screening test of intelligence in which the examinee
is encouraged to draw a good picture of a man. The 73 scorable items include body parts, details,
perspective, proportion, and implied freedom of movement. The Draw A Person test of Naglieri (1998)
is an updated version of the Drawing test.
是种个别或团体的智力测验,是对智力作简要筛选的测验,由美国学者F. L. Goodenough于1926年编制,由Harris于1963年修订;其内容为画男人、女人及自己三个图的画人测验,共73个评分内容包含身体部分、细节、观点、比例以及隐藏的自由动作。Draw A Person test是个由Naglieri在1998年对画图测验所编制的修订版本。
the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III毕保德图画词汇测验第三版
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-Ш) is suitable for obtaining a rapid measure of
hearing vocabulary for deaf or disabled persons ( e.g., from stroke or cerebral palsy). The examiner
says a word and the examinee tries to select from four pictures the one which depicts the word.
是个可快速检验有听力障碍,或其它生理缺陷(如中风或脑性麻痹)者的接受词汇能力的测验,主试者说一个字,受试者从给予的四张图中选出符合此字的图片。
The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale哥伦比亚心理成熟量表
The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS), normed in the 1960s for subjects from age 31/2 to 10,
is a psychometrically sound test of reasoning ability designed for children with sensory, motor,
or speech impairments. From a group of three to five drawings, the child is asked to “point out
the one that does not belong.” The CMMS needs to be restandardized.
是种个别智力测验,由美国学者B. B. Burgemeister等人所编制,其内容分为八个重迭的层次,受试者只须做适合其年龄的层次,每个层次包含题数不等,每题包括三至五个图形,印在6×19吋的卡片上,儿童被问「那个图是不应被放在此的」。该测验适用年龄为3岁半至10岁的受试者,特殊及正常儿童皆适用,特殊儿童包含感官、动作或说话能力损伤者,智能不足儿童可延伸使用至12岁。此量表在美国已建立常模,以百分等级或标准九分表示之。
test bias测验偏差
Test bias, in popular usage, a test is biased if it discriminates unfairly against
racial and ethnic minorities, women, and the poor; technically, test bias refers to differential
validity for definable, relevant subgroups of persons.
测验偏差,普遍的用法是指,测验对少数种族、宗教、女性、贫困等的测
量产生不公平;技术面来说是指测验对特定的次团体产生差异效度。
content bias内容偏差
An item or subscale of a test is considered to be biased in content when it is demonstrated to
be relatively more difficult for members of one group than another when the general ability level
of the groups being compared is held constant and no reasonable theoretical rationale exists to
explain group differences on the item(or subscale) in question.
指试题或分测验在内容上有偏差,即对能力的测量显示某一群成员其困难度明显难于另一群成员,理论上一般能力在各组间应维持不变,这种组间差异无法用合理的理论基础论述的情形即为内容偏差。
predictive validity bias预测效度偏差
A test is considered biased with respect to predictive validity when the inference drawn from the
test score is not made with the smallest feasible random error or if there is constant error in an
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心理测验解释名词
inference or prediction as a function of membership in a particular group.
在特定族群中成员的效标分数,与从测验分数依据预测效度做推论所得之误差,不是由最小的合理的随机误差所产生,或是存在恒定的误差值。则可认定该测验存有预测效度偏差。
bias in construct validity构念效度偏差
Bias exists in regard to construct validity when a test is shown to measure different hypothetical
traits (psychological constructs) for one group than another or to measure the same trait but with
different degrees of accuracy.
指测验在不同群组中测到不同的假定特质(心理构念),或是测到相同特质但其准确度不同。
test fairness测验公平性
The extent to social consequences of test usage are considered fair to relevant subgroups; a matter
of social values, test fairness is especially pertinent when tests are used for selection decisions.
指测验对相关次团体使用的公平性,是取决于社会价值,使用甄选时测验公平性是很切当的。
unqualified individualism 完全的(无限制的)个人主义
It is in testing for selection, the ethical stance that, without exception, the best-qualified
candidates should be selected for employment, admission, or other privilege.
用于甄选的测验中,录取者即是最优者,绝无例外的一种伦理态度。
quotas 配额
It is in testing for selection, the ethical stance that the best-qualified candidates within
definable subgroups should be selected in proportion to their representation in the population.
配额,用于甄选的测验中,录取者需依其人口比率的一种伦理态度。
qualified individualism 有限制的个人主义
It is in testing for selection, the ethical stance that age, sex, race, or other demographic
characteristics must not be used, even if knowledge of these factors would improve the validity of
selection.
用于甄选的测验中,任何人口学的特征,包括年龄、性别、宗教、种族等因素即使能增进甄选效度也不许考虑的一种伦理态度。
heritability index遗传系数
It’s an estimate of how much of the total variance in a given traits is due to genetic factors;
the index can vary from 0.0 to 1.0.
遗传系数,某一特质源于遗传因素占总变异量多寡的估计数。
teratogen导致畸形胎儿物
It’s a substance that crosses the placental barrier and causes physical deformities in the fetus.
一种能通过胎盘阻碍且导致胎儿畸形的物质。
fetal alcohol syndrome胎儿的酒精症状
It’s a cluster of physical and behavioral abnormalities, including mental retardation, caused
by the mother’s drinking of alcohol during pregnancy.指母亲怀孕期间,因长期酗酒影响胎儿发育,以致产后婴儿大脑功能失常的复杂症状。
fetal alcohol effect胎儿的酒精效应
It’s a subtle version of fetal alcohol syndrome in which physical abnormalities are not observed,
but behavioral problems such as attentional difficulties are noted.
是对胎儿的酒精症状更细微的说法,其生理上的异常是无法观察到的,但行为问题,如注意力困难则是可被注意到的。
20
心理测验解释名词
cross-sectional design横断设计
It’s a research design in which subjects of different ages are tested at one point in time.
属研究个体行为发展的方法之一,其是对不同发展阶段(年龄或年级)个体的某种或多种行为,同时进行研究,如此,在短时间内即可获得各年龄阶段发展的数据。此法在时间上经济,但因数据并非得自同组个体,不能用以解释前后的因果关系。
longitudinal design纵贯设计
It’s a research design in which the same subjects are tested at several points in time.
属研究个体行为发展的方法之一,其是对同一儿童或同一群儿童的某种或多种行为特征做追踪式的研究,优点是符合个体行为发展的本义,由同一对象取得的数据,便于解释发展过程中行为改变的因果关系,但其实施不易且耗时,研究对象常流动离散,原来的关系极难维持。
cross-sequential design横断序列设计
It’s a research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.
属研究个体行为发展的方法之一,其是横断及纵贯设计的结合,是对不同发展阶段个体的某种或多种行为做追踪式的研究,其优点是可区分出发展方向,并找出不同发展阶段的差异性。
第八章名词简释(团体性向测验和成就测验)
1. factor analysis因素分析
Factor analysis is a family of statistical procedures that researchers use to summarize
relationships among variables that are correlated in highly complex way; the goal of factor analysis
is to derive a parsimonious set of derived factors.
是一种多变量统计分析法,以复杂的方法同时分析大量变项间的关系,并找出它们在测量上的共同性,主要目标是藉由减少必要变项或向度的数目,来简化数据的描述;如果测验原来产生的分数结构,符合因素分析所产生的特质结构,则表示该测验具有良好的因素效度。
2. factors因素
Factor is an underlying construct or variable that helps explain the correlations between several
tests or measures. 是用来帮助解释多个测验或测量间的相关的一个基本建构或变项。
3. factors loadings因素负荷量
In factor analysis, it’s the correlation between an individual test and a single factor, which
can take on values from -1.00 to +1.00, and indicate the weighting of each variable on each factor.
在因素分析当中,检查各测量单元与每一特质因素间之相关,此相关系数称为因素负荷量,显示个别单元在各特质量测量上之贡献,此值的范围是从-1.00到+1.00。
4. correlation matrix相关矩阵
It’s a complete table of intercorrelations between all the variables that is the beginning point of factor analysis.
在开始做因素分析前,将各个变项做一个完整的内相关表,以对各个变项间的关系形成概念,帮助对因素分析结果的解释。
5. factor matrix因素矩阵
It’s a table of correlation between variables and factors; the correlations are called factor loadings.
是一个说明因素间相关的表,此因素相关值即称因素负荷量。
6. rotation to positive manifold
In a factor analysis, it’s a method of rotating the factor matrix that seeks to eliminate as
many of the negative factor loadings as possible.
将因素矩阵做旋转,尽可能地把因素负荷值为负的因素排除的一种方法。
7.
rotation to simple structure简单结构转轴
21
心理测验解释名词
In factor analysis, it’s a method of rotating the factor matrix that seeks to simplify the factor
loadings so that each test has significant loadings on as few factors as possible.
简单结构转轴,转轴的目的是希望达到「简单结构」的要求。
8. orthogonal axes正交轴
In factor analysis, it’s the assumption that the factors are at right angles to one another,
which means that they are uncorrelated.
在转轴过程中,因素间轴线夹角为直角,即因素之间毫无相关存在。
9. oblique axes斜交轴
In factor analysis, it’s the assumption that the factor are correlated one another, that is, not at right angles.
在转轴过程中,因素间不呈现直角,表两因素间有相关,可对其关连情形做评估。
10. varimax最大变异法
It’s one of the methods of orthogonal rotation, which should not be used if the theoretical
expectation suggests that a general factor may occur.
最大变异法,为最常见的正交转轴法,但当理论上预期会有普通因素存在时,则不适用此方法。
11.
美国的团体性向测验
(1). Differential Aptitude Test DAT 区分性向测验
团体性向测验的一种,由美国学者宾奈特(Bennett)等人所编的区分性向测验;其内容包含八个分测验,分别为语文推理、数的能力、普通学习能力、抽象推理、机械推理、空间关系、语文运用错字、语文运用文法,其目的在预测学业成功可能性,对大专学生的教育和职业辅导工作,提供有关方面资料。
(2). The General Aptitude Test Battery GATB 通用性向测验
是种个别暨团体的性向测验,该测验原由美国劳工部就业服务处所编制,经中国测验学会测验编制小组修订,并经标准化,于1983年由内政部职业训练局出版;共分12个分测验,适用对象为国三以上学生或社会青年。
(3). Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ASVAB武装部队职业性向组合
ASVAB为美军的士兵甄选之主要工具。它是一种职业性向量表。
此量表包含十个分量表,分别为文字知识、句子理解、算术推理、数学知识、数字操作、编码速度、一般科学、电子信息、机械理解、自动及修缮信息。
(4). Enhanced Computer-Administered Test, ECAT「强化计算机测验」
ECAT为美军目前正发展中的测验,共包含九个分测验、四个分向度,四个向度分别为非语文推理、空间能力、心理动作技能,以及知觉速度。
(5). Flanagan Aptitude Classification Test FACT佛氏性向分类测验
团体性向测验的一种,由美国学者佛兰纳根(Flanagan)所编制,含14个分测验,分别为检验、代号、记忆、精确性、装配、坐标、协调能力、判断与理解能力、算术、图样仿绘能力、组成、表格阅读能力、机械、表达能力,经国内学者孙敬婉修订为中文,并经标准化,于1967年由经济部公营事业企业化委员会人事管理研究组出版,适用对象为国三至高三学生及社会青年。
(6). Scholastic Assessment Tests SAT学术评量测验(原名学术性向测验)
指美国全国通用的大学入学前学术性向测验;最早由普林斯顿大学心理学家卜瑞姆(Brigham)在1926年编制,1948年以后,改由教育测量服务社ETS负责修订,多年来已成为美国甄选学生及预测大学成就的主要工具。
(7).American College Test, ACT美国大学测验
ACT测验就是美国大学入学测验,一般做为美国各大学申请入学的参考条件之一。主要预测考生进入大学后成绩的参考数据,同时也可做为比较不同学校毕业生程度的参考。
(8).Graduate Record Exam GRE研究所入学测验
指美国各大学研究所用以甄选学生的一种文字测验,其包含性向测验及成就测验两部分,前者测学术性向, 22
心理测验解释名词
后者测专科知识。
(9).Medical College Admission Test MCAT医学院入学测验
用来帮助入学委员会预测申请者能顺利进入医学院,并激励学生在医学方面的兴趣,使更多的大学生能专研于自然及社或科学,或人类学;其评定的项目包含生物、化学、物理概念、科学问题的解决、判断思考及书写能力。
(10).Law School Admission Test LSAT法学院入学测验
每年由美国法律测验服务社(Law Services)定期在世界各地举办,做为美国法学院的申请入学参考条件之一。LSA成绩只是预估申请入学者在法学院的正确且合理的推论与判断能力、合理的辩论、分析及评估能力等的表现。无报考资格限制。
12. group achievement test 团体成就测验
It’s also called educational achievement tests, these instruments are commonly administered
to dozens or hundreds of students at the same time to gauge achievement levels in one or more
well-defined academic domains.
又称教育成就测验,是一种在学校中,同时对几十个或数百个学生测量其某些学术范围成就水平的测量工具。
13. individual achievement test个别成就测验
It’s a achievement tests administered one-on-one to gauge achievement levels; these tests are
essential in the assessment of potential learning disabilities.
是成就测验的一种,以个别施测的方式来测量一个人的成就水平,主要用来对学习障碍者做评估。
14. Lake Wobegon Effect 「我必刚湖」效应
It’s the observation that virtually all states of the union claim that average achievement scores
for their school systems exceed the 50th percentile.
几乎所有联盟中各州都声称其学生平均成就分数都超越百分之五十,表成就测验产生高估的现象。
15.
16.
Lexile measure 阶梯式语文能力测量
阅读能力的评量法,由MAT大都会成就测验采用,分200L—1700L。
美国的教育成就测验educational achievement tests
(1). Sequential Tests of Educational Progress STEP-Ⅲ教育进步序列测验
由两个组合组成,一个适用于K到3年级,另一个适用于3到12年级;配合School and College
Ability Test , SCAT-Ⅲ 大学能力测验一起建立常模
(2). Iowa Test of Basic Skills ITBS爱我华基本技能测验
共有阅读(包括字汇、阅读理解两个分测验)、语文(包括拼字、标点符号、大小写、语用和表达)、数学(包括数学概念和估计、数学解题和数据解释、数学计算)、社会、科学、信息运用(包括地图和图表、参考数据使用),计六大领域十三个分测验,适用对象为幼儿园到八年级的学生。和「认知能力测验CogAT」一起建立常模。
(3). Metropolitan Achievement Test MAT大都会成就测验
1930用在纽约市的课程评量,和Otis-Lennon School Ability test (OLSAT) 采用同一样本建立常模。目前为第八版适用K到12年级;评量科目包括阅读、数学、语言、写作、科学、社会。其中一个特色是阅读分数采用 Lexile measure 阶梯式语文能力测量,为等距量尺
(4). Iowa Test of Educational Development ITED爱我华教育发展测验
Iowa测验共发展成两套,一套供九年级到十二年级之用,另一套供幼儿园到八年级之用,其目的可评估学生的学习能力,做为老师教学的参考,也做为(转)学生班级安置的参考。
(5).. The Tests of Achievement and Proficiency TAP成就及精熟测验TAP
适用9到12年级,包括阅读理解、数学、写作表达、讯息资源应用、社会、及科学;和「认 23
心理测验解释名词
知能力测验CogAT」一起建立常模。
(6) (7). Test of General Educational Development GED普通教育发展测验
GED测验是由美国教育评议会American Council on Education (ACE)所研发,提供应试者检定证明具备美国一般高中毕业生的基本知识与技能。此测验包含5部份:书写能力(Writing Skills)、社会研究(Social
Studies)、科学(Science)、解释文学及艺术(Interpreting Literature and the Arts)、及数学计算(Mathematics)。
17. 特殊用途的成就测验
(1). College–Level Examination Program CLEP大学水平测验
和ACT熟练测验同为可以不需登录上课而取得学分的全国测验计划,由纽约的卡内基公司赞助,由大学委员会施行。
主要是让学生在一个非学院的情境下,如高中或专科学校,论述其知识学习状况,主要包含五种一般考试,30个专业学科考试;一般考试包含英文作文、人类学、数学、自然科学,以及社会科学及历史;专业学科包含五大类商业、作文及文学、外国语言、历史及社会科学,以及科学与数学计算。
(2).National Teacher Examination 全国教师资格测验
此测验亦由「教育测验中心」(ETS)制作,全国广泛使用。测验内容包括:听、读、写、表达与沟通能力;一般文、理、数学知识,以及一些教育专业知识。全部测验包括340测验题,一短文撰作,需时5小时卅分钟。另外专修学科,有26科目,供有志于教育工作者选择。分为三类(三阶段)的评量:
1. Praxis Ⅰ--学术技能评量
取得主修教育资格
2. Praxis Ⅱ--学科评量,120题选择题
大学毕业后进入专业前
3. Praxis Ⅲ--教室表现评量,由当地专业考评者依据结构化的标准评分
第一年的教学(实习)
第九章名词简释
1. neuropsychology 神经心理学
It’s the study of the relationship between brain function and behavior.
这是研究大脑功能及行为关系的一门学科,其是以神经生理学的理论及方法为基础,属心理学的门类之一。
2.
3.
ventricles脑室
Fluid-filled caverns within the brain. 指脑中充满脑脊液的空腔。
hindbrain后脑,是脑结构中最小最简单的组织,其包含延髓与小脑。
It’s the lowest, most simply organized, brain structure; the hindbrain consists of the
myelencephalon and metencephalon.
4. medulla oblongata延髓
It’s part of the hindbrain that helps mediate swallowing, vomiting, breathing, the control of
blood pressure, respiration, and, partially, heart rate.
属人类后脑的一部份,可帮助调节吞咽、呕吐、呼吸以及控制血压和部份的心跳。
5. reticular formation网状结构
It’s a network of ascending and descending nerve cell bodies and fibers that governs general
arousal or consciousness.
指许多神经元错综复杂集合而成的神经网,作用在维持注意力,要到青春期才全部包完髓鞘。
6. cerebellum小脑
It’s part of the hindbrain responsible for helping to coordinate muscle tone, posture, and
24
心理测验解释名词
skilled movement.
是后脑的一部份,其主要在帮助控制肌肉的运动,姿势及运动技能,和身体平衡。
7. dysarthria发音不良
由于脑损伤造成的,使嘴部及脸部,还有呼吸系统变得微弱、缓慢,甚至完全不能动,而导致说话困难,发音困难。
8. midbrain中脑
It’s the middle portion of the brain consisting of cranial nerves and relay stations for vision
and hearing.为脑干的构造之一,其恰好是整个脑部的中点,由头盖神经组成,是传递视觉及听觉的地方。
9. cranial nerves脑神经
Twelve paired neural tracts that help govern basic sensory and motor functions such as vision,
smell, facial movement, taste, and hearing.
脑神经共有12对,是用来管理基本的感官及运动功能如视觉、嗅觉,脸部运动、味觉及听觉。
10. forebrain 前脑
It’s the large, outermost portion of the brain consisting of the cerebral cortex and underlying
structures such as the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, limbic lobe, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
属脑的最高部分,是由大脑皮质组成,包含大脑、视丘及下视丘。
11. pineal body松果体
It’s a pea-sized structure that sits at the center of the brain; it secretes the hormone melatonin
in a cyclic biological rhythm, but its functions are not well understood.
松果体是一个在大脑中心,如豌豆大小的结构,内含贺尔蒙美乐扥宁,其功能目前尚未清楚地了解。
12. thalamus视丘
It’s a key structure that provides sensory input and information about ongoing movement to the
cerebral cortex; the thalamus is the major relay station in the brain.
视丘是间脑的主要结构之一,是一个感觉冲动的主要转递站,其具有参与感觉作用、协调情绪表达、参与唤醒或警惕作用以及参与产生复杂反射作用等功能。
13. hypo thalamus下视丘
It’s a small structure at the center of the brain that helps govern motivated behavior and bodily regulation:
feeding, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature regulation, emotional behavior, and movement.
为间脑的主要构造之一,其帮助维持生命的基本系统及身体的调节,如感觉、性行为、睡眠、体温调节、情绪行为及运动等。
14. limbic lobe边缘叶
It’s a group of subcortical structures responsible for elaboration of emotion and the control of visceral activity.
边缘叶是在大脑内侧有一大块呈弓形的脑回,围绕着脑干的吻端部分及大脑半球间的交连纤维,其与情绪及内脏活动控制有关。
15. hippocampus海马回
It’s part of a complex, ill-defined memory circuit that consolidates new experiences into long-term memories.
