研究生学术英语翻译4

Writing a literature review

撰写文献综述

A literature review is a very important part of the research may be a self-contained

review or a part of the introduction to an academic either case,its purpose is to

demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being ,your literature review

must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own

research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.A good

literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present

study is based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field.

Before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you

read:

文献综述是研究项目的一个重要组成部分。它可以是一个独立的综述或是一个学术论文引言的一部分。在每一种情况下，它的目的都是表明对所研究的课题有一个清晰的认识。即你的文献综述必须告诉大家对这一主题已经做了什么，不同的学者是怎么说自己的研究的，什么结果是已经发表的 ，和什么地方是有争议存在的。一个好的文献综述可以提高你的研究的可信性通过表明你目前的研究是基于在该领域已被报道的知识的全面的，批判的了解。

在写作之前，关键的是，关于你读的每一本书或文章，你必须问这样的问题：

.Is the problem clearly defined?Is its significance clearly established?

.Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an

another theory?

.Is the author’s research orientation(ptive,critical,empirical)appropriate?

.Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the

research(logical,developmental,cognitive,feminist)?

.Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?Does the author include

literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?

.How reliable are the basic components of the study

design(tion,variables,outcome)?How accurate and valid are the methods used?Is the

analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?Are the conclusions validly

based upon the data and analysis?

Does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?Is

there an objective basis to the reasoning?

In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of the problem under

study，and in what ways is it useful for practice?What are the strengths and limitations?

While writing your literature review,it is important for you to take the following tips:

.indicate the objective of the literature review;

.search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;

.read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literature contributes most

to your topic;

.discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;

.describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;

.organize your review in a logical order( in support of the topic,those against it,those

offering alternatives);

.explain if possible their similarities and differences;

.Identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;

.indicate the way forward for further research.

问题被明确地定义了吗？它的重要性被清楚地认识到了吗？

从另一个角度或另一个理论，可以更有效地接近这个问题吗？

作者的研究方向（e.g.分类，批判，实证）合适吗？

有一个理论框架，并适当研究吗（如，心理的、发育、认知、女权主义）？

作者评估了文献相关的问题/争论吗？作者包括文献是否有一个立场，她或他不同意某些？

本研究设计的基本成分是如何可靠（例如人口、变量、结果）？方法是如何准确和有效的使用的？分析数据是否是准确的并与研究问题是相关的？根据数据分析得出的结论是有效的吗？

作者是否避免使用片面的例子，或在修辞学上可能引起激烈反应的语言和语调？是否有客观的依据？这本书或文章是以什么方式帮助你理解所研究的问题，又是以什么方式对实用有益？它的优势和局限性是什么？

在写你的文献综述时，采取以下建议是重要的：

指出文献综述的目的；

搜索已研究的与主题相关的材料；

仔细批判性地阅读材料，然后再确定哪些文献对你的主题最有益；

以批判性地讨论每一篇文章的调查结果和结论；

考虑后描述每项工作与其他工作之间的关系；

按逻辑顺序组织你的评论（哪些支持主题，哪些反对它，哪些提供替代品）；

如果可能的话，解释他们的相似性和差异性；

找出文献中可进一步研究的空白，或指出进一步的探索是什么；

指明了进一步研究的方向。

Writing a self-contained literature review

写一个独立的文献综述

There are two types of literature is an independent,self-contained report,and the

other is a part of an academic essay.A self-contained literature review reports the past research

activities on the topic being investigated,especially their studies and some extent the

literature review itself is an it should be written in detail,including the methods

apart from findings and steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the

followings：

有两种类型的文献综述，一是独立的，自足的报告，二是作为其他学术文章的一部分。一个独立的文献综述报告之前话题被研究的研究活动，特别是他们的工作和发现。在某种程度上，文学综述本身就是一篇文章。因此应该详细地介绍，除了调查结果和结论还要包括方法。写一个独立的文献综述的步骤如下：

1）write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;

2）Combine the summaries logically,by using connective phrases or sentences;

3）Write an introductory paragraph,including the definition of the topic and its background

information;

4）Make your comments,if necessary,on the past studies.

1）为你已经为你的文献综述收集的每一篇文章写一个总结；

2）通过使用连接短语或句子将总结符合逻辑地结合起来；

3）写一篇介绍性的段落，包括主题的定义和它的背景信息；

4）如果有必要的话，基于过去的研究中提出你的意见。

Writing a literature review as a part of an essay

写作为论文的一部分的文献综述

Unlike a self-contained literature review,a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere

combination of summaries of material choice of previous research and even ideas

and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to

answer in your other words,you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas

and findings in the previous important is that such a literature review should

contain your critical comments on the previous studies,especially their weakness or limitations so

that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a

literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literature

review,introducing the main findings of each work only.

不像一个独立的文献综述，是一篇文章的一部分的文献综述，不仅仅是一个材料来源的组合的总结。对之前的文章的研究甚至想法和结果的选择完全是基于你想在你的文章回答的研究问题。换句话说，你应该避免以前的文章中包括你的文献综述的所有想法和发现。最重要的是，这样的一个文献综述应包含您对前人研究的批判性评论，尤其是他们的弱点和局限性，因此你的研究会更有理性和意义而不是重复。作为一篇文章的一部分的文献综述短于一个独立的文献综述，只是介绍了每个工作的主要结果。

Citation

引用

Citation,the way to use sources,is a major part of a literature review and is also frequently used in

supporting your are two is quoting(copying the exact words of

the author)and the other is paraphrasing(rewriting what the writer said in your own

words).Though both are possible and acceptable,paraphrasing is much more common than

quoting in academic copying is not strongly recommended unless the writer’s

words are is often the case with strongly stated definition or opinions.

Citation consists of two parts：i)citation of the content and ii)documentation of its the

following paragraph,for example,names of the authors and dates in parentheses are the in-text

documentation and the rest is the content of citation.

引用，使用资源的方式，是文献综述的重要组成部分，也经常被用来支持你的论点。有两种方法：一是复制（复制作者的原话）和其他释义（用你自己的话重复的作家所说的）。虽然两者都是可能的可接受的，在学术写作中释义远比复制的更常见。直接复制是不强烈推荐除非作家的话是特殊的。这种情况往往是强烈表示定义或意见。

引用由两部分组成：一）引用的内容和二）资源的文献来源。在下面的段落中，比如，作者的名字和括号中的日期是在文本文档中，其余部分是引文的内容。

Several detrimental effects of GM crops has been showed on the metabolism of

hazard of genetically modified organisms(GMO)was shown for animals and the environment in

many investigations(Traavik 1995;Ho and Tappeser 1997;Pusztai 1999 and 2001;Kuznetcov et

al.2004 and others).

转基因作物已经表现出对动物的代谢有不利影响。许多调查表明转基因生物（GMO）危害了动物和环境(Traavik 1995;Ho and Tappeser 1997;Pusztai 1999 and 2001;Kuznetcov et al.2004

and others).

There are different citation patterns for both quoting and note the differences

between them.

Direct quotations should only be used when you feel the idea is so important that the paraphrase

of it will lose its so,you have to think carefully before you include a long quote in

your the case where you want to quote more than two sentences,you have to write the

quote as indented text(see quoting the original 4),so that it clearly stands out from the body of

your essay.

复制和解释有不同的引用模式。现在，注意它们之间的差异。

直接引用应仅用于当你觉得这个说法是如此的重要以至于对它进行解释的话它将失去其重量。即便如此，你在你的文章中引入一段长的复制前必须要慎重考虑。在你想引用超过两句话这种情况下，你不得不按缩进文本（见引用原来的4）的格式来写复制，如此，它就从你论文的主体中突出出来了。

The verbs most frequently used in paraphrasing

are:show,claim,report,suggest,insist,believe,remark,conclude,state,argue,contend,point

out,interpret,describe,lly speaking,there are two patterns for the tense of verbs used.

在释义中使用最频繁的动词：show,claim,report,suggest,insist,believe,remark,conclude,state,argue,contend,point

out,interpret,describe,ect.总体来说，动词的时态有两种模式。

1)Past tense is used when the researchers is mentioned directly in the sentence.

Kim(1999)showed the necessity of the WTO to improve the processes by which decisions are

made.

2)Present tense or present perfect is used when the researcher is mentioned indirectly in

brackets.

There is a need for the WTO to improve its decision-making processes(Kim 1999).

1）当研究人员在句子中被直接提及时，使用过去时态。

基姆（1999）显示了世贸组织改善其决策的过程的必要性。

2）当研究者在括号内被间接提及时，使用现在时或现在完成时。

世贸组织需要改善其决策过程（基姆1999）。

Documentation

参考文献

Coupled with citation is documentation which means the identification of the source of the ideas

and quotations used in the literature review or/and in your research other words you

have to tell the reader that you used the source and where it came from. Failing to document

your sources,whether intentionally or documenting the documentation includes

the identification not only of the words and sentences you copied but also of the ideas and

information you borrowed.

引用连在一起就是参考文献，这意味着用于文献综述或/你的论文的研究思路和复制的来源。换句话说，你要告诉读者的是，您使用的资源，它是从哪里来的。没有文献的来源，不管是

有意的还是资源的文献。因此文献不仅包括你抄的单词和句子，也包括你借的想法和信息。

In-text documentation,or rather,a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in the text,contains two

parts:i)the last name of the author(s) and ii)the data of their publication in parentheses as shown

in the underlined parts of the following passage.

文献的文本格式，或者说，文本的一个简短的括号，包含两个部分：I）的作者（们）的姓名和II）他们发表的数据（括号中）或划线部分。如以下所示：

Several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of

hazard of genetically modified organisms(GMO)was shown for animals and the environment in

many investigations(Traavik 1995;Ho and Tappeser 1997;Pusztail 1999 and 2001;Kuznetcov et

al.2004 and others).

转基因作物已经表现出对动物的代谢有不利影响。许多调查表明转基因生物（GMO）危害了动物和环境(Traavik 1995;Ho and Tappeser 1997;Pusztai 1999 and 2001;Kuznetcov et al.2004

and others).

At the same time Brake and Evenson(2004)analyzing the testis in mice as a sensitive biomonitor

of potential toxic,didn’t find negative effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal,postnatal,puber

talor adult testicular development.

同时 Brake and Evenson(2004)用小鼠睾丸作为潜在的毒性敏感的生物监测的分析，没有发现转基因大豆饲料对胎儿出生后的青年睾丸发育有负面影响，。

Remember:the information in the parenthetical references should be given its accurate and

specific details of the sources in the reference list at the end of your at the following

reference list of the quotes:

记住：在括号中引用的信息应该在你的论文最后的参考文献列表中列出其准确和具体的来源。看看下面的引用参考表：

Avoiding plagiarism

避免剽窃

Writing an academic essay,especially a literature review,involves borrowing source materials from

you do not deal with it correctly,however,it is easy to fall into the trap of

plagiarism,both intentional or rism is kind of theft,referring to the use of

others’ ideas,findings,arguments,data,and words without appropriate citation or

ing to Gibaldi(1999),plagiarism is committed when a person fails to give

appropriate citation and documentation when

1)he/she copies a sentence from the sources;

2)He/she paraphrases another’s argument;

3)He/she present another’s line of thinking.

写学术文章，尤其是文学综述，涉及借用别人的源材料。当你不正确地处理它，但是，就容易陷入抄袭的陷阱，无论是有意或无意的。抄袭是一种盗窃，指在没有适当的引用或参考文献的情况下话使用他人的思想，结果，论点，数据。吉巴尔迪（1999）：抄袭是当一个人没有给予适当的引用和参考文献的时候做了

1）他/她从消息来源中复制了一个句子；

2）他/她复述他人的观点；

3）他/她提出其他人的想法。

Hence,always remember:You must use quotation marks on ANY text taken directly from another

source,even from a course textbook,a lecture,a broadcast,a recording,or from another person’s

unpublished also must document the source even if you indirectly paraphrase another

person’s writings.

因此，永远记住：直接取自另一个源包括一个教材，讲座，广播，录音，或他人未发表的作品的任何文字，你必须使用引号。即使你间接套用他人的作品你也必须有参考文献。

It is wrong to think that there is no need to use the in-text document simply because you

document the sources of the quotes in the reference list at the end of your is also wrong

to think that there is no need to document some ideas or facts simply because everyone knows

where they come from,although it is not necessary to document common knowledge as long as it

is truly known by most people.

只是因为在你的论文后有你引用的资源的参考文献就认为不需要使用参考文献格式这是错误的，因为每个人都知道这些想法或事实是从哪里来的就认为没有必要列出参考文献这也是错误的，虽然只要是被大多数人真正了解它没有必要列出文献的。

Paraphrasing

释义

Paraphrasing is a complete rewriting or is a condensed version of another author’s

work,or putting the author’s words into your own words though you should avoid any

interpretation of the source paraphrasing you should make sure that the words and

structures you use are different as much as possible from the is not enough to change

only a few words such as replacing a few verbs or adjectives with synonyms:This will result in

riate paraphrasing means rewriting with substantial changes in language and

organization.

释义是一个完整的重写或重申过程。是另一个作者的作品的浓缩版，或者把作者的话变成自己的话，虽然你应该避免对源材料的任何解释。释义时你应该确保你使用的词汇和结构与原来的尽可能多的不同。只改变几句话是不可以的，如用同义词替换一些动词或形容词：这将导致剽窃。适当的释义意味着语言和组织方式有实质性的变化的重写。