考研历年英二真题阅读文

千里之行，始于足下。

考研历年英二真题阅读文

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考研历年英二真题阅读文1

Text 3

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is

astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket

grocery chain Whole Foods for $l3.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid

even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which

doesnt have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered

Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users friendships

and social lives.

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not

link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise

almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was

in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was

enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what

party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups

in which Therea Mays enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the

value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns,

but the records of which customers have purchased what.

Competition law appears to be the only way to address these

imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow

compared to the pace of Change within the digital economy. By the time

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a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the

marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper

conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals

with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when

the users of these services dont pay for them. The users of their Services

are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising

from them-and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate

digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and

entertainment companies.

The product theyre selling is data, and we, the users, convert our

lives to date for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm

the bugs called aphids for the honeydew the produce when they feed, so

Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep

predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the

spamme out of our inboxes. It doesnt feel like a human or democratic

relationship, even if both sides benefit.

31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .

[A] digital products

[B] user information

[C] physical assets

[D] quality service

32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may .

[A] worsen political disputes

[B] mess up customer records

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[C] pose a risk to Facebook users

[D] mislead the European commission

33. According to the author, competition law .

[A] should sever the new market powers

[B] may worsen the economic imbalance

[C] should not provide just one legal solution

[D] cannot keep pace with the changing market

34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect

Facebook users because .

[A] they are not defined as customers

[B] they are not financially reliable

[C] the services are generally digital

[D] the services are paid for by advertisers

35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .

[A] a win-win business model between digital giants

[B] a typical competition pattern among digital giants

[C] the benefits provided for digital giants ’customers

[D] the relationship between digital giants and their users

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考研历年英二真题阅读文2

Text3

Even in traditional offices，the lingua franca of corporate America

has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was

20 years ago， said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn

She sta rted spinning off you and I pa rachuted back to

Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of

terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were

strategies，there were objectives，but we didnt talk about energy;we didnt

talk about passion.

Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very

team-oriented-and not by not forget sDorts-in

male-dominated corporate America，its still a big deal. Its not explicitly

conscious;its the idea that Im a coach，and youre my team，and were in

this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they

want to win.

These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as

Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the have the

importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with

non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，saidKhurana

This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees

motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The

mommy wars of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments

about whywomen still canthave it all and books like Sheryl Sandbergs

Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like

unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting

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boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your

passion, youII be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means

going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed

But this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun

of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people

willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，You can get people to think its

nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it. In a workplace thats

fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can

help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work

defines who you are

31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has

become________

[A]more e motional

[B]more objective

[C]less energetic

[D]less energetic

[E]less strategic

-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________

[A]historical incidents

[B]gender difference

[C]sports culture

[D]athletic executives

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a believes that the importation of terminology aims

to________

[A]revive historical terms

[B]promote company image

[C]foster corporate cooperation

[D]strengthen employee loyalty

can be inferred that Lean In_________

[A]voices for working women

[B]appeals to passionate workaholics

[C]triggers dcbates among mommies

[D]praises motivated employees

of the following statements is true about office speak?

[A]Managers admire it but avoid it

[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense

[C]Companies find it to be fundamental

[D]Regular people mock it but accept it

考研历年英二真题阅读文3

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Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap

overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to

react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,

hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are

judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are

hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more

time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is

sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes

a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or

open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the

interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that

viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20

percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We

unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry

those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to

fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to

consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one

reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always

smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job

screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can

help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin

slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in

“thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess

whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat

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for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what

differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only

intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about

12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although

technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature.

We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and

reverse the high-speed trend.

31. The time needed in making decisions may____.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we

should____.

[A] trust our first impression

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[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.

[A] critical assessment

[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study

[C] sensible explanation

[D] adequate information

35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend

is____.

[A] tolerant

[B] uncertain

[C] optimistic

[D] doubtful

考研历年英二真题阅读文4

Text 4

When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the

economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.

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Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the

blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that

housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the

typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among

multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the

attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is

that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting

lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new

homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the

government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one

side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The

communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne,

Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the

current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their

housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could

be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by

0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental

environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of

registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures

would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the

existing ?4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set

to expire in 2022,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour

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party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the

coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to

accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public

grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector__

[A] has attracted much attention

[B] involves certain political factors

[C] shoulders too much responsibility

[D] has lost its real value in economy

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__

[A] increased its home supply

[B] offered spending opportunities

[C] suffered government biases

[D] disappointed the government

38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.

[A] allow greater government debt for housing

[B] stop local authorities from building homes

[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt

[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

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can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.

[A]lower the costs of registered providers

[B]lessen the impact of government interference

[C]contribute to funding new developments

[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities

author believes that after 2022,the government may______.

[A]implement more policies to support housing

[B]review the need for large-scale public grants

[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

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