为边缘叶的主要构造之一,大脑中掌管长期记忆(三岁以前未成熟)的部份。
16. basal ganglia基底神经结
It’s a collection of nuclei in the forebrain that make connections with the cerebral cortex
above and the thalamus below; the basal ganglia participate in the control of movement.
在前脑部分,在大脑皮质之上,视丘之下,主要功能为调节大脑的运动功能。
基底神经结实际上是globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen和substantia
25
心理测验解释名词
nigra等区域的总称, 在运动协调上有着重要的角色。 帕金森氏症的产生原因即是此区域发生病变所造成的。
17. Parkinson’s disease巴金森氏症
It’s a degenerative brain disease characterized by three types of motor disturbance: involuntary
movement, including tremor; poverty and slowness of movement without paralysis; and changes in
posture and muscle tone.
是大脑疾病的一种,主要症状有三种,非自主的动作、肢体麻痹、行动笨拙且带有颤动的现象。
18. corpus callosum胼胝体
It’s the major commissure that serves to integrate the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres.位于左右两大脑半球间,使两个大脑半球连接在一起的构造。
19. cerebral cortex大脑皮质
It’s the outermost layer of the brain which is the source of the highest levels of sensory,
motor, and cognitive processing.指大脑表层,专司最高阶的感官、运动及认知处理过程。
20. occipital lobes枕叶
It’s the part of the cerebral cortex at the rear of the brain that contains the vision centers.是大脑皮质的一部份,位于其后端部分,专司视觉,有视觉区。
21. visual agnosia视觉失认症
It’s a difficulty in the recognition of drawings, objects, or faces caused by brain damage.
是脑伤的一种,患者虽有视觉能力,却不能辨识眼睛看到的东西。
22. parietal lobes顶叶
It’s the part of the cerebral cortex that mediates spatial integration and sensory awareness
of what is happening on the surface of the body.
为大脑皮质的一部份,位于额叶之后,颞叶之上,主要功能为调节空间整合,及控制肢体感觉。
23. temporal lobes颞叶
It’s the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing of auditory sensations, long-term memory
storage, and modulation of biological drives such as aggression, fear, and sexuality.
是大脑皮质的一部份,主要功能为处理听觉讯息,储存长期记忆,及调节生理运作如攻击、害怕及性。
24. frontal lobes前额叶
It’s the part of the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain that is required for the programming,
regulation, and verification of executive functions and motor performance.
是大脑皮质的一部份,在脑的前端,主司思考、记忆、意识、确认执行功能及动作表现。
25. constructional dyspraxia运动障碍
It’s the impairment of the ability to deal with spatial relationships either in a two- or
three-dimensional framework. 是对二度或三度空间有障碍。
26. concussion脑震荡
It’s a transitory alteration of consciousness from a blow to the head; may be followed by temporary amnesia,
dizziness, nausea, weak pulse, and slow respiration, yet there is no demonstrable organic brain damage.
意识短暂的变动,伴随的症状有暂时失忆,头昏眼花,恶心、脉搏微弱及呼吸缓慢,但此对大脑不会产生太大的损害。
27. Alzheimer’s disease阿兹海默症
It’s a degenerative neurological disorder; in the early stages, the most prominent symptom is
memory loss .是神经疾病的一种,其主要症状是丧失记忆。
28.
aphasia失语症
26
心理测验解释名词
It’s any deviation in language performance caused by brain damage.
由脑伤所造成的全部或局部丧失语言能力的现象。
29. apraxia运动不能
It’s variety of dysfunctions characterized by a breakdown in the direction or execution of
complex motor acts. 是种对方向或完成复杂动作的一种多样化的官能障碍。
30. executive functions执行作用
It’s brain functions that include logical analysis, conceptualization, reasoning, planning,
and flexibility of thinking.是大脑功能,包含逻辑分析,概念化,推理,计划及弹性思考。
31. dyslexia 读字困难
,虽然视力正常,但阅读时看见的字或字母是颠倒过来的,例如把b看成d。这种病的确实成因不明,相信是中枢神经系统的问题。
第十章 名词简释
1. screening 筛检
Screening is the use of quick and simple tests or procedures to identify persons who might have
special characteristics or needs.
筛选是个快速且简单的测验或程序,用来鉴定一个具特殊特质或需求的人。目的在甄别需要转介做更多综合性评量的孩童,特别是指刚入小学初期不适应者—发展上迟延,意指认知发展低于其年龄的儿童。
2. sensitivity敏感性
Sensitivity is the proportion of confirmed problem cases accurately “flagged” as problem cases.
It’s used for evaluate criterion-related validity.
敏感性是指正确检出潜在迟缓者比率,通常用来评估效标参照效度。
3.
4.
specificity明确性,正确判别正常者的比率
The percentage of normal children correctly identified as normal.
learning disability 学习障碍
It’s an indistinct concept that typically refers to a severe discrepancy between general ability
and individual achievement that cannot be explained by sensory/motor handicaps, mental retardation,
emotional problems, or cultural deprivation.
学习障碍是一个无明确定义的概念,通常被归因为一般能力与个体成就间有严重的不一致,但非源于感官或动作上的障碍、智力缺陷、情绪困扰或文化剥夺。
5. Attention -Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)注意力不足过动症
It’s a behavioral syndrome characterized by fidgeting, distractibility, impulsivity,
attentional deficits, poor social skills, and not considering consequences. It’s comes in three
varieties: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined type.
是一种行为的并发症状,其症状有坐立不安、烦躁、易分心、情绪冲动、注意力不足、社会技能不足、以及无法考虑后果。通常可分为三种:注意力明显无法集中、活动过度且冲动,以及混和前述两种的类型。
6. gifted资赋优异
The designation of a person as gifted typically means that he or she has extraordinary ability
in some area.资优指的是某人在某个领域中有异于常人的能力。
7.
1.
2.
8.
creativity创造力
指在问题情境中超越既有经验,突破习惯限制,形成崭新观念的心理历程。
只不受成规限制而能灵活运用经验以解决问题的超常能力。
divergent thinking扩散性思考
27
心理测验解释名词
Divergent thinking is defined as the kind that goes off in different directions. It makes possible
changes of direction in problem solving and also leads to a diversity of answers, where more than
one answer may be acceptable.
指个体在思考解决问题时,能同时想到多个不同的方向,而不局限于单一答案的探求,使能产生多个可能的答案。
9. expert witness专家做证expert testimony(专家证词)
In court cases, a witness whom the judge deems qualified to testify about a proper subject matter.在法庭案例中,专家证人为其专门的题材作证以帮助判决。
10.
11.
malingering装病,指症状出现不一致,显得渴望成为有病的人
one who is inconsistent in his presentation of symptoms and appears eager to be sick.
mental state at the time of the offence(MSO)违法时心理状态
The mental state of a defendant at the time of the offense is relevant in special pleadings such
as the insanity defense; psychologists and psychiatrists may offer opinions as to the MSO of
defendants.
在特殊请求有关被辩护者在精神错乱心理状态时违法,则需要心理师或精神医师提供被辩护者违法时的心理状态的的意见。
12. not guilty by reason of insanity(NGRI)因精神疾病而论无罪
It’s a verdict allowed in some states in which the defendant is found not guilty because his
or her criminal act was the result of mental disease or defect.
是一种判决,当被告犯罪行为的发生是因其心理疾病或有缺陷,则将被判无罪。
13. M’Naughten rule 挪顿法令
It’s one of several standards of legal insanity; essentially, “the party accused was laboring
under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of
the act he was doing„..”
是法定精神错乱多个标准中的一个,其本质是被告是在心神丧失,由于心理疾病或心智缺陷,以致于不确知其行为的意义与严重性的情境下犯案的。
14. Durham rule 杜南法令
由于不满意挪顿法令,美国杜南地区的哥伦比亚特区联邦上诉法院的法官David Bazelon于1954年提议修正,其目的在给予心理卫生专家更多的余地,来呈现关于被辩护者的责任的讯息
15. Model Penal code模范刑事法
A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result
of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality
(wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
当一个人的犯罪行为是发生在其心智缺陷之时,则其将不需对其行为负责
16. Guilty but Mentally Ill(GBMI)有精神疾病却有罪,先治疗再服刑
It’s a verdict allowed in some states in which the intention is for the accused to begin his
or her sentence in a psychiatric hospital. After treatment is completed, the defendant then serves
the remainder of the sentence in a prison.
17. competency to stand trial有效审判必备能力
The determination by the presiding judge that a defendant does not have a mental defect, illness,
or condition that renders him or her unable to understand the proceedings or to assists in his or
her defense.
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心理测验解释名词
法官在审判前裁定被告未有心理缺陷或疾病,或任何可能致使被告无法理解或为自己辩护的状况。
18. custody evaluation监护权评量
In divorce cases, the psychological evaluation of a child (or children) and both parents so as
to offer an opinion to the court as to the best interests of the child (or children) in custody
arrangements.
在离婚案例中,对小孩与父母双方的状况进行心理评估,然后提出建议给法庭,以期安排监护权时,能考虑到小孩的最佳利益。
19. personal injury个人伤害
In personal injury lawsuits, attorneys may hire psychologists to testify as to the lifelong
consequences of traumatic stress or acquired brain damage.
在个人伤害诉讼中,律师通常会雇用心理师评估,其对个人终身所造成的精神伤害或后天性脑伤,并请心理师作证,以方便求偿。
20. polygraph多边图
It’s a device that monitors ongoing physiological responses, including changes in breathing,
pulse rate, blood pressure, and perspiration; inaccurately referred to as a “lie detector.”
是一种能监控生理反应的设备,包括呼吸、脉搏、血压以及汗水,通常被错误地称为”测谎仪”。
第十一章名词简释
1. job analysis工作分析
It’s a process of defining a job in terms of the behaviors necessary to perform it; includes job
description (physical characteristics of the work) and job specification (person characteristics needed).
是一个定义工作的过程,通常是说明做这份工作应有的行为,包含工作描述(工作的物理特征,即这份工作到底在做什么,包含做这工作需要何种技能、工具以及知识),以及工作详述(工作者特质需求,即哪种人适合做此工作)。
2. biodata生命资料
It’s a objective or scorable autobiographical data; recognized as a valid adjunct to personnel
selection.是个客观的,可记分的自传资料,可作为对人员筛选有用的资料。
3. Integrity Tests正直测验
It’s an instrument designed to screen potential employees for theft-proneness and other
undesirable qualities; overt integrity tests contain questions about attitudes toward theft and items
dealing with admission of theft other illegal activities.
