英语音标发音规则

英语国际音标

音标基础知识

一．音节

⒈什么是音节？

⑴音节通常由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成，也可以由单独一个元音构成。此外，[l]、[m]、[n]在后面没有元音的情况下也可与它前面的辅音构成一个音节。

:Pronouncing American English

一个音节通常是一个含有一个元音和一个或几个辅音的单词的一部分。一般来说，单词中元音的个数决定这个单词音节的个数。

—《美国英语发音词典》

⑵含有元音的音节和若干个辅音音素

①只有一个元音音素（音节核peak）

eye our hour ah

②含有一个元音音素和音节尾（音节核peak+音节尾coda）

am ought ease

③含有一个元音音素、音节首和音节尾（音节首onset+音节核peak+音节尾coda）

run must fill

④含有成音节辅音的音节

辅音+成音节/l、m、n/

bottle people cotton bottom

在像“bottle”这样的词中，非重读音节中根本没有元音，而全是辅音。我们把这样完全由辅音字母构成的音节叫做构成音节的辅音，简称“成音节”。

⒉音节的分类

⑴音节按读音可分为开音节和闭音节。开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节。在开音节中，这个元音字母发字母本身音。

①绝对开音节是指元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，如：we no see sea tea bee

②相对开音节是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母（除r外），最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如：name cake game face time like nice fine five nose home use cute

③闭音节是指元音字母后面有辅音字母（除r外）构成的音节，如：cat on desk not leg

⑵音节按是否重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节。

预备知识

只含有一个音节的单词叫做单音节词；含有两个音节的单词叫做双音节词；含有三个或三个以上音节的单词叫做多音节词。

①重读音节（重音）：在双音节词和多音节词中，有一个音节读得特别重，叫做重读音节，简称“重音”，用“'”来表示，加在重读音节的左上方。有些单词音节较多，除了重音外，还有次重音，用“ˌ”来表示。不重读的音节为非重读音节。单音节词作重读处理，但不标重音符号。

标注单词重音一般规则如下：

5 4 3 2 1

ˌ ___ ___

'___ ___ ___ university[ˌju:nɪ'vɜ:sɪtɪ]

'___ ___ ___ difficult['dɪfɪkəlt]

'___ ___ study['stʌdɪ]

___ good[gʊd]

②重读开音节：以元音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读开音节；

重读闭音节：以辅音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读闭音节。

应用：单词变形。

1

以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词，双写词尾加ing变为现在分词，双写词尾加ed变为过去式和过去分词。

但infer,refer,prefer三个词在变过去式、过去分词、现在分词时双写“r”,是重读开音节双写词尾。

⒊音节的划分

划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。

⑴两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：beat beauty

⑵两个音节相邻处只有一个辅音字母时（除r和字母组合外），如前面是开音节，该辅音字母属于后面；如前面是闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：stu-dent stud-y

⑶两个音节相邻处有两个辅音字母时（除r和字母组合外），一个辅音字母归前一音节，一aaa个归后后一音节。如：run-ner win-ter

⑷两个音节相邻处有字母r时：

①相邻处是rr时，前者属于前面，后者属于后面，且前者按重读闭音节规律发音。如：

mar-ry

②相邻处是“元音字母+r+其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面并按-r音节规律发音。如：

far-ther

③相邻处是“元音字母+r+元音字母”时，r属于前面。r前的元音字母按-re音节规律发音。如：dur-ing['djʊərɪŋ]

⑸不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如：daugh-ter fa-ther tea-cher

移行时：⑴要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture）

⑵单个字母的音节不能单独留在行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）

⑶有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）

上行：...pic- ...u- ...cit- ... picture-

下行： nit ... y... book

（正确） （错误） （错误） （正确）

⒋元音气流不受阻碍，声带振动；辅音气流受阻碍，清辅音声带不振动，浊辅音声带振动。

⒌拼读方法

辅音在前，元音在后，两者要相拼。先发出辅音，然后连续过渡到元音的口形，发出元音的声音，中间不要有停顿。

元音在前，辅音在后，连续发出各自的音。

⒍元音音素和辅音音素：

分类一：

单元音（12个）：

长元音：[i:][ɑ:][ɜ:][u:][ɔ:]

短元音：[ɪ][e][æ][ʌ][ə][ʊ][ɒ]

双元音（8个）：[aɪ][eɪ][ɪə][əʊ][ʊə][aʊ][eə][ɔɪ]

清辅音（11个）：[p][t][k][f][s][θ][ʃ][ts][tʃ][tr][h]

浊辅音（15个）：[b][d][g][v][z][ð][ʒ][dz][dʒ][dr][l][r][m][n][ŋ]

