初中英语专题22阅读理解(环境保护类)(解析版)

初中英语专题22阅读理解（环境保护类）（解析版）

专题22 阅读理解（环境保护类）

1.C【2019·浙江卷】

California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according

to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to

be a major factor(因素).

The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined

by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California

forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected,

from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains

to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country,

the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in

parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.

Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick

Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.

Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed

into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California

forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for

resources(资源).

But in comparing a study of California forests done in the

1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010,

Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of

big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from

woodcutting or development.

The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had

suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out

water stress with a computer model that calculated how much

water trees were getting in comparison with how much they

needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air

temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).

Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up

water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which

cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt,

which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry

season.

27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.

B. The increasing variety of California big trees.

C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.

D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.

28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be

bad for big trees?

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A. Ecological studies of forests.

B. Banning woodcutting.

C. Limiting housing development.

D. Fire control measures.

29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to

Mclntyre?

A. Inadequate snowmelt.

B. A longer dry season.

C. A warmer climate.

D. Dampness of the air.

30. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?

B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon

C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?

D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California

【答案】27. A 28. D 29. C 30. A

【解析】文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机，大型树木在急剧减少，作者阐述了现象，并分析了其原因。

27. A段落主旨题。根据文章第二段第三句The number of

trees…declined by 50 percent…more than 55 percent…75 percent等数字可知，该段主要讲述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。

28. D推理判断题。根据第三段第三句Aggressive wildfire

control…compete with …resources可知，由于激进的森林防火措施，虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量骤减，所以选D项。

29. C细节理解题。根据最后一段Since the 1930s, McIntyre

said…have been rising temperatures…reduces the water…可知，水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度，故选C项。

30. A主旨大意题。根据全文可知，主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了原因。由此A项能很好地概括全文。

2.D【2019·北京】

By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans

will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.

At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine

microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because 更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

of the way light reflects off the organisms，these

phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.

Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type

and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the

growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in

other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.

Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull

carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen.

When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.

But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend.

Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect

phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and

carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.

Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global

Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to

the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by

3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans

would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with

little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper

for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only

are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she

said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”

42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?

A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.

B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.

C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.

D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.

43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in

Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Sensitive.

B. Beneficial

C. Significant

D. Unnoticeable

44. What can we learn from the passage?

A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine

ecosystem.

B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton

changes

C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate

D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.

45. What is the main purpose of the passage？

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A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes

B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain

C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans

D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton

【答案】42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C

【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。

42. B 主旨大意题。第一段的主要讲的是：根据一项新的研究，由于气候变暖，到本世纪末界上的海洋将会更蓝更绿；第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。因为气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长，同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量，从而导致海洋外观的变化。因此文章前两段的主要讲的是“海洋颜色变化的原因”。故选B。

43. A 猜测词义题。根据第三段最后一句可知：气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养物质。因此，此处的“vulnerable”是“易受影响的”意思，即sensitive。significant重大的，有意义的；beneficial有益的；unnoticeable不明显的。故选A。

44. D 推理判断题。从文章第四段中的“The model projects

that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become

even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a

warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these

areas will turn greener.”可知，“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更绿。”故选D。

45. C 主旨大意题。根据整篇文章的内容来看，主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变，而这种改变主要是因为浮游植物数量的变化，因此本文的主要目的是“解释气候变化对海洋的影响”。故选C。

3.C【2019·天津】

How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work？What makes the

populations of different species the way they are？Why are there

so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists

have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats

whom and how much each one eats.

With such models，scientists have found out some key

principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When

a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator

lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may

be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is

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over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it

can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a

predator can move on to another species that is easier to find

when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original

prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from

driving one another to extinction.

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may

be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to

big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had

a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of

other species---including species they did not directly attack.

And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of

top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we

fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while

on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These

actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.

Scientists have built an early-warning system based on

mathematical models. Ideally，the system would tell us when to

adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a

breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back

from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists says because

once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点），it is

remarkably difficult for them to return.