是种用来筛检准受雇者的偷窃倾向或其它不良举止的工具;外显正直测验的问题,包含对偷窃行为以及其它非法活动的态度。
4. work sample工作样本
It’s an assessment procedure which uses a miniature replica of the job for which examinees have
applied.是种衡鉴的步骤之一,是实际工作的缩影,可让应征者处在此环境中,以方便观察其行为反应。
5. situational exercises情境演练
It’s an assessment procedure in which the prospective employee is asked to perform under
circumstances that are highly similar to the anticipated work environment.
情境演练是将实际的工作情境化成问题,由演练人员实际操作,以评量或培养实作能力的一种设计。情境演练重在「做的能力」,而非「知的能力」。
29
心理测验解释名词
6. in-basket test篮中测验
It’s a realistic work sample test that simulates the work environment of an administrator; which
consists of the letters, memoranda, records of telephone calls, and other documents which have
collected in the in-basket of a newly hired executive officer of a business bureau. In this test,
the candidate is instructed not to play a role, but to be himself. The candidate is not to say what
he would do, he is to do it.
是种实际工作样本测验,给予应征者某些实际业务,例如信件、备忘录、电话纪录以及一些文件,在此测验中,应征者是扮演自己,自己实际去完成这些指定的工作,再让执行官评定其工作能力,由于这些业务都是放在文件篮中,因此称篮中测验。
7. assessment center 评量中心
It’s an approach to assessment of managerial talent which consists of multiple simulation
techniques, including group presentations, problem-solving exercises, group discussion
exercises, interviews, and in-basket techniques.其主要在衡鉴管理阶级的人,是由多元模拟技术组成,包含团体表现、问题解决训练、团体讨论训练以及篮中技术。
8. criterion problem效标难题
It’s a difficult problem of conceptualizing and measuring work performance constructs which
are often complex, fuzzy, and multidimensional.
将复杂的、模糊的、多元的工作绩效架构加以概念化以及量化的难题。
9. graphic rating scale图形评定量表
It’s a scale that consists of trait labels, brief definitions of those labels, and a continuum
for the rating.是由一些特质符号(图标)所组成的连续评定量表,通常对图示做简要的定义。
Graphic Rating-Scale Method--A trait approach to performance appraisal whereby each employee
is rated according to a scale of individual characteristics.
图形评定量表方法—是种依员工个人特质来评价其工作表现的方法。
10. critical incidents checklist关键检核表
It’s a form of performance evaluation based upon actual episodes of desirable and undesirable on-the-job
behavior. 依实际事件中个人优良与不良的在职行为而做的工作表现评价。
11. behaviorally anchored rating scale行为定锚评定量表
It’s a criterion-referenced rating scale. A BARS form contains explicit behavioral anchors along a
continuum of excellence that supervisor evaluates in terms of past observations of work performance.
是个效标参照的工作绩效评定量表。量表包含明确的行为定锚,是由督导者藉由对过去工作表现的卓越程度之观察所做的评量
12. behavior observation scale行为观察量表
It’s a variation upon the BARS technique which uses a continuum from “almost never” to “almost
always” to measure how often an employee performs specific tasks on each behavioral dimension.
是BARS技术的一个变体,用连续量尺从「几乎从不」到「几乎总是」,来测量员工在各行为向度上的表现状况。
13. forced-choice scale强迫选择式量表
It’s a performance evaluation scale designed to eliminate bias and subjectivity in supervisor
30
心理测验解释名词
ratings by forcing a choice between options that are equal in social desirability.
是个绩效评估量表,经由强迫选择来排除上司评定中可能产生的偏误以及主观性。
Forced-Choice Method--Requires the rater to choose from statements designed to distinguish
between successful and unsuccessful performance.
强迫选择方法—要求评估者从可区辨成功与不成功绩效的陈述句中做选择。
14. Industrial/organizational psychology工业/组织心理学
It’s the subspecialty of psychology that deals with behavior in work situations. In its broadest
sense, I/O psychology includes diverse applications in business, advertising and the military.
是心理学的一类,主要在研究工作情境中的行为表现,其包含在企业界、广告界以及军事中的不同应用。
15. Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)职业分类典
The DOT provides standardized occupational information to support job placement activities.
可提供一个标准的职业分类讯息,以作为工作安置的依据,参考。
16. Strong Vocational Interest Blank史创职业兴趣调查表
其内容包含八个部分:职业名称、学校课程、各种娱乐和嗜好、普通职业活动、对各种人的喜欢与否、强迫选择喜欢与不喜欢的、强迫选择二选一、个人特质。该调查表适用对象为大学生及成人,记分方式采答案卡记分,以建立男性的医生、律师、工程师及女性的数理教员、护士、秘书等六种职业兴趣量表常模。
17. halo effect成见(月晕)效应
It’s the tendency to rate an employee high or low on all dimensions because of a global
impression.是一种受整体印象影响,而高估或低估一个员工所有向度的倾向。
社会心理学中有一个理论叫做「月晕效应」。就是一个人表现好时,大家对他的评价远远高于他实际的表现,就像我们看月亮的大小,不是实际月亮的大小,而是包含月亮的晕光。反之,一个人表现不好的时候,别人眼中所认为的差劲程度,也会远大于他真正差劲的表现。
18. rater bias评定者偏误
It’s the tendency for supervisor ratings to be inaccurate because of leniency, severity, and
other forms of evaluation errors.上司在评定时受自身仁慈或严格,或其它形式的评估偏误,而导致评定结果不正确的一种倾向。
19. criterion contamination 效标污染
It’s a source of error in test validation when the criterion is “contaminated” by its
artificial commonality with the test, such as test and criterion contain nearly identical items.
Also, a form of evaluation error in which a criterion measure includes factors that are not
demonstrably part of the job, for example, rating appearance when it is not job-related.
是一种测验效度偏误来源,即当效标受人为因素而与测验共性,即表效标被污染了,例如效标与测验几乎是包含相同试题时。当然,当效标被确认不是工作的一部份时,例如出席率就是一个与工作没有相关的评定准则,便也是评估误差的一种形式。
20. adverse impact负面效应
In hiring, adverse impact is said to exist if one group has a selection rate less than four-fifths
of the rate of the group with the highest selection rate.在雇用时,若有一个团体的筛选率,少 31
心理测验解释名词
于被评定为最高筛选率的团体的五分之四时,即是存有负面效应。
Rater Errors评估者偏误包括:
1. Error of Central Tendency--A rating error in which all employees are rated about average.
集中倾向偏误—所有员工都被评定为平均值上下。
2. Leniency or Strictness Error--A rating error in which the appraiser tends to give all employees
either unusually high or unusually low ratings.
仁慈或严格偏误—评估者企图给所有员工不是异常的高就是异常的低的评定。
3. Recency Error--A rating error in which appraisal is based largely on an employee’s most recent
behavior rather than on behavior throughout the appraisal period.
新近偏误—评估者大多依据最近员工的行为来评定,而没有将员工这一时期的工作表现做整体评定。
4. Contrast Error--A rating error in which an employee’s evaluation is biased either upward or
downward because of comparison with another employee just previously evaluated.
对照偏误—评估者做评估时,是以被评估者与前一个被评估者做比较而来。
5. Similar-to-Me Error—An error in which an appraiser inflates the evaluation of an employee because
of a mutual personal connection.
与我相似偏误—评估者因员工与自身关连性大而给予较好的评价。
• Critical Incident--An unusual event denoting superior or inferior employee performance in some
part of the job. 关键事件—一个用来显示上司或部属在工作某部份中的异常事件。
• Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)--A performance appraisal that consists of a series of
vertical scales, one for each dimension of job performance.
行为定锚评定量表是种由一系列的垂直量表,与工作绩效各向度所组成的绩效评估。
• Common Appraisal Problems Inadequate preparation on the part of the manager.
一般评估为不适任可能的问题
• Employee is not given clear objectives at the beginning of performance period.
在一开始的绩效时期员工未能给予明确的目标
• Manager may not be able to observe performance or have all the information.
管理者未能观察到绩效或未能拥有所有信息
• Inconsistency in ratings among supervisors or other raters.
评估者间评估结果的不一致
• Performance standards may not be clear.
绩效评估标准不够明确清楚
• Rating personality rather than performance.
变成评估人格而不是绩效表现
• The halo effect, contrast effect, or some other perceptual bias.
受月晕效应,对比效应或其它知觉偏误影响。
篮 中 演 练
吴清山台北市立师范学院国民教育研究所教授 林天佑台北市立师范学院国民教育研究所教授兼所长
篮中演练(in-basket exercise)是指将主管每天日常处理的书面文件抽样选出,并要求参与演练的人员在 32
心理测验解释名词
一定的时间之内,写出处理行动,藉以了解演练人员的能力或培养能力的一种方法。篮中演练是情境演练(situational exercise)的一种方法,情境演练是将实际的工作情境化成问题,由演练人员实际操作,以评量或培养实作能力的一种设计。情境演练重在「做的能力」,而非「知的能力」。
单位主管桌上通常有两个文件篮(in-basket),一个是收文篮,另一个是发文篮。收文篮中放着公文、信件、电话记录、报告、报表等尚待处理的文件,处理之后就放在发文篮之内,由文书人员取走,办理后续作业。模仿主管文件处理实况所设计的评量或训练方法,就称为篮中演练,也可以称为文件演练。
美国教育测验服务社(Educational Testing Service, 简称ETS)在1952年接受美国空军之委托,研究评估训练成效的方法。该服务社在1953年正式发表篮中演练法之后,陆续被引进企业机构,作为教育训练之用。到了1960年代之后,美国管理学以及心理学界开始大量介绍此种方法,并同时应用到人员遴选方面,其后,不论企业界或政府单位也开始广泛使用篮中演练的方法,以训练或评估人员的领导能力。
篮中演练主要包括说明资料、演练问题、回馈三个部分。在说明数据中,主要是描述演练情境中所要演练的组织状况,以及演练的事项,通常是某一主管突然去职,要演练者临危受命担任主管,负起责任。在说明资料中,要尽量详细清楚,让演练者能很快进入状况,同时要给予演练者时间压力。但是,如果演练者来自该单位,则不必细述,但宜设定在未来情境,以避免演练者直接将了解的经验应用在演练中。在演练问题设计上,每一问题必须是组织正常运作之下会发生的问题,而且没有固定的答案,好让演练者发挥判断力。有些不是问题而是有用的数据,有些不必由演练者处理的问题,有些是演练者必须处理的问题,有些是轻松的问题,这些问题混在一起,演练者必须自己判断。在回馈阶段,主要在分析演练者的表现并予以回馈。如以训练为目的,最常用的回馈方式是在演练之后举行团体讨论,以了解演练者的优劣。如以评量为目的,则可以从演练者填写的「行动理由」中,分析其真正能力。
由于篮中演练可以了解人员的「实作能力」,因此,企业界已广泛使用在教育训练与人员遴选方面。教育活动不仅是理念的启发,更是实务的演练,因此,中小学师资以及学校行政人员培育与专业成长活动之设计,也可以采用篮中演练的方式,以全面提升教育人员随机处理教学与行政问题的能力。
第十二章名词简释(职业兴趣与价值)
1. value价值
A value is a shared, enduring belief about ideal modes of behavior or end states of existence.
价值是关于行为理想模式,或存在的终极目标,的一种普见而持久的信念。Rokeach(1973)认为:价值观是一种持久的信念,是个人或社会对某种行止(conduct),或存在的目的状态(end-state of existence)的偏好状况。杨国枢(1994)将价值定义为:「人们对特定行为、事物、状态或目标的一种持久性偏好,此偏好系属一套兼含认知、情感及意向的信念。价值非指人的行为或事物本身,而是用以判断行为好坏或对错之标准,或是据以选择事物的参考架构„.数项价值信念或价值取向如组成一套相互关连的系统,则可称之为价值体系,或简称价值观。」
2. RIASEC model 六角模式(六种人格-环境主题)
It’s a theory of person-enviornment types with proposes six themes: Realistic, Investigative,
Artistic, Soial, Enterprising, and Conventional.
为一种人格-环境类型理论,包含六个主题:现实的、调查研究的、艺术的、社会的、企业的以及传统保守的。
Holland's hexagonal model of general occupational themes
Holland一般职业主题六角模式,包含六个普通职业主题
3. work values 工作价值观
The needs, motives, and values that influence vocational choice, job satisfaction, and career
development.
工作价值观是可以影响职业选择、工作满意度以及生涯发展的一种需求、动机以及价值。
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心理测验解释名词
工作价值观为个人价值体系中的一部份,是个人在评价工作时所依据的标准(李华璋,民79;Rounds,1990);并可提供满足个人内在需求的一组概念,引领人们对于工作本身或某特定工作之实现意义,如经济报酬、忠诚、社会地位、自我实现„„等,形成偏好之认知或意向(Robbins,1991; Super,1970);也有学者则将工作价值观视为个人的偏好,为个人从事职业活动时所要追求及重视的工作条件,它能够形成一股内在动力,是支持或引导个人在选择职业或工作的指标(Kalleberg,1977; Nord, Brief, Atich
& Doherty,1988)。(引自阙淑娴,工作价值观量表编制—以I公司为例)
4. occupational reinforcer patterns 职业增强物组型
It’s an evaluation of jobs in terms of the worker-perceived reinforcers that are present
or absent. 藉由工作者感受增强物的有无,而对职业所做的评量
5. integrative model 整合模式
It’s a model of career assessment in which information from interest, ability, and
personality domains is considered simultaneously.
一种生涯衡鉴的模式,他同时考虑了兴趣、能力、性格等层面的信息
6. social intelligence 社会智力
It’s the capacity to understand other people and to relate effectively to them.了解他人并有效的互动的能量,由Thorndike于1920年提出
7. SII Strong Interest Inventory 史创兴趣量表
It’s the latest revision of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), which first
appeared in 1927. Like its predecessor, the SII uses empirical keys for occupations.
是SVIB最新的修定版,其最早出现在1927。如同SVIB一样,SII利用实征的例子来测工作兴趣。
8. Self-Directed Search自我探索量表
It’s a self-administered and self-scored test of vocational interest. The SDS is also
based upon the RIASEC model; each theme of this model characterizes not only a type of person
but also the type of work environment that such a person finds most compatible.
是种自我施测,自我记分的职业兴趣测验,其基于六角模式,每个主题不但代表个人类型,更能代表哪个工作环境最适合个人。
9. JVIS Jackson Vocational Interest Survey贾克森职业兴趣量表
It uses a forced-choice item format to reduce the impact of social desirability. The
derivation of the 34 basic interest scales was rational and theory-guided. The scales are
reasonably independent of one another and possess short-run stability coefficients in the
mid-.80s. Validity studies are promising.
其使用强迫选择的方式来降低社会期望,共有34个合理的且是理论导向的兴趣量表,各量表间是互相独立的,短期的稳定系数约在.80到.90之间,具有不错的效度。
10. KGIS Kuder General Interest Survey库德普通兴趣量表
The 168-item KGIS, used with adolescents in grades 6 through 12, produces 10 broad interest scores.
Users must be cautious not to overinterpret the Kuder: the mean four-year stability coefficient for
scales is only .50.
其有168个题目,适用对象为6到12年级的青少年,可得10个兴趣分数。使用者需小心谨慎不要过度解释,量表的四年稳定系数平均只有.50。
11. VPI Vocational Preference Inventory职业偏好量表
The 160-item VIP is an objective, paper-and-pencil personality interest inventory that
assesses eleven dimensions, including the six personality- environment theme of Realistic,
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心理测验解释名词
Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.
VPI是Holland编制,有160个题目,客观的纸笔人格兴趣调查,共有11个评估向度,其中包含六角模式中的六个向度。
12. WVI Work Values Inventory 工作价值观量表
It’s a short and simple instrument designed to measure 15 work values in individuals from
junior high level through high school. The test is the end product of decades of research on
the goals that motivate individuals to work.是个测量15个工作价值的简短工具,适用对象为国中到高中,其可调查个人工作动机。
Super(1970)编制之「工作价值量表」(Work Values Inventory, WVI),将工作价值观分为三个群组、十五个项目,各群组所包含的价值项目及各项目的意义如下:
(一)内部报酬价值(intrinsic rewards)
1.利他主义(altruism):工作之目的或价值在于能帮助他人。
2.创造性(creativity):工作之目的或价值在于创造新的事物,包含发明、设计和发展新的事物或观念。
3.智性的激发(intellectual stimulation):工作之目的或价值在于能使用个人的心智和学习新的事物。
4.独立性(independence):工作之目的或价值在于能依照自己的方式做事。
5.美的追求(aesthetic):工作之目的或价值在于致使某些事情更美好。
6.成就感(achievement):工作之目的或价值在于能见到自己努力完成某些事情的结果。
7.管理(management):工作之目的或价值在于拥有组织化及引导众人活动的权力。
(二)外部报酬价值(extrinsic rewards)
8.生活方式(way of life):工作之目的或价值在于发现一个适合个人的生活方式。
9.安全(security):工作之目的或价值在于确信能拥有安稳的工作,即使在不景气的时候仍能保有工作。
10.声望(prestige):工作之目的或价值在于能受到别人的尊重。
11.经济报酬(economic returns):工作之目的或价值在于收入能维持足够的生活质量。
(三)外部附带价值(extrinsic concomitants)
12.环境(surroundings):工作之目的或价值在于喜欢的工作环境。
13.同事(associates):工作之目的或价值在于用有喜悦的工作伙伴。
14.与上司关系(supervisory relations):工作之目的或价值在于能与主管融洽相处。
15.变异性(variety):工作之目的或价值在于有机会做不同的事。
13. CISS Campbell Interest and Skill Survey坎伯兴趣及技能量表
The test consists of 200 interest items and 120 skill items which are rated upon a six-point
scale. The test yields T scores on numerous scales, including the seven Orientation Scales:
Influencing, Organizing, Helping, Creating, Analyzing, Producing, and Adventuring.
其是包含200个兴趣题目,120个技术题目的六点量表,在很多的量表中其会产生T分数,包含七个向度量表,分别为影响的、组织的,助人的,创造的,分析的,制造的以及冒险的。
14. MIQ Minnesota Importance Questionnaire明尼苏达重要性问卷
It’s a useful measure of work values. One version of the test consists of paired-comparison
items (e.g., Could give me a sense of accomplishment versus Could make my own decisions) which
assess 20 needs organized into six underlying values relevant to work satisfaction.
是测量工作价值很有用的问卷,其包含配对比较题目(如:是否可以给予成就的感觉vs.是否可以自己做决定)可评估20个需求,并将之有组织的分成与工作满意度有关的6个基本价值。
15. Career Belief Inventory生涯信念量表
Comprised of 96 items rated on a five-point scale from “strongly agree” to “strongly
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心理测验解释名词
disagree,” this inventory is intended to identify client beliefs that may be blocking his/her
career goals. Examples of the 25scales include: career plans, acceptance of uncertainty,
intrinsic satisfaction, control, approval of others.
是包含96个题目的五点量表,从完全同意到完全不同意,其企图去辨识委托人是否有可能阻碍其生涯目标的信念,25个量表包含生涯计划、不确定性接受度,内在满意度、控制感以及他人认可度。
16. Attitude态度
1.个体对人、对事、对周围世界所持有的一种具持久性与一致性的倾向,此种倾向可由个体的外显行为去推测,但态度的内涵并非单指外显行为,一般认为态度包含认知、情感、行动三种成分。2.态度必有其对象,态度的对象可为具体的人、事、物,也可为抽象的观念或思想。3.态度有类化倾向,对某一单独对象持正面态度者,对同类对象也倾向持正面态度。4.态度的形成与文化传统、家庭环境、学校教育等因素有关,一般相信态度是学得的人格特质。
17. Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Scale柯尔伯格道德判断量表
With Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Scale, the examinee is asked a series of structured questions
pertaining to several moral dilemmas. Responses are categorized according to six stages and
three levels of development: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
受试者被询问一系列与道德困境的结构性问题,其反应是依道德发展的六个阶段三个层级来分类,三个层级分别为道德成规前期、道德循规期以及道德自律期。
18. pupillometrics瞳孔计量
Pupil enlargement used to gauge individual attitudes 以瞳孔增大状况测量个人态度
The measurement of pupil size to gauge interest in, or pleasure in, the observed stimulus 以瞳孔大小的衡量来测量个人对特定刺激的兴趣或喜好程度
19. moral dilemmas 道德困境
It’s a brief story that involves a difficult moral choice such as whether to steal to prolong
someone’s life; used in the study of moral reasoning.
是个很困难的道德选择,例如是否要偷药去延长一个人的生命,通常用在道德推论的研究。
20. intrinsic religious expression内在的宗教表达
It’s the use of religion for internal goals such as finding meaning and direction in life.
