句子成分英语语法

句子成分及练习

安阳市第三中学 单秀英

一. 句子成分的定义：

❖ 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

❖ 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；

❖ 主要成分有主语和谓语；

❖ 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。

二．主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，是全句述说的对象，也就是说，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，一般放于句首。常用名词，数词或代词担任。如：

1. Students study.

2. We often speak English in class.

3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5. Smoking does harm to the health.

三．谓语：是对主语加以陈述，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。谓语的构成如下：

1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

（1）

Students study.

（2） I have a dream.

（3）The plane took off at ten o’clock

2．复合谓语：

（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：

They are working in a field.

He has caught a bad cold.

（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：

We are students.

注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

四．宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。如：

1. He is doing his homework.

2．I play with him.

3．I enjoy listening to popular music.

4．He decided to work harder.

5．I think（that）he is honest.

五．表语：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become,

get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代 词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。如：

1. Time is money.

2. It is mime.

3. He seems very sad .

4. The speech is exciting.

5. My job is to teach English.

6. His hobby is playing football.

7. The meeting is of great importance.

六．定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：

1. Guilin is a beautiful city.

2. He is a hardworking student.

3. China is a developing country.

4. His progress in English made us surprised.

5. He is the last to go home.

6. He is reading an article about how to learn English.

7. She is the girl who sings best in my class.

七．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：

1. The students do their homework carefully.

2. The students study hard.

3. I often write to him.

4. The bag is too heavy.

5. If it is fine this weekend, I will go camping.

9种状语种类如下：

1. How about meeting again at six?

(时间状语)

night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

3. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语）

4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）

5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）

She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）

6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）

7. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）

8. She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）

9. I am taller than he is. （比较状语）

八：宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如：

1. His father named him Xiaoming.

2. They painted their boat white.

3. Let the fresh air in.

4. I asked her to help me.

5. We saw her entering the room

6. We found everything in the lab in good order.

九．同位语：对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释或进行补充说明，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：

1. This is Mr. Qin, our headteacher.

2. My sister, Lucy, is a student.

十．插入语:

对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：

To be honest, I don’t quite agree with you.

句子成分详解表

句子成分

主语

意义 充当词类 例句

表示句子说的是什么人或什名，代，数，不定We study in NO.3 Middle

么事 式，动名词，短语School.

或句子

说明主语做什么，是什么或怎动词或动词词组

么样

表示动作行为的对象 同主语

与联系动词连用，一起构成谓同主语

语，说明主语的性质或特征

用来修饰名词或代词

She is dancing under the tree.

Both of us like English.

Her father is a teacher.

His words sound reasonable.

谓语

宾语

表语

定语 形，代，数，名, We have eight lessons every

副，介词短语或句day.

子

in

状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词，表副词，介词短语或He works very hard.

示动作发生的时间，地点，原句子 They held a party

因，目的，方式，结果等 Hollywood.

宾语补足语 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 形容词，名词，介She always keeps the house

词短语等 clean.

主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！

注意：通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：

（定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语）

如：1. (The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.

2. (The happy) child went (his) home yesterday.

请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分

1. I have two elder sisters. （我有两个姐姐。）

2. They don't swim very well.（他们游泳不太好。）

3. Do you go to school every day? （你每天去上学吗？）

4. I really want a cup of tea.（我真的想要一杯茶。）

5. Miss Smith teaches English very well.（史密斯先生教英语非常好。）

练习

一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：

1. The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. His wish is to become a scientist.

11. He managed to finish the work in time.

12. Tom came to ask me for advice.

13. He found it important to master English.

14. Do you have anything else to say?

15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.

16. Would you please tell me your address?

17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.

18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.

19. He noticed a man enter the room.

20. The apples tasted sweet.

二．划分句子成分

1. We are working .

2. I can swim very well .

3. The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .

4. Why does the wind blow .

5. The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .

6. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .

7. Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .

8. You must get the car ready by tomorrow .

9. I have a lot of clothes to wash .

10. He gave his son some advice on reading .

11. Read me the first paragraph .

12. I’ve ordered some soup for you .

13. He began leaning English ten years ago .

14. My being late worried my teacher .

15. That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .