英语语法定义中英对照

语法定义

1. Noun

A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing or some quality, state, or action.

1. 名词

名词是一个人、地方、事物或某种品质、状态或行为的名称。

2. Noun phrase

As has been pointed out, the noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. It is the

noun head that determines the way the noun phrase is organized.

2.名词短语

名词短语如之所述, 名词短语是以名词为标题的短语。名词头决定了名词短语的组织方式。

3. Determiners

Words that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such

referential meanings(所指意义) as specific reference(特指)，generic reference (泛指)， definite

quantity (定量) or indefinite quantity (不定量) are referred to as determiners.

在名词短语中任何前置修饰形容词之前表示这种所指意义的词, 即特指、泛指、定量或不定量被称为限定词。

4. Adverb

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence.

4．副词

副词是修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词或整个句子的词。

5. Adjectives

An adjective is a word giving a description of the quality or character of a person or thing.

5.形容词

形容词是描述一个人或事物的质量或性格的词。

6. Verb and verb phrase

The study of the verb and verb phrase, and its changes has been often regarded as the most

important, and perhaps the most difficult part of grammar. It is true the verb or a verb phrase

is the most important word in any sentence, because it is the verb which gives life to the whole

sentence and connects the parts up in a logical whole(逻辑整体的各部分).

6.动词和动词短语

动词和动词短语的研究及其变化往往被认为是语法中最重要的, 也许也是最困难的部分。动词或动词短语确实是任何句子中最重要的词, 因为是动词赋予整个句子生命, 并将各部分联系在一个逻辑整体中。

7. Time and Tense (时间和时态)

Time and tense are two concepts quite different from each other and must not be confused.

时间和时态是两个完全不同的概念, 不能混淆。

7.1 Time is a universal concept(普遍的概念) with three division (past time, present time and

future time). It is something independent of language.

7.1 时间是一个普遍的概念, 有三个部分 (过去的时间、现在的时间和未来的时间)。它是一种独立于语言的东西。

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7.2 Tense stands for a verb form or a series of verb forms used to express a time relation.

Tense vary in different languages. English verbs have two tenses: the present tense and the past

tense. There is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time / tense parallel for present

and past.

7.2 时态代表用于表示时间关系的动词形式或一系列动词形式。紧张在不同的语言中变化。英语动词有两个时态: 现在时和过去式。没有明显的未来时态与现在和过去的时间/时态平行。

8. Aspect

Aspect refers to the manner in which the verb action is regarded or experienced. There are

two sets of aspectual contrast in English: progressive aspect and perfective aspect.

8.体

体是指动词动作被看待或经历的方式。英语中有两套方面的对比: 进行体和完成体。

9. Means of expressing future time (The future indefinite tense)

There is no obvious future tense in English corresponding to the time/tense parallel for

present and past. Instead there are a number of possibilities of denoting future time. (英语中没有与现在时，过去时平行的相应的将来时的动词形式) In modern English there are several means

to express future time.

9.表达未来时间的方法 (未来不定时态)

英语中没有明显的未来时态与现在和过去的时间时态平行。相反, 有许多可能性来表示未来的时间。

在现代英语中, 有几种方式来表达未来的时间。

They are:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

10. Sequence of Tenses

In English the tense and aspect of the verb in a subordinate clause commonly depends on that

of the verb in the principal clause. This principle is called the sequence of tenses and aspects.

10.时态一致

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Will / shall + infinitive

Will / shall +progressive / perfective infinitive

Be going to + infinitive

Be + v + ing

Be to + infinitive

Simple present

be about + infinitive

在英语中, 子句中动词的时态和方面通常取决于主句中动词的时态和方面。这个原理被称为时态一致。

11. Voice

Voice is the form of the verb which shows the relation between the subject and the predicate

verb of the sentence and which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways,

without change in the facts reported. There are two voices in English, the active and the passive.

11.语态

"语态" 是动词的形式, 它显示了句子的主语和谓词动词之间的关系, 并使人们能够以两种方式看待句子的动作, 而不改变所报道的事实。英语中有两种语态, 一种是主动的, 一种是被动的。

12. The subjunctive mood

12.虚拟语气

12.1 The brief introduction of the three moods

Mood is form of the verb which shows the manner in which the action or state is expresses.

There are three moods: the indicative mood(陈述语气), the imperative mood(祈使语气) and the

subjunctive mood(虚拟语气).

三种情态的简要介绍

情态是动词的形式, 它显示动作或状态的表达方式。有三种情态: 陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气

12. The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood (thought-mood) is used to express thoughts. It expresses wishes, suggestions,

suppositions or something contrary to facts.

12. 虚拟语气

虚拟语气 (思想情绪) 被用来表达思想。它表达了愿望、建议、假设或与事实相反的东西。

13. Auxiliaries

As has been pointed before，English verbs, in terms of their functions in forming verb

phrases, fall into two major categories: main verbs and auxiliaries. Auxiliaries can again be

divided into primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.

13.助动词

正如前面所指出的, 英语动词在动词短语形成中的作用主要分为两类: 主要动词和助动词。助剂又可分为基本助动词、情态助动词和半助动词。

14. Infinitive

Infinitive in English means a word having the characteristics both verb, noun and adjective

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or adverb.

14.不定式

英语中的 "不定式" 是指具有动词、名词和形容词或副词两方面特征的词。

15. Gerund

The gerund is another indefinite form of the verb. When it is used as (can function) an noun

phrase, in this case it is traditionally called the gerund

15.动名词

动名词是动词的另一种不确定形式。当它被用作名词短语时, 在这种情况下, 它传统上被称为动名词。

16. Present Participle

That verb plus -ing can be used as a part of predicate in the present progressive tense, attribute,

predicative, and adverbial. When a verb plus -ing plays function of adjective or adverb, we call

it present participle.

16.现在分词

动词加-ing 可以作为现在进步时态、属性、谓词和副词中谓词的一部分。当动词加和 ing 发挥形容词或副词的功能时, 我们称之为现在分词。

Participle in English means a word having the characteristics both verb and adjective or adverb.

It is an English verbal form that has the function of adjective or adverb and at the same time

shows such verbal features as tense and voice, and capacity to take an object and modified by

adverbial.

英语中的分词是指具有动词和形容词或副词两种特征的词。它是一种具有形容词或副词功能的英语语言形式, 同时表现出时态和声音等语言特征, 并具有接受对象并经副词修改的能力。

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