宗教的功能用于追求内在目标,如:人生的意义及方向的追寻
21. extrinsic religious expression外在的宗教表达
It’s the use of religion for external goals such as security, status, and friendship.
宗教的功能用于追求外在目标,如:安全感、地位及友谊
22. religion as Quest 宗教探询
It’s the view that complexity, doubt, and tentativeness are aspects of mature religious
expression.
Batson等(1993)编制了Quest,认为宗教探询,是比内在或外在的宗教表达更成熟的观点,而复杂性、质疑性及试验性是成熟的宗教表达
23. Spiritual Experience Index 神灵经验指数
It was designed to measure spiritual maturity from a developmental view of faith, independent
of any particular creed or religion. The 38 items are answered on a six-point scale, yielding
a unitary index of spiritual maturity, broadly defined.
是个从发展信念的观点来测神灵成熟度,其独立于任何特定的教条或宗教,是个含有38个题目的六点量表,可对神灵成熟度产生单一的指标以及清晰的定义。
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心理测验解释名词
第十三章名词简释
1. Personality人格(或译性格)
It’s an inexplicit construct which is invoked to explain behavioral consistency within persons
and behavioral distinctiveness between persons.
指个体在其生活历程中对人、对事、对己以致对整体环境适应时,所显示的独特个性,个体对不同的人或情境所表现的行为一致性。
2. id本我
In psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious part of personality that is the seat of all instinctual
needs such as for foods, water, sexual gratification, and avoidance of pain.
在精神分析论中,佛洛伊德认为本我是人格中潜意识的部分,属最基层的部分,其储存着人性中最原始、最接近兽性的一些本能性冲动,如一些生理需求、性满足及逃避痛苦。
3. pleasure-principle快乐原则
It’s the impulsion toward immediate satisfaction without regard for values, good or evil, or
morality.
此原则指个体在本质上不考虑价值观、善恶或道德观,而有寻求立即满足的冲动。
4. ego自我
In psychoanalytic theory, the conscious self that mediates between the id and reality. The ego
is part of the id and servant to it, but the ego”interpolates between desire and action the
procrastinating factor of thought”.
在精神分析论中,佛洛伊德认为自我是存在本我与现实之间,是本我的一部份,也是本我的佣人,主要功能在调节本我的原始冲动(欲望),以符合现实环境的要求(行动),其它功能为获得基本需求的满足,以维持个体生存;以及管制不为超我所接受的原始性冲动。
5. reality-principle现实原则
It seeks realistic and safe ways of discharging the instinctual tensions which are constantly
pushing forth from the id.
目的在寻求现实与安全,其主要功能为按现实条件的限制,一方面在现实中获得需求的满足,另方面不违背现实的约束保持与环境和谐,以排除由本我所产生的紧张。
6. superego超我
In psychoanalytic theory, that part of personality that is roughly synonymous with conscience
and is comprised of the societal standards of right and wrong which are conveyed to us by our parents.
在精神分析论中,佛洛伊德认为超我是人格中与道德良知相关的部分,其包含我们在幼儿发展其中由父母那里转化而来的,对社会是非判断的标准。
7. defense mechanisms防卫机转
It’s the unconscious mental strategies available to the ego in dealing with the conflicting
demands of id, superego, and external reality. It operates unconsciously and distorts inner or outer
reality.
是种潜意识的心理策略,主要在提供自我协调本我与超我的要求,以符合外在环境时所可能产生的焦虑,因此其一方面在降低焦虑的压力,另一方面保护自我以维持内在自我人格结构。防卫机转的运作是潜意识的且扭曲内在或外界的现实。
8. Type A coronary-prone personality pattern A型冠状动脉人格类型
It’s a behavior pattern consisting of insecurity of status, hyperaggressiveness, free-floating
hostility, and a sense of time urgency (hurry sickness).
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心理测验解释名词
是一种行为型态,其特征为对地位或身份的不安全感、有野心或侵略心,好冒险,很独立,对人易产生敌意,以及易感时间压力,就是个性急躁,求成心切。
9. Q-technique Q技术
It’s a technique for studying changes in self-concept and other variables by the sorting of
statements into a near-normal distribution for assigned categories.
是种研究自我概念及其它变量改变的技术,让受试回答有关人格特质的陈述与自己符合的程度,再依其回答按等级归类为近常态分配曲线,由此了解受试的人格倾向。
10. locus of control 制握(控)(或译控制)信念
It’s a construct that refers to perceptions that people have about the source of things that
happen to them (e.g., internal versus external).
是个人对发生在自己身上的事情起源的知觉或看法(如外在vs.内在)
11. self-efficacy自我效能
In Bandura’s theory, the personal judgment of how well one can execute courses of action required
to deal with prospective situations.
在班度拉的理论中,其指的是个人对自己从事某种工作所具的能力,以及对该工作可能做到的地步的一种主观评价。
12. trait特质
A trait is any relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another.
是用以分辨人与人之间个别差异所根据的身心特征。
13. surface trait表面特质
In Cattell’s theory, the more obvious aspects of personality that typically emerge in the first
stages of factor analysis when individual test items are correlated with each other.
根据卡特尔理论,当个别测验题项彼此相关,在因素分析第一阶段时所出现的特质称之,因此其是可直接观察的特质。
14. source trait根源(潜源)特质
It’s the stable and constant sources of behavior which are less visible than surface traits
but more important in accounting for behavior.
是种稳定且一致的行为根源,其较表面特质不易被观察,但在解析行为时却较为重要。
15. fundamental lexical hypothesis基本语汇假设
In personality theory, the notion that trait terms have survived in language because they convey
important information about our dealing with others.
在人格理论中,特质相关词汇的意念之所以从语言中被留下来,是因为它们传达了许多我们对待他人的重要讯息。
16. personality coefficient人格系数
It’s a term used to refer to the finding that the predictive validity of personality scales rarely
exceeds .30.
是用来推论人格量表的预测效度的结果,通常很少超过.30。
17. projective test投射测验
It’s a test which the examinee encounters vague, ambiguous stimuli and responds with his or
her own constructions.
给受试一个模糊、暧昧不明的刺激,请受试对此刺激做反应,通常可反应受试内在状况。
18.
projective hypothesis投射假设
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心理测验解释名词
It’s the assumption that personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect
the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee.
是假设受试对投射测验所呈现的模棱两可刺激而做的个人解释,必反映其潜意识的需求、动机以及冲突。
19. association technique联想技术
It’s including the widely used Rorschach inkblot test and its psychometrically superior cousin
the Holtzman Inkblot Test, as well as word association tests.
是种测量反映速度与广度技术,提供受试一种刺激,让其尽快做出反应,包含罗夏克墨渍测验以及HIT,以及单字联想测验。
20. completion technique完成技术
It’s consists mainly of sentence completion tests.
将测验题目中部分字或句删略,由受试按上下文意填充起来,从而测定其语文能力或相关知识的测验,常见的有句子完成测验。
21. construction technique编造技术
It’s including the Thematic Apperception Test and the many variations upon this early instrument.
是一个早期的技术,包含TAT及其它许多变体。
22. expression technique表达技术
It’s including the Draw-A-Person or House-Tree-Person test are very popular among clinicians
in spite of dubious validity data.
包含画人测验或HTP,尽管在临床上效度资料可疑,但仍很热门。
23. frustration 挫折
In Rosenzweig’s system, the state that occurs whenever an organism encounters an obstacle or
obstruction en route to the satisfaction of a need.
在Rosenzweig系统中,个体在满足需求的过程中,遭遇阻碍或障碍的状况。
24. illusory validation虚幻的效度验证
In projective testing, the finding that subjects ignore disconfirming instances and cling to
their preexisting stereotypes.
在投射测验中,受试忽略证明为不正确的实例,而仍秉持着先前的刻板印象。
25. HIT霍资曼墨渍测验
The HIT consists of 45 cards; a single response to each is required. Scoring categories for the
HIT are highly reliable, with interscorer agreement generally in the .90s. Validity studies using
simple decision rules support the use of the HIT as an aid to psychodiagnosis, especially in
schizophrenia.
其包含45张卡,一张卡产生一个反应,信度相当好,评分者一致性达.90,其能有效帮助心理诊断,尤其是对精神分裂症的诊断。
26. TAT主题统觉测验
The TAT consists of 30 pictures that portray variety of subject matters and themes in
black-and-white drawings and photographs; one card is blank. The examinee is asked to make up a
dramatic story for each picture, including past, present, future, and feeling of the main characters.
TAT interpretation usually rests upon clinical-qualitative analysis of story productions.
包含30张有主题或事件的黑白图画或照片,其中一张为空白,其可测得过去、现在、未来以主要特质,其对受试故事的解释主要依赖临床质化分析。
27.
CAT儿童主题统觉测验
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心理测验解释名词
Designed as a direct extension of the TAT, the CAT consists of 10 pictures and is suitable for
children 3 to 10 years of age.
是TAT测验的延伸,其设计适用于3到10岁的小孩,包含10张图片。
28. RISB 洛特-加龙省语句完成测验
It’s contains 40 sentence stems written mostly in the first person. Each completed sentence
receives an adjustment score from 0 (good) to 6 (poor); the sum is the overall adjustment score.
Correct classification rates (e.g., adjusted versus maladjusted) are too low for individual decision
making.
包含40个句子,计分方式为0到6分,40个句子的总分即为适应分数,此种分类(适应VS.不适应)对个体决策是太低的。
29. P─F study 罗森兹维格图画逆境测验
It’s consists of 24 drawings, each showing two persons in a highly frustrating circumstance.
The examinee provides the first verbal response that comes to mind. Objective ratings indicate typical
modes of reacting to frustration. Owing to its low reliability, the P-F Study is suited mainly to
research.
含24个画,画中有两个人处于挫折情境,受试在看过画后,回答出现在脑中的第一个字汇,目的在侦测个体对挫折因应的模式为何,其信度不高但仍适合大部分的研究。
30. DAP画人测验
In DAP, the examinee is asked simply to “draw a person. “ Interpretation proceeds in a
clinical-intuitive manner based upon published hypotheses, for example, a redrawn chin indicates
indecision. Another test in a similar vein is the House-Tree-Person (the examinee draws these) for
which validity evidence is also meager.
