医学英语词汇

词汇

Acne 痤疮

Acrophobia 恐高症

Amnesia 健忘症

Anemia 贫血（症）

Appendectomy 阑尾切除术

Arrhythmia 心律不齐/失常

Arthrocentesis 关节穿刺术

Benign 良性的

Bladder 膀胱；囊

Bradycardia 心搏徐缓

Bronchitis 支气管炎

Carcinoma 癌

Cardiomegaly 心肥大

Cardiovascular 心脏血管的

Celiocentesis 腹腔穿刺术

Cerebrovascular 脑血管的

Cheiloschisis 唇裂（畸形）

Chilblain 冻疮

Cholelithiasis 胆石病

Cirrhosis 硬化，硬变；肝硬化

Costotomy 肋骨切开术

Dehydration 脱水

Dentalgia 牙痛 （odonto-）

Dextrocardia 右位心

Diabetes 糖尿病

Diarrhea 腹泻

Diffuse 散播，扩散

Dislocation 脱臼

Displacement 取代，位移

Dorsal 背的，背脊的

Dystrophy 营养失调

Endocrine 内分泌

Entrogastritis 肠胃炎

Enterospasm 肠痉挛

Epidermis 表皮，上皮

Esophagus 食管

Gastralgia 胃痛

Gastroptosis 胃下垂

Gout 痛风

Gynecopathy 妇科病

Hematopoiesis 血细胞生成，造血，血生成Hematuria 血尿症，血尿

Hemorrhage 出血

Hidrorrhea 多汗症，大汗

Hormone 激素

Hypertension 高血压

Intestinal 肠的，肠内的

Laparoscope 腹腔镜

Laryngeal 喉的

Larynx 喉

Lithotripsy 碎石术

Lumber 腰部的

Macula 斑疹，黑点

Mammoplasia 乳腺生长

Marrow 髓，骨髓

Melanin 黑素

Metabolism 新陈代谢

Metastasis 转移 （metastatic，a）

Myalgia 肌痛

Nausea 恶心

Nephromegaly 巨肾 ren/o-

Nevus 痣

Nodule 节结

Obese 肥胖的，肥大的

Obesity 肥胖

Odontolith 牙垢，牙积石

Ophthalmoscopy 检眼镜检查（法）Osteomalacia 骨软化

Parturition 分娩，生产

Pediatrics 小儿科

Pericardicentesis 心包穿刺术

Pneumonectomy 肺切除术

Pyuria 脓尿

Renal 肾脏的，肾的

Rhinitis 鼻炎

Sebum 皮脂

Secretion 分泌，分泌物

Splenopexy 脾固定术

Spondylodynia 脊椎病

Sputum 痰

Stethoscope 听诊器

Subcutaneous 皮下的，皮下用的

Telepathy 心灵感应

Tendon 腱

Thyroid 甲状腺，甲状的

Thyroidgland 甲状腺

Ulcer 溃疡

oculo-

Ultraviolet紫外线的 Vertebral column 脊柱

Urinary 尿的， Visceral 内脏的

Urinary track 尿道 Viscus 内脏 vicera， pl

Vertebral 椎骨的，脊椎的 Vomiting 呕吐

Xanthoderma 黄色皮肤，皮肤变黄

Xeroderma 皮肤干燥症，干皮病

(1) Celtic (凯尔特语) is the earliest language in the British Isles. And Celts (凯尔特人) are

known to be the first persons inhabiting the land.

(2) A language family (语系) is group of languages related through descent from a common

ancestor. English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages (印欧语系).

(3) English is in the Germanic group (日耳曼语族) of languages.

(4) It is from Anglo-Saxon (盎格鲁-撒克逊语) that our present English is originated and derived.

1. Medical terms are largely based upon Greek, Latin and French vocabulary. Nearly 75%

medical vocabulary comes from Greek and Latin, which are the most productive of medical

terminology. One type is the complete words borrowed directly from Greek and Latin. But the

number of this kind is limited. The second type is building elements borrowed from Greek and

Latin, such as affixes and roots which are in great number and resulted in large portion of

derivational words (派生词) in medical English.

2. Changes in word meaning

a， Some words which were used to designate one thing but latter changed to mean

something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer, known as transference

or transfer of meaning. (词义的转移)

b， Specification, also called narrowing of meaning, is a process by which a word of wide

meaning acquires a narrower or more specific sense. (词义的缩小)

C Generalization, also called extension of meaning, is a process by which a word which

originally had a specific meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a

broader and less definite concept. (词义的扩大)

3. Pronunciation of double consonants

At the beginning of a word, the first consonant is silent.

