2011年考研英语二真题汇总+阅读中文翻译

2011：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered black and mark A，

B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.

But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly

3 ？

Last month， Howard Schmidt， the nation‘s cyber-czar， offered the federal government a

4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech

5 of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card， all rolled 6 one. The system might use a

smart identity card， or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users

at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to

join， and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those

systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the

government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems

that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.

12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace， with safe “neighborhoods”

and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations

can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of

the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。

Still， the administration‘s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；

others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17

be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts， who worry that

the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet

19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves， in the

same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs‘s board as an outside director in January 2000： a year

later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently

managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was

under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee； how could she have let those

enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？ By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the

board. The position was just taking up too much time， she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful， yet less biased， advisers on a firm‘s

board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere， they presumably have enough

independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky， and the share price is

falling， outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own

crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms

and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked

which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing

a board was age， so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors

under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure， the probability that the company

will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being

named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases， and the stock is likely to perform worse.

The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and

subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive， it does not mean that such directors are

always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier， smaller firms for

larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to

their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks， even if a review of history shows

they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside

directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will

follow the example of Ms. Simmons， once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1， Ms. Simmons was criticized for .

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director‘s surprise

departure， the firm is likely to .

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author‘s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？ A year ago the end seemed near. The

recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.

Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America‘s

Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they

become charitable corporations？ Should the state subsidize them ？ It will hold another

meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged

off the recession. Even American newspapers， which inhabit the most troubled come of the

global industry， have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins

that were routine a few years ago， but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The

American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.

Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery

to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and， sadly for many

journalists， they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses， with a healthier mix of revenues from

readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.

Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008， according to the Organization for

Economic Cooperation Development （OECD）。 In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not

surprisingly， Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody， but much of the damage

has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have

gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.

Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper

business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” （Lines 3-4， Para. 1）， the author

indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts， Japanese newspapers are much more stable

because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business？

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .

[A]American Newspapers： Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers： Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers： A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers： A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity

and growth， with soldiers returning home by the millions， going off to college on the G. I. Bill

and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses， it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could

truly be more. During the Depression and the war， Americans had learned to live with less， and

that restraint， in combination with the postwar confidence in the future， made small， efficient

housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase

“less is more” was actually first popularized by a German， the architect Ludwig Mies van der

Rohe， who like other people associated with the Bauhaus， a school of design， emigrated to the

United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous

influence on the course of American architecture， but none more so that Mies.

Mies‘s signature phrase means that less decoration， properly organized， has more impact

that a lot. Elegance， he believed， did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，

he employed metal， glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that

in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the

spaces he designed were small and efficient， rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago‘s Lake Shore Drive， for

example， were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older

neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls，

the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings‘ details and proportions， the

architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started

building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading

two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts

Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the

“less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape， new materials and forthright

detailing. In his Case Study House， Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired

helicopters， though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was

both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans‘ .

[A]prosperity and growth

[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？

[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago‘s Lake Shore Drive？

[A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.

[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”？

[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration

[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union make it？ The question would have sounded strange not long ago.

Now even the project‘s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of

debt， population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems， the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core， the 16

countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone‘s economies，

weaker or stronger， will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，

which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe‘s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is

stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers， France and Germany， agree on the need for

greater harmonization within the euro zone， but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and

competitiveness， barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These

might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the

suspension of a country‘s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic

co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club， among whom there is a small

majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour； in the inner core alone， Germany

fears， a small majority favour French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different： “European economic

government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated， that means politicians

intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members， via

cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.

Finally， figures close to the France government have murmured， curo-zone members should

agree to some fiscal and social harmonization： e.g.， curbing competition in corporate-tax rates

or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world‘s largest trading block. At its best， the

European project is remarkably liberal： built around a single market of 27 rich and poor

countries， its internal borders are far more open to goods， capital and labour than any

comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization，

and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU‘s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that .

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.