46. What have scientists discovered with the help of

mathematical models of food webs？

A. The living habits of species in food webs.

B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.

C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.

D. The differences between weak and strong links in food

webs.

47. A strong link is found between two species when a

predator______

A. has a wide food choice

B. can easily find new prey

C. sticks to one prey species

D. can quickly move to another place

48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a

food web greatly decline？

A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.

B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top

predators.

C. The living environment of other species will remain

unchanged.

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D. The populations of other species will experience

unexpected changes.

49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in

Paragraph 4？

A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.

B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.

C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.

D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.

50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the

ecological balance？

A. By getting illegal practices under control.

B. By stopping us from killing large predators.

C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.

D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.

【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家通过建了一个数模找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。体现了人与大自然的和谐。

46. B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句with such models,

scientists have found out some key principles operating in food

webs，句中的principles与选项B中的rules对应，故答案为B。

47. C 细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是a strong link。根据第二段中的第三句when a predator always eats huge numbers of a

single prey, the two species are strongly linked，知当某一掠食动物只坚持吃一个品种时，它们之间的关系就很强，故答案为C。

48. D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的small changes of top

predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems以及其后举的例子知位于实食物网顶端的猎物对其他的物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直接联系的物种，故答案为D其他的物种的

数量会有意想不到的变化。

49. A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的第一句话unplanned human

activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top

predators to be true是这一段的主题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的，根据最后一句，这些行为都大大影响了生态平衡，可知认为的无计划的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为A。

50. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的prevention is key，知预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。

4.C[2018?北京卷]

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Plastic-Eating Worms

Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every

year. Almost

half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12

million tons pollute

the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it,

but a new study

suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry

worms.

Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the

worms of the

greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which

accounts for 40% of

plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial

polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms

consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of

it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not

responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers

made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic

films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —

apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’

stomachs. Their findings w ere published in Current Biology in

2017.

Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’

ability to break down their everyday food —beeswax —also

allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture,

but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is

there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method

or system to break this bond. ＂

Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of

Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not

surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But

compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking

down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to

identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by

the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?

Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might

one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in

landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of

industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on

top of the plastic.＂

43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?

A. They take plastics as their everyday food.

B. They are newly evolved creatures.

C. They can consume plastics.

D. They wind up in landfills.

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44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study

is to .

A. identify other means of the breakdown

B. find out the source of the enzyme

C. confirm the research findings

D. increase the breakdown speed

45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the

chemical might .

A. help to raise worms

B. help make plastic bags

C. be used to clean the oceans

D. be produced in factories in future

46. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To explain a study method on worms.

B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.

C. To present a way to break down plastics.

D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.

【答案】43—46 CBDC

【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。

43. C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The team left 100 wax

worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours,

and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams,

or almost 3% of it.”可知，这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋。故选C。

44. B推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“The next step,

DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of th e breakdown. Is

it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes

(肠道微生物)？”可知，下一步是探究酶的来源。故选C。

45. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But she expects using

the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not simply"

millions of worms thrown on top of the plasti c”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选D。

46. C写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

塑料的方式。故选A。

5.[2017·江苏卷]D

Old problem，new approaches

While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2

emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to

decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to

climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative

examples of climate adaptation.

When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand

that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking

about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting

set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National

Climate Assessment says that：“There is n o ‘one-size fits all’

adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer

much and carry little risk or cost.

Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more

damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan

saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating

libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with

solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is

creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and

highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish

ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being

taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India,

where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there

due to global warming represents an enormous threat to

agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at

times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from

seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed.

He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze,

and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly

timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice

reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so

Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake

them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers

will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.

Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In

southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which

reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally,

and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating

up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.

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as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white,

cities may slow down the warming process.

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that

has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting

the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added

reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still

far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its

list of “100 ideas to save the planet”．

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening

everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western

Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for

cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has

allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many

countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new

produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is

common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not.

When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to

control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a

nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.

Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate

in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible

form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit

less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may

avoid the need to change in so many others.

65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________．

A．adaptation is an ever-changing process

B．the cost of adaptation varies with time

C．global warming affects adaptation forms

D．adaptation to climate change is challenging

66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?

A．The project receives government support.

B．Different organizations work with each other.

C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.

67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global

warming?

A．Storing ice for future use.

B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.

C．Changing the irrigation time.

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D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.

68．What do we learn from the Peru example?

A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.

C．This country is heating up too quickly.

D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

69．According to the author, polluting industries should

________．

A．adapt to carbon pollution

B．plant highly profitable crops

C．leave carbon emission alone

D．fight against carbon pollution

70．What's the author's preferred solution to global

warming?

A．Setting up a new standard.

B．Reducing carbon emission.

C．Adapting to climate change.

D．Monitoring polluting industries.

【答案】65—70 ACADDB

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。

65. A句意理解题。根据第二段第二句“We are therefore not

talking about adaptin g to a new standard，but to a constantly

shifting set of conditions.”可知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。

66. C细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan

saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故选C项。

67. A细节理解题。根据第四段“The loss of glaciers (冰川)

there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to

agriculture…Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of

water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the

wasted water into sha llow basins where it froze, and was stored

until the spring.”可知，“冰人”适应全球变暖的影响的方法是冬天将水冻成冰储存起来，以备春天用，故选A项。而这种方法并没有防止冰川的融化和改变灌溉的时间，故排除B、C和D项。

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68. D细节理解题。根据第五段“Increasing Earth's

reflectiveness can cool the planet…By painting buildings white,

cities may slow down the warming process.”以及第六段“…painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the

added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice.”可知，提高地球对光的反射能力可以缓解气候变暖，而秘鲁农民的做法恰恰印证了这一点。故选D项。

69. D推理判断题。根据第七段“When the polluting industries

argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and

have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make

the case for business as usual.”以及最后一段“But the most

sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems

to emit less carbon poll ution.”可知，一些污染企业辩解称他们无法控制碳污染，只能选择适应，这完全是胡扯，污染企业仍然要减少碳排放，与碳污染做斗争。故选D项。

70. B推理判断题。根据文章最后两句“But the most sensible

form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit

less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may

avoid the need to change in so many others.”可知，作者认为最合理的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，此举的需要。故选B项。

6.【2016·北京】C

California Condor’s Shocking Recovery

California condors are North America’s largest birds, with

wing-length

of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead

poisoning(铅中毒)

nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training

and medical

treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.

In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the

wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and

nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.

Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to

rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says

Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap

between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two

lines at once.

So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles,

placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of

electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric

shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed

condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.

Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When

condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they

absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems

and ability to produce baby 更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So

condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,

where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that

removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is

starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has

dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.

Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average

survival time in the w ild is now just under eight years. “Although

these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,”

he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort

we put into recovering them. ”

rnia condors attract researchers’ intere st because

they .

active at night

to be bred in the wild

found on in California

died out in the 1980s

64. Researchers have found electrical lines are .

ng condors’ journey home

B. big killers of Califorbnia condoras

C. rest places for condors at night

D. used to keep condors away

65. According to Paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning .

condors too nervous to fly

B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys

C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ bloo d

D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds

66. The passage shows that .

average survival time of condors is satisfactory

t’s research interest lies in electric engineering

efforts to protect condors have brought good results

chers have found the final answers to the problem

【答案】63. D64. B65. D66. C

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【解析】加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。

63. D推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the

night”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few

condors were taken from the wil”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and

nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚有condors，排除C，故选D。

64. B细节理解题。根据第三段“Electrical lines have been

killing Their wings can bridge the gap between lines,

resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。

65. D段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systems

and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾)

failures and death”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。

66. C推理判断题。根据“just under eight years”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Although these measures are not

effective forever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort

we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。

考点：环保类短文阅读

7.【2016·江苏】C

El Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named

by South American fisherman who noticed that the global

weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years,

reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio

sees warm water, collected over several years in the western

Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow

westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.