要求受试画一个人,基于公定的假设而产生的临床直觉来解释受试所画的图,例如重画的下巴意味着优柔寡断;其它相似的测验为HTP,不过其效度不高。
第十四章名词简释
1.
social desirability response set社会期许反应心向
It’s the tendency to examinees to react to the perceived desirability (or undesirability) of
a test item rather than responding accurately to its content.
受试对测验题目表现出受或不受社会期望的行为反应,而不是其实际所感受到的,或符合其满足的反应。
2.
ipsative test自比式测验
It’s a test in which the average of the subscale is always the same for every examinee; thus,
for an individual examinee, high scores on subscales must be balanced by low scores on other subscales.
一个测验各个分量表的平均数对每位受试皆一样,但对个别受试来说,分数高的分量表必会被分数低的分量表所平衡。
自比式测验是不与常模比较,也不与团体中别人比较,而是与本人多种反应(或能力)间,或现在与过去行为间做相对性比较,故是比较个人在各方面能力上何者较高何者较低。
3.
state anxiety情境焦虑
It’s the transitory feelings of fear or worry which most persons experience on occasion.
个人在某种情境或场合所经验到的,是对恐惧或担心所产生的短暂的感觉,情境如有改变,焦虑便随之消失。
4.
trait anxiety 特质焦虑
The relatively stable tendency of an individual to respond anxiously to a stressful predicament.
个人在压力的困境下,产生的焦虑反应,相对于情境焦虑,其是较稳定一致的倾向。
40
心理测验解释名词
5.
Extraversion 外向
It’s a sociable, outgoing, excitement-seeking personality disposition.
善交际,喜欢户外,寻求刺激的人格特质。
6.
introversion 内向
It’s a quiet, “bookish”, reserved personality disposition.
较安静,所谓的书虫,自制的人格特质。
7.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2明尼苏答多项人格测验MMPI-2
The MMPI-2 consists of 567 true-false questions. The test is scored for four validity scales
which assess unanswered questions, naïve defensiveness, deviant responses, and subtle defensiveness,
respectively. The 10 clinical scales are Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate,
Masculinity-Femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, and Social
Introversion.
1989年第二版MMPI-2,包含567个是非题,分别组成四个效度量表,包含评估未回答的问题、原始(天真)的防卫、不正常的反应、难以捉模的反应;十个临床量表,分别为疑病症、沮丧、歇斯底理、精神脱轨、男气质-女气质、妄想、精神衰退、精神分裂、躁症及社交内向。
8.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III米隆临床多轴量表
It’s a short test (175 true-false items) designed as an aid to psychiatric diagnosis. The 27
scales are organized into four broad categories relevant to DSM-Ⅵ: clinical personality patterns,
severe personality pathology, clinical syndromes, and severe clinical syndromes.
是个很短的测验(175个是非题目),可帮助心理学家作诊断,27个量表依DSM-Ⅵ分成四类:临床的人格型态、严重的人格病理、临床症状、严重的临床症状。
9.
California Psychological Inventory加州心理量表
It’s an MMPI-like instrument designed to measure the dimensions of normal personality. Three
scales measure test-taking attitudes (e.g., “fake good” and “fake bad” tendencies). The 17
clinical scales are based upon “folk” concepts of personality easily recognized by laypersons.
与明尼苏达人格量表很相似,是用来测正常的人格,三个分量表测test-taking受测的态度(伪好及伪坏的倾向),而17个临床量表是以通俗的人格概念为基础,即使是门外汉也很容易辨识
10.
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule EPPS爱德华斯个人偏好量表
It’s a 210-item forced-choice instrument that attempts to measure Murray’s manifest needs by
self-report.
是自陈的强迫选择量表,共210个题目,可测Murray心理需求。
11.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI麦布二氏行为类型量表
It’s a forced-choice self-report inventory based loosely upon Carl Jung’s theory of personality
types. The MBTI is scored for four dimensions: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-iNtuition,
Thinking-Feeling, and judging-Perceptive, yielding 16 different types, such as ENFP意指外向、直觉、情感、知觉.
是基于Carl Jung的人格类型理论而设计的强迫选择自陈量表,测验结果分为四个向度:外向性--内向性、感觉--直觉、思考--感受、及判断--知觉,可产生16种类型,如ENFP。
12.
NEO Personality Inventory-revised NEO PI-R NEO人格量表--修订版
It is based upon the five-factor model of personality. The five constructs measured by the test
are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The
NEO PI-R is available in two parallel forms consisting of 240 items rated on a five-point dimension.
41
心理测验解释名词
基于人格五因素模式,分别为神经质、外向性、经验开放性、谨慎性和友善性,此量表包含240个题目,是五点量表。
13.
Personality Research Form PRF人格研究表格
It’s also based upon Murray’s need system. The 20 personality scales on the PRF possess no
item overlap and show exceptional internal consistency ( median of .92) PRF validity is buttressed
by confirmatory factor analysis and appropriate correlations with similar scales on other
instruments.
以Murray需求系统为基础,共20个人格量表,没有重复,内部一至性高(中位数为.92),效度可由因素分析得到支持,与其它相似的量表有适当的相关。
14.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire 16PF十六种人格因素测验
It’s typical of factor-analytically derived instruments. The five forms of the 16PF (for
different age groups) all encompass a forced-choice format. The 16 surveyed personality attributes
(and four higher-order dimensions) have been repeatedly confirmed by factor analysis.
是一个由因素分析得来的测量工具,依不同年龄共有五种版本,皆包含强迫选择的型式,此16个人格属性以及四个高阶向度,已再次被因素分析所验证。由Cattell所编制
15.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ艾森克人格问卷
It proposes three major factor-analytically derived dimensions of personality: Psychoticism,
Extraversion, and Neuroticism. Scale reliabilities are quite strong and the construct validity of
the instrument is supported by dozens of studies.
有三个向度,分别为精神病的、外向的、神经质的,信度不错,建构效度可由其它研究中获得支持。
16.
State-trait Anxiety Inventory 情境与特质焦虑量表
It concludes 40 items, each rated on a four-point intensity scale. The STAI measures state anxiety,
or transitory feeling of fear or worry; and trait anxiety, the relatively stable tendency to respond
anxiously to stressful situations.
共40的题目,是四点量表,可测情境与特质焦虑。
17.
Tennessee Self-concept Scale TSS田纳西自我概念量表
是种团体人格测验,含十个变项:生理自我、道德伦理自我、心理自我、家庭自我、社会自我、自我认同、自我满意、自我行动、自我总分与自我批评,适用对象为12岁以上的人,记分方式采百分等级与T分数。
18.
柯氏性格量表KMHQ
由柯永河教授编制,共300项目分三十八个量尺。前六个为效度量尺,7自评心理健不健康、8亲群、9感受似同、10独立、11反依赖、12至17为男、女性倾向量尺、18自我强度、19正常、20神经质因素量尺、21精神病因素量尺、22疑心、23自信自夸、24自卑忧郁、25焦虑、26强迫念行、27性压抑、28虑病、29攻击、30消极攻击31离群32分裂型33精神病型34歇斯底里型、35边缘型、36自恋、37厌性因素、38整洁守规因素。
19.
健康性格习惯量表HPH
由柯永河教授编制,综合版有27个量尺、256个题项,乃由三种精神病倾向,一种自杀意念倾向(简称A1、A2、A3、A4量尺);五种焦虑障碍倾向(简称B1、B2、B3至B5量尺),九种性格违常倾向(简称C1、C2、C3、至C9量尺),及九种自评心理健康和作答诚实或可信度量尺(简称D1、D2、D3、至D9量尺)混合而成。
20.
behavioral assessment行为评量
It’s a variety of techniques that concentrate on behavior itself rather than on underlying traits,
hypothetical causes, or presumed dimensions of personality.
是专测行为而非特质的人格评量技术
21.
behavior therapy 行为治疗
42
心理测验解释名词
Behavioral assessment is usual an integral part of behavioral therapy designed to change the
duration, frequency, or intensity of a well-defined target behavior.
行为衡鉴是行为治疗中不可或缺的一环,用来了解有明确定义的目标行为,在时间、频率或强度的改变。
22.
behavioral avoidance test (BAT) 行为逃避测验
It’s a behavioral procedure in which the therapist charts how long the client can tolerate an
anxiety-inducing stimulus.
是种行为程序,治疗师对个案测其对一个能诱导焦虑的刺激能忍受的时间。
23.
fear survey schedule 害怕概观序列表
It’s a behavioral assessment device which requires respondents to indicate the presence and
intensity of their fears in relation to various stimuli, typically on a 5- or 7- point Likert scale.
是行为衡鉴的一种,反应者被要求对与其所害怕物相似的刺激,做强度与出现频率的侦测,一般是用五点或七点的Likert量表。
24.
contingency management后果管理
In contingency management, the therapist attempts to modify maladaptive behavior by identifying
the reinforcing consequences and eliminating them. Conversely, adaptive behaviors can be
strengthened by arranging for the delivery of rewards when these behaviors occur, such as in a token
economy.
治疗师企图用增强或排除结果,来改变不适应行为;相反的,当出现适应行为则用酬赏来加强,如代币经济。
25.
token economy代币经济
It’s a behavioral approach in which many different forms of prosocial behavior are rewarded
with tokens which can be later exchanged for material rewards or privileges.
是种行为取向,用代币来奖励行为,此代币可用来兑换实质的酬赏或特权。
26.
cognitive behavior therapy认知行为治疗
It’s an approach to behavior change that emphasizes change the client’s belief structure.
是行为改变的取向,强调改变个案的信念架构。
27.
self-monitoring自我监控
It’s a therapeutic approach in which the client chooses the goals and actively participates
in supervising, charting, and recording progress toward the endpoint(s) of therapy.
是治疗取向,个案在治疗过程中,自己选定目标,主动参与督导,并对治疗做纪录。
28.
nonverbal behavior非语言行为
It’s the subtler forms of human communication contained in glance, gesture, body language, tone
of voice, and facial expression.
是个人类沟通的一种微妙的形式,包含瞥见、手势,身体语言、音调以及脸部表情。
29.
paralinguistics 超语言学
It’s the nonverbal aspects of speech such as tone of voice and rate of speaking.
是说话能力中属非语言的部分,如音调与说话的速度、比率。
30.
Facial Action Coding System脸部表情登录系统
It’s a systematic approach to the coding of facial expression from slow-motion videotapes. The
system consists of 44 action units that account for all visible facial movement.
从慢动作的影带来纪录脸部表情,其可对可见的脸部动作分为44种行为单位。
31.
ecological momentary assessment (EMA)生态实时评量
using wireless technology to measure patient experience ( e.g., pain, fatigue, mood) in the real
43
心理测验解释名词
world at the point of experience
运用无线科技来测量病人在真实世界当下的经验(例如:痛、疲倦、心情)
23.效标基准法 Criterion-keying
又称实征法,以此法编制人格量表时,编制者对所预测特质的性质并不作任何之假设,量表上项目的选择完全依其与所用效标之实征关系为基础。受试者在量表上的分数即用来代表其与该校标样本在行为特征上相似的程度。
24.内部一致法:编制者以相关法来计算个别项目与总分的相关,作为项目的取舍的依据,故在设计测验项目时合理性的考虑并不重要,亦非必须。在事先并不必确定这些项目所测的特质究竟为何,而完全由实征资料来决定此一问题的答案。以 因素分析方法编制的测验属此类。如16PF。
25.序列系统法sequential system
为Jackson(1970)所倡议,此法基本上采取内容效度法、效标关键法和因素分析法,三种方法的长处而加以系统性的融合。因此,在编制人格量表时,首要工作为对所预测量之人格特质加以理论上的界定,然后依此定义设计和选择测验内容和项目,其次是将编制好的项目,实施于一合适之样本,并对它们的内部一致性加以鉴定,且作必要的改进,最后再以效标基准法来建立测验效度,三者缺一不可。Jackson 依此法编制了人格研究表格PRF(Personality Research Form; Jackson ,1967)和JPI(Jackson Personality Inventory; Jackson,
1976)两种工具。
26.罗夏克墨渍测验 Rorschach Inkblot Test
属于投射测验之一。系由不同形状的十张墨渍图所构成,由瑞士精神医学家罗夏氏在1921年编成,十张图形中五张为黑色,两张加了红色,三张为淡彩色。使用者让受试者凭主观知觉回答,而后按其回答并分析可能投射出来的心理涵义。主要用于精神病的诊断。
27.明尼苏达多项人格量表MMPI
是一种团体人格测验。由Hathaway & McKinley (1934)编制,采用实征关键法编制,此测验目的为对变态行为的评鉴提供一种适当的工具,以作为精神病患诊断的辅助。其内容包括26类题目。1989年第二版MMPI-2,包含567个项目,分别组成七个效度量表和十个临床量表。可适用于十六岁以上的青年和成年人,但受试者应具有六年级以上的阅读能力,可以个人或团体方式施测,对一般并不患有严重心理症状的受试而言,大约六十分钟可完成。
28.加州心理量表CPI
是由Gough(1956,1975,1987)以效标基准法编制而成,1996第三次修订(Gough & Bradley)改为434题,共分二十个量表。与MMPI有一个主要不同,是为正常人而设计,可适用于十三岁以上的儿童和成人,本测验全部施测时间大约在四十五分钟到一小时之间,程序为先在每量表上求出原始分数,然后将它们转化为T分数(平均数=50,标准差=100),并绘成测验结果的侧面图。
29.十六种人格因素问卷 16PF
是Cattell和其同事编制(1949,1986)。适用于十六岁以上的青年和成人。认为这十六种人格特质代表人格组织的基本构成,是决定个体外在行为的原动力。共有五种题本(A、B、C、D、E)由于每一量表所测量单一性特质,其两端则代表该人格特质上两种相反的特征,故亦各以不同的名称表示之。
30.人格研究表格PRF
1967初本A和B以及AA和BB两组,1974年增加题本E。此量表之施测可以个人或团体的方式为之,以是或非作答。每一量表上的适用项目必须以该量表总分具有令人满意的相关,但与其它量表以及「社会期望」量表不具相关。个量表在项目上亦无重复之处。每量表上之原始分数可转化为T分数(平均数=50,标准差=100)及百分等级,并绘成侧面图。
(一)、明尼苏达多相人格测验(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,简称MMPI)
是在1930年末到1940年初由明尼苏达大学的心理学家与精神科医师共同发展编制而成(Hathaway &
44
心理测验解释名词
Mckinley,1943),此为使用相当广泛的测验,同时其也激起了无数的研究。本量表原始的目的在于区分正常人与精神诊断的类别,但到了后来,此量表也被使用于人格特质的测量。MMPI-2发行于1989。
MMPI的题目内容极广,包含了二十六类的内容,所涵盖的内容包括健康、身心疾病症状、神经失常及动作失调;性、宗教,政治及社会态度;教育、职业、家庭及婚姻问题;以及许多一般熟知的神经或精神上的行为失常,如强迫性观念及行为、错觉、幻觉、恐惧症及虐待与被虐待倾向等。
民国43年黄碧月、包重龄将其译成中文,删除15个题目并完成初试。民国48年我国海军为建立健全人事制度,由路君约负责修订,由海军总部人事署于56年4月出版。
(二)、柯氏性格量表(KMHQ1998)
柯氏性格量表是为了了解个人与团体的心理健康及不健康而发展出来的量表,自从问世以来(1964年)一直是临床心理师的好帮手,此量表提供寻找患者的阳性、阴性等心理症状,以及精神病质、神经质、健康心理特质、两性行为倾向、与内外向特质倾向等数据。本量表在1998年修订后,共含有300个项目,可算出38个量尺分数,前六个为效度量尺,7自评心理健不健康,8亲群,9感受似同,10独立,11反依赖,12至17为男、女性倾向量尺,18自我强度,19正常,20神经质因素量尺,21精神病因素量尺,22疑心,23自信自夸,24自卑忧郁、25焦虑,26强迫观念行为,27性压抑,28虑病,29攻击,30消极攻击,31离群,32分裂型,33精神病型,34歇斯底里型,35边缘型,36自恋,37厌性因素,38整洁守规因素。。
本量表的内部一致性α值在.50与.97之间,再测信度大都落在.60以上;在健康与不健康组的得分比较上,38个量尺中只有5个量尺不具区辨力,显示本量表有相当好的效度。
(三)、健康、性格、习惯量表(HPH 1999)
此量表由我国临床心理学家柯永河教授所编。柯氏依多年的临床经验,于民国85年编制完全「健康、性格、习惯量表」,并利用二年的时间,修订项目并另加两个不同层级的常模(变成共有国中、高中、大学及社会人士等四个常模),并命名此新版量表为「健康、性格、习惯量表(修订版1999)」。该量表区分为综合版与组合版,综合版有27个量尺、256个题项,乃由三种精神病倾向,一种自杀意念倾向(简称A1、A2、A3、A4量尺)、五种焦虑障碍倾向(简称B1、B2、B3、B4、B5量尺),九种性格违常倾向(简称C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9量尺),及九种自评心理健康和作答诚实或可信度量尺(简称D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6、D7、D8、D9量尺)混合而成。量表使用者可依据其需要,考虑施测时间、情境及受试者状态等因素,而采用不同的版本;A、B、C版均可单独使用或组合使用,但都必须与D版一起配合。如此配合使用可让施测者迅速、有效地探索测验结果是否可靠,并了解受试者有那方面的问题或障碍,以决定给予受试者何种协助。
本量表各量尺有良好的内部一致性及再测信度,也有良好的内容、建构、同时以及区辨等各方面的效度。
第十五章名词简释
Topic 15A: Computerized Assessment and the Future of Testing
1. Computer-assisted psychological assessment CAPA计算机辅助心理衡鉴
CAPA refers to the entire range of computer applications in psychological assessment and includes
testing, scoring, report writing, and individualized test administration.意指心理衡鉴在计算机的全面应用,包含测验、记分、书面报告以及个别化测验施测。
2. Computer-Based Test Interpretation CBTI 计算机化测验解释
CBTI refers to test interpretation and report writing by computer, which is a major component
of computer-assisted psychological assessment (CBTI)由计算机做测验解释及书面报告,是计算机辅助心理衡鉴的主要成分。
3.
clinical judgment 临床判断
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心理测验解释名词
It’s the decision-maker process information in his or her head to diagnose, classify, or predict
behavior
决策者运用其脑中存有之信息用以诊断、分类或预测行为的一种判断。
4. actuarial judgment 统计精算判断
It’s an empirically derived formula is used to diagnose, classify, or predict behavior
根据经验所得的公式用以诊断、分类或预测行为的一种自动化判断。
5. multimedia 多媒体
It’s the collective capacity of the modern computer to use still images, live video segments,
music, tables, charts, animation, and other approaches in interactive format.
是现代计算机所拥有的集体能量,其运用包含影像、现场直播、音乐、电视、绘图、卡通以及其它互动形式。
6. virtual Reality 虚拟(模拟)实境
It’s the use of sophisticated computer images projected to wrap-around goggles to portray a
moving, changing, three-dimensional environment.是个精密的影像程序,需戴着护目镜来描绘动态的3D立体环境。
7. computerized adaptive testing CAT计算机化适性测验
It’s a family of procedures that allows for accurate and efficient measurement of ability;
individualized testing continues until a predetermined level of measurement precision is reached.
能对行为能力做精准有效的测量,进行个别化测验,直到达到先前决定的测量精确性时,才终止。即需答对题目到某一层次才可往下进行,若未答对,则计算机会自动跳到较简单的题目。
8. duty to warn 警告(职责)义务
It’s stemming from the Tarasoff case, the responsibility of clinicians to communicate any serious
threat to the potential victim, law enforcement agencies, or both.
起源于Tarasoff个案,当受害者有遭受危险的威胁时,临床医生有向执法单位申报、沟通的责任。
9. informed consent 明白(告知)同意
In testing, the principle that test takers or their representatives are made aware, in language
that they can understand, of the purposes and likely consequences of testing.
在测验守则中,施测者须向测验参与者或其代理人清楚说明测验目的,以及测验可能会造成的结果,使其明白了解。
10. standard of care 照顾标准
It’s a loose concept that often arises in the professional or legal review of specific health
practices, including psychological testing. The prevailing standard of care is one that is” usual,
customary, or reasonable.”
是个松散的概念,通常在特定健康惯例中,涉及专业或法律复审时会出现,其包含心理测验,主要的照顾标准为一般平常的、合乎习俗、按惯例的或合理的照顾行为。
11. stereotype threat刻板印象式威胁
The idea of stereotype threat is essentially a sophisticated version of a self-fulfilling
prophecy. The researchers define stereotype threat as the threat of confirming, as
self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s group.
刻板印象式威胁基本上是自我实现预言的掺杂版本,是对确定所产生的威胁感,如对自我特征的威胁感,或对一个团体产生负面的刻板印象等。
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