[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds

[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries

[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries

[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU， the author seems to feel __ __.

[A]pessimistic

[B]desperate

[C]conceited

[D]hopeful

翻译提：Who would have thought that， globally， the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world‘s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions？

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly， then， Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world， packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2， these computers emit a great deal of heat， so the centres need to be well air-conditioned， which uses even more energy.

However， Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and

make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction， but there is much to be done， and not just by big companies.

1——5 ACBDD 6——10 BACCA 11——15 DBACA 16——20 CDACD 21——25 BBDAA 26——30 DBCBB 31——35 BDCDB 36——40 DCBAC 41——45 EDCFG

46.翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。根据你查询正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌搜索引擎会插手0.2-7克的二氧化碳的排放量。要快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌必须用强大和大量的计算机系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。这些计算机在散发大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体。所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备，然而却耗能更多。

露丝西蒙斯加入高盛董事会以外部董事的2000年1月:布朗大学一年后她成为总统。在剩下的十年间,她显然没有吸引很多色情管理这两个角色。但是到2009年底西蒙斯女士因任

职于高盛公司薪酬委员会,她怎么能让这些巨额奖金在不经意间就被发放出去呢?明年2月西蒙斯女士离开了董事会。这个位置只是占用了你太多的时间,她说。

外部董事应该作为有用,却较少怀有偏见的顾问公司董事会。让他们的财富和声誉在其他地方,他们可能有足够的独立不同意首席执行官的建议。如果天空,股价下降,外部董事应该能够基于曾经渡过自身危机提供建议。

来自俄亥俄州立大学的研究人员使用一个数据库的帽子覆盖超过10000家公司和64000名不同的董事在1989年和2004年之间。然后,他们只是检查哪些董事曾经从一个委托书。离开董事会的最可能的原因是年龄,所以研究人员集中在那些“意外”由董事失踪70岁。他们源泉,在意外离任后,概率,该公司随后必须重述收入增加了近20%。被任命为联邦集体诉讼案的可能性也会增加,和股票的表现可能会更糟。大公司的效果往往是更大的。虽然他们离开之间的相关性和随后的糟糕表现公司暗示,这并不意味着这样的导演总是跳下一艘正在下沉的船。他们常常“贸易。“离开风险较高,规模较小的公司规模更大、更稳定的公司。

但研究人员认为,外部董事有一段轻松的时间避免打击他们的名声如果他们在利空消息出现之前离开公司,即使回顾历史表明他们在董事会任何不当行为发生的时候。企业想要保持他们的外部董事在困难时期可能要创建激励。否则,外部董事将会效仿西蒙斯女士的例子,再一次校园非常流行。

文本2

报纸的死亡究竟发生了什么变化?一年前末日似乎近在咫尺。经济衰退威胁要删除的广告和读者还没有逃到互联网。《旧金山纪事报》等报纸记载自己的厄运。美国联邦贸易委员会发起了一轮会谈如何拯救报纸。他们应该成为慈善企业?应该政府资助他们?不久将举行另一次会议。但是现在的讨论似乎过时了。

在世界的很多地方有危机的迹象。德国和巴西的报业摆脱经济衰退。甚至美国报纸,居住在最麻烦的全球产业,不仅活了下来,但往往恢复盈利。不是20%的利润率,常规几年前,但是利润。

它没有多少乐趣。一直是通过推动很多报纸记者舷外。美国新闻编辑协会估计,13500年编辑部工作自2007年以来。读者为苗条产品支付更多。有些报纸甚至有胆量拒绝交付给偏远的郊区。然而,这些绝望的措施被证明是正确的,可悲的是很多记者,他们可以进一步推动。

报纸运营日趋平衡,健康的收入来自读者和广告商。美国报纸一直极不寻常的依赖广告。有87%的收入来自广告在2008年,据经济合作发展组织(OECD)。在日本,比例是35%。不足为奇的是,日本报纸更稳定。

旋风席卷新闻编辑室伤害每一个人,但大部分的损害已经集中在地方报纸是最独特的。汽车和电影评论家。所以有科学和一般的商业记者。国外分支机构也被野蛮地剪除。报纸更完整的结果。但是报纸业务完整性不再是一种美德。

文本3

我们倾向于认为二战之后的几十年里的繁荣和增长,数百万士兵回家,去大学gi法案和排队在婚姻机构。

但当它来到他们的房屋,这是一个常识,相信真正可以更少。大萧条和战争期间,美国人学会了俭朴的生活,并且克制,结合战后对未来的信心,使小,积极有效的住房时尚。

经济条件只是一个刺激的高效生活的趋势。“少即是多”一词实际上是由一个德国首先推广的,架构师路德维希·密斯·凡·德·罗,像其它人与包豪斯,一个学校的设计,第二次世界大战前移民到美国

在美国的建筑学校,职务。这些设计师来对美国建筑的过程中产生巨大的影响力,但没有更多这样密斯。

密斯的标志性短语意味着更少的装饰,妥善组织,有更多的影响。优雅,他相信,没有来自富足。像其他现代建筑师,他采用金属、玻璃和夹层wood-materials我们今天认为理所当然的购买,在1940年代象征着未来。密斯的复杂表现掩盖了一个事实,那就是他设计的空间很小,效率,而不是大,经常空无一人。

优雅的公寓大楼密斯建立在芝加哥湖滨道,例如,smaller-two-bedroom 1000平方单位feet-than那些在他们的老邻居沿着城市的黄金海岸。但他们是受欢迎的,因为他们的通风玻璃幕墙,他们提供的视图和典雅的建筑细节和比例,建筑的抽象艺术如此受欢迎。

“少”并不完全是外国的趋势。弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特在1930年代开始建造更温和、高效houses-usually约1200平方feet-than蔓延的两层的设计他在1890年代和20世纪初。

“案例研究公司”委托由加州艺术才华横溢的现代建筑师建筑杂志在1945年和1962年之间被另一个本土的影响“少即是多”的趋势。来自景观美学效果,新材料和直率的详细说明。日常生活在他的案例研究中,拉尔夫- - -一些美国家庭获得直升机,尽管大多数终于烘干机,但他相信自给自足是可取的和不可避免的被广泛共享。

文本4

欧盟会吗?早就听起来奇怪不是问题。现在即使是项目最大的啦啦队的大陆面临的“百慕大三角”债务,人口下降和低增长。

以及那些慢性问题,欧盟面临着严重危机的经济核心,使用欧元的16个国家。市场已经失去信心,欧元区经济体,弱或强,总有一天会收敛的纪律共享一个单一货币,否认竞争力成员贬值的快速修复。

然而,讨论如何拯救欧洲的单一货币解体是卡住了。困是因为欧元区的主导力量,法国和德国,同意在欧元区需要更多协调,但不同意关于和声。

德国认为欧元采取更严格的规则必须保存在借款支出和竞争力,叫为政府不遵守方面。这些可能包括威胁冻结欧盟基金为贫困地区和欧盟大型项目,甚至暂停一个国家在部长级会议上的投票权。经济合作欧盟的27个成员国都应该参与俱乐部,其中有一个小多数为自由市场的自由主义和经济严谨;仅在内核,德国的恐惧,一个微弱多数支持法国的干扰。

“南部”阵营为首的法国想要不同的东西:“欧洲经济政府”在一个核心欧元区成员国。翻译,这意味着政治家干预货币政策和制度再分配从发达地区向贫困成员,通过廉价的政府借债来或完整的财政转移。最后,接近法国政府人物咕哝着curo-zone成员应该同意一些财政和社会协调:如公司税率或劳动力成本,遏制竞争。

欧盟还为时过早注销。它仍然是世界上最大的贸易集团。最好的欧洲项目非常自由:建立在27个富裕国家和贫穷国家的单一市场,其内部边界更开放,商品、资本和劳动力比任何可比交易领域。这是一个雄心勃勃的试图冲全球化的最边缘,并使资本主义良性。