The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many

places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance,

than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped

American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of

better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from

extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth

than the fall in poor ones.

But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse.

Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the

drought in California, they are 更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.

The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around

21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the

globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so

much is known about how they happen that governments can

prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI),

however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two

decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than

recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that

a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on

reconstruction.

Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can

reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less

likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of

bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be

left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper

in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-au thors, civil conflict is related to

El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the

stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal,

helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at

least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing

and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make

up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their

losses needs to be the priority.

61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?

A. It is named after a South American fisherman.

B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.

C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.

D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.

62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?

A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.

B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.

C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.

D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.

63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest

that_________.

A. more investment should go to risk reduction

B. governments of poor countries need more aid

C. victims of El Nino deserve more compensation

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D. recovery and reconstruction should come first

64. What is the autho r’s purpose in writing the passage?

A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.

B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.

C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.

D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.

【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D

【解析】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。

61.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句El Nifio sees warm

water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow

back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards

weaken, or sometimes the other way round.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。

62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more

from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处要大于所得到的坏处。接着在第三句中列举了1997年的厄尔尼诺给美国经济带来的好处。故C项正确。

63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the

Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of

disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on

reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding

afterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。

64.D 目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句“Since the

poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters

linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”

各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。

8.【2015·江苏】B

In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are

thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing

mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital

assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times

faster than traditional garbage as a whole.

Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and

silver. A Swiss study reported that while the 更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals

was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the

concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was

higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.

Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even

when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,

the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in

practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous

substances to escape into the environment.

Creating products out of raw materials creates much more

waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material

contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the

factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in.

Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as

well.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most

waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use

of products — as well as management of the resulting waste —

all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their

contribution by creating less waste at the start —for instance,

buying reusable products and recycling.

In many countries the concept of extended producer

responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an

incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to

take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they

reduce the packaging in the first place?

Governments’ incentive to require producers to take

responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on

money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for

paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your

television?

From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of

laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer

both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste

management from the government and tax-payers back to the

producers.

mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell

us that _________ .

A. the weight of e-goods is rather small

B. E-waste deserves to be made good use of

C. natural minerals contain more precious metals

D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste

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responsibility of e-waste treatment should be

extended _________ .

A. from producers to governments

B. from governments to producers

C. from individuals to distributors

D. from distributors to governments

60. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. The increase in e-waste.

B. The creation of e-waste.

C. The seriousness of e-waste.

D. The management of e-waste.

【答案】58—60 BBD

【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。

58. B推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二段首句指出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swiss study佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选B项。

59.B细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结，根据“a primary goal of laws

requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the

costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from

the government and tax-payers back to the producers ”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。

60.D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。

9.【2015·四川】D

Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day. But robins

are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much.

Robins are singing all night一as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.

David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from

street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds'

biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they

should be asleep.

Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to

track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could 更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when

robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some

genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds

are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.

He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple

of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at

night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly

behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output,

there might be some costs of energy."

And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial

light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr

Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious

problem. I have people coming to me saying `You are the bird

expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?'.During the breeding(繁殖)season, between April and June, they are very active at night

and very noisy and people can't sleep."

Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other

research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started

to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.

However, some birds thrive(兴旺)in noisy environments. A

study from California Polytechnic University found more

hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is

thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing

to quieter areas.

ing to Dr Dominoni's study, what cause robins to

sing so much?

A. The breeding season.

B. The light in modern life

C. The dangerous environment.

D. The noise from heavy machinery.

is the researchers' concern over the increase of

birds' song output?

A. The environment might be polluted.

B. The birds' health might be damaged.

C. The industry cost might be increased.

D. The people's hearing might be affected.

does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph

5 mean?

A. Active at night.

B. Inactive at night.

C. Active during the day.

D. Inactive during the day.

do some birds thrive in noisy environments?

A. Because there are fewer dangers.

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