In the middle of a word, the two consonants are pronounced respectively

4. Penultima Rule(“倒数第二音节”重音规则)

(1) The vowel in penultima is a long vowel (长元音) or diphthong (双元音).

lymphoma

(2) The penultima is a closed syllable.

peristalsis

(3) The penultima is open syllable.

palpebral

(4) Suffixes determining the accents

leukocytopenia

.5 Irregular plural forms

appendix 阑尾

corpus 尸体

diagnosis 诊断

appendices / appendixes

corpora

diagnoses

meninx 脑膜

bursa 囊

labium 下唇

lipoma 脂肪瘤

glottis 声门

thorax 胸腔

meninges

bursae

labia

lipomas

glottides

thoraces / thoraxes

6 Triology (一词三式)

Referent Latin Greek

body corpus soma

bowel intestine entero

breath respire pneuma

hand manus cheiro-

kidney ren- nephr/o-

tongue lingua- glossa

vessel vas angio-

7 Movement of morphemes

A prefix must stand at the beginning of a word. (X)

A prefix must stand before a root.

endomyocarditis, myoendocarditis 心肌心内膜炎

dyschondroplasia = chondrodysplasia 软骨发育异常

8 Affixation (词缀法) Backformation (逆生法)

Composition (复合法) Clipping (截短法)

Conversion (转化法) Acronymy (首字母缩略法)

Blending (拼缀法) Analogy (类推法)

(1) Affixation (词缀法)

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational

affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation (派生), by which new words are

derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives (or

derivational words).

Combining vowels are often used if a root is combined with a suffix or another root. A root with

combining vowel is called combining form.

(2)Composition (复合法)

Composition or compounding is a word-forming process where two or more words are joined to

constitute a new word.

Open compound: kidney failure

Hyphenated compound: fat-free

Solid compound: heartbeat

(3). Blending (拼缀法)

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of

another word.

Medichair breathalyzer

(4). Acronymy (首字母缩略法)

Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of a group of words.

Words formed in this way are called acronyms (首字母缩略词), which can be subdivided into

initialisms and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words.

Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.

An acronym is a word pronounced as a normal word.

9 Root, stem and base

Root：form that can’t be further divided

Stem：form without inflectional affixes

Base：form to which all kinds of affixes can be added

free root (自由词根) and bound root (黏着词根)

simple root (简单词根) and compound root (复合词根)

derm/o- nephr/o- lymphaden/o-

10, How to gain a root

Some roots can be gained by changing the spelling of the tails.

cervix (颈，子宫颈) abdomin-: abdominouterotomy 剖腹子宫cervic-: cervicitis 子宫颈炎 切除术

thorax (胸) larynx (喉)

thorac-: thoracentesis 胸腔穿刺术 laryng-: laryngalgia 喉痛

abdomen (腹)

majority of medical prefixes originate from Latin or Greek prepositions.

A larger proportion of prefixes describe spatial relationship.

12, Real suffix (纯后缀) and positional suffix (位置后缀)

Real suffix is the suffix of medical term denoting grammatical category (word class)

Porta 入口 Arteria 动脉

Palatum 腭 Sulfas 硫酸Injectio 注射

Such suffixes as –a, -um, -tio, -us and –as are situated at the tail of words, have no concrete

meaning but designate that the words are nouns.

Different from real suffix, positional suffix has concrete meaning. It is therefore called

quasiroot.

Building elements

cutane-: dermat/o-, derm/o- -poiesis: -lysis

ocul/o-: ophthalm/o- -algia: -dynia

ren/o-: nephr/o- -ectasis: --stenosis

rhin/o-: nas/o- -malacia: -stenosis

dextr/o-: sinistr/o- -desis: -pexis

hyper-: hypo- abdomin/o-: celi/o-, lapar/o-

leuk/o-: melan/o- -blast: -clast

brady-: tachy- spondyl/o-: vertebr/o-

Hetero-: homo- macro: micro-

Writing terms in sentences (initial letters given)

1. In most species, the kidney is both the sensor organ and the major site of erythropoietin

production, so chronic r_enal_____ failure is associated with anemia.

2. Pain from l______ strain is exacerbated by bending or lifting and relieved by rest. Pain is

often described as a deep-seated aching that is dull and somewhat diffuse.

3. Achilles t______ rupture is an injury that affects the back of your lower leg. It commonly

occurs in people playing recreational sports.

4. At this clinic, the health worker claimed that the patient suffered from severe diarrhea

because of the i________ bacteria.

5. About 90 percent of skin cancers are caused by long exposure to the u_______ light from

the sun.

Translation (English-Chinese)

(1) Back in the hospital, she still had low sodium(钠) in her blood, but a scan showed diffuse

lung cancer, metastatic to bones and brain.

在医院，她仍血钠过低，但扫描显示她得了弥漫性肺癌，且癌细胞转移到了骨和大脑中了。

(2) Artificial hips, intended to last 15 years or more, need early replacement far more frequently

for reasons like dislocation than because of problems caused by metallic debris (金属碎片).

(3) Some children get the stones, because birth defects (出生缺陷，先天畸形) in the urinary tract

(尿路，尿道) put them at risk for urinary obstruction.

一些儿童得结石病是因为他们先天尿道缺陷使他们处于尿道梗塞的危险。

(4) The body gets most of its vitamin D not from diet but from skin exposed to the ultraviolet B

radiation in sunlight.

人体的内维生素D大多是从暴露在紫外线的皮肤中获得的，而不是从事物中。

(5) Do you have any other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, back pain, dizziness or

headache?

你有任何其他症状吗？如恶心，呕吐，腹泻，腰痛，头晕或头痛。

6) The discovery might lead to a new generation of anti-cancer drugs that prevent tumor cells from

spreading to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.

这一发现可以引导着新一代的抗癌药物，它通过一种转移法可以阻止癌细胞转移到身体其他部位

(7) Your metabolism is the way your body processes everything you eat and drink, converting all

that sugar, protein and fat into energy.

新陈代谢就是机体吸收食物，并把它们转化成糖类，蛋白质，脂肪和能量。

(8) Also known as the laryngeal prominence, the Adam’s apple sits right on top of the thyroid

gland, so the area is fittingly called the thyroid cartilage (软骨).

喉结位于甲状腺顶部，因此这个区域叫甲状软骨

(9) Inflammation calls more immune cells to the wound to help fight infection, along with

collagen (胶原质), a fibrous protein, to help seal the wound shut.

(10) Located near the base of the neck, the thyroid is a large endocrine gland (内分泌腺体) that

produces hormones that help control growth and metabolism.

位于靠近颈底部，甲状腺是一个大的内分泌腺，它靠产生激素来促进生长和新陈代谢。

(11) In their search for relief, many chronic rhinitis sufferers have turned to nasal saline irrigation,

a therapy that uses salty water to flush out the nasal passages.

…许多慢性鼻炎患者转向鼻腔生理盐水冲洗法，它是一种用盐水冲洗鼻腔的一种方法。

(12) Skin color is due to melanin, a pigment produced in the epidermis to protect us from the sun's

potentially cancer-causing ultraviolet rays.

(13) Retinal (视网膜的) vein occlusion is affected by multiple factors, and there are lots of

misunderstanding and disputation on the diagnosis and treatment.

视网膜静脉阻塞受多种因素影响，且在诊断和治疗上存在很多的误解和争议。

(14) Drinking more than one or two alcoholic drinks a day may increase your risk of mouth, throat,

esophageal, liver, and breast cancer.

每天喝一两杯以上的酒精饮料，口腔，咽喉，食道，肝，乳腺癌的风险可能会增加。

(15) You can reduce your chance of dental surgery by having regular checkups, brushing and

flossing, and avoiding sugary foods and beverages.

通过定期检查，刷牙和使用牙线，避免含糖的食物和饮料，可以减少你做牙科手术的几率。

附加

Thorac/o-

Vertebr/o-、spondyl/o- spin/o-脊椎/柱

Hyperglycemia 高血糖 hypertension 高血压

Hyperlipidemia 高血脂 hypotension 低血压

Coronary heart disease

冠心病 myocardial infarction

心肌梗塞

cerebral arteriosclerosis

脑动脉硬化 cerebral hemorrhage

脑出血

cerebral infarction脑梗塞 cirrhosis

肝硬化 renal failure

肾衰竭 diabetes

糖尿病

celi/o-、abdomin/o-、lepar/o- mentra-子宫

Hidr/o- 汗 腹部 oo- 卵子

alb/i- 白色 dent/o-、odont/o- 牙齿 ovari/o- ovary 卵巢

melan/o- 黑色 -crine 分泌 ovariorrhexis 卵巢破裂

cyan/o- 深蓝色 Cyst/o- 囊肿，膀胱 prostat/o- 前列腺

celi/o-、labi/o- 唇 Hyster/o-、uter/o-、metro-、ren/o-、nephr/o-肾

mammo-、mast/o-乳 cerebr/o-头 phleb/o-、ven/o- vein

encephal/o- 大脑 angin/o-咽痛；绞痛

athlete’s foot 香港脚 blisters 水泡

macula 斑点

nodule 节结

papule 丘疹

pruritus 瘙痒

antibacterial 抗菌药