半元音（2个）：[w][j]

分类二：

元音：

前元音：[i:][ɪ][e][æ]

中元音：[ʌ][ə][ɜ:]

后元音：[ɑ:][ɒ][ɔ:][ʊ][u:]

双元音：[eɪ][aɪ][əʊ][aʊ][ɔɪ][ɪə][eə][ʊə]

辅音：

爆破音：[p][b][k][g][t][d][tr][dr]

摩擦音：[f][v][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][θ][ð][ts][dz][r]

2

鼻音：[m][n][ŋ]

（舌）边音：[l]

破擦音：[h][tʃ][dʒ]

半元音：[w][j]

国际音标和英语字母在书写方面的联系

—从音标到字母和字母组合

单元音：

[i:]: ⑴e:he she me we

⑵ea:tea eat meat

⑶ee:see tree see

⑷ei:receive

⑸ey:key

⑹i:police policeman policewoman machine

⑺eo:people

⑻ie:piece field believe thief

[ɪ]: ⑴a:orange cabbage

⑵ay:Sunday holiday

⑶e:begin English pretty cinema

⑷ey:monkey

⑸i:it is in big

⑹y:city very sorry

⑺u:busy

⑻ui:build building

⑼ai:captain

[e]: ⑴a:any many anyone

⑵ai:said

⑶ay:says

⑷e:pen bed yes egg desk

⑸ea:bread head breakfast

⑹u:bury

[æ]:a:bag am and at sad

[ə]:⑴a:along about banana Canana China

⑵e:student open children different

⑶i:holiday April

⑷o:today welcome police

⑸u:minus autumn

⑹er:father mother brother sister

⑺or:doctor forget mirror

⑻ar:sugar

⑼re:metre tired fire

⑽ou:delicious previous

⑾ur:surprise Saturday

⑿our:colour

⒀ure:picture pleasure

⒁oar:cupboard

3

⒂yr:martyr satyr

[ɜ:]:⑴ear:learn earth early heard

⑵er:her term

⑶ir:first girl bird skirt sir third

⑷or:work word world

⑸ur:nurse turn hurt Thursday

⑹yr:myrtle

⑺our:journalist journal

[ʌ]: ⑴o: come none love other

⑵oo:blood flood

⑶ou:touch country enough young

⑷u:bus sun but cut up us

[ɑ:]:⑴a:class banana father after

⑵al:half palm

⑶ar:car far park arm star

⑷au:aunt laugh

⑸ear:heart

[ɒ]:⑴([w])a:want wash watch what

⑵o:hot on not sorry

⑶ou:cough

⑷au:Australia

[ɔ:]:⑴(w)a:water

⑵al:all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall

⑶([w])ar:warm quarter

⑷au:August autumn daughter

⑸aw:draw saw law

⑹oor:door floor

⑺ore:more before

⑻or:or for short sport

⑼ou:bought brought thought

⑽our:four your

⑾awe:awe awed aweless

⑿oar:board blackboard cardboard

⒀o:story

[ʊ]:⑴o:woman wolf

⑵oo:book look good foot

⑶oul:could would should

⑷u:put sugar full push

[u:]:⑴ew:flew grew review Jew

⑵o:do to who

⑶oo:too zoo food pool boot school

⑷ou:soup group through

⑸u:blue glue June

⑹ui:fruit juice

⑺oe:shoe

双元音：

[aɪ]:⑴i:time like nice fine five

⑵y:my by why

⑶i(g):sign high light right

4

⑷ie:die lie tie

[eɪ]:⑴a:name cake game face

⑵ai:rain train wait

⑶ay: day may okay play today

⑷ei:veil vein

⑸ei(gh):eight eighteen eighty

⑹ey:they

⑺ea:great break

[ɔɪ]:⑴oi:oil toilet boil soil

⑵oy:boy toy employee

[aʊ]:⑴ou:out about house blouse

⑵ow:how now cow

[əʊ]:⑴o:go no nose home

⑵ow:show know yellow window

⑶oa:goat boat

⑷ou:shoulder though

⑸oe:woe

[ɪə]:⑴e:zero cereal serious

⑵ea:real really idea cereal

⑶ere:here

⑷ear:ear dear hear near clear

⑸eer:beer deer pioneer

[eə]:⑴air:air hair chair

⑵are:care hare parent

⑶ear:pear wear bear

⑷ere:there where

⑸eir:their theirs

⑹a:Mary

[ʊə]:⑴ure:sure

⑵oor:poor

⑶our:tour

辅音：

清辅成对辅音：

[p]-[b] [t]-[d] [k]-[g] [f]-[v] [s]-[z] [θ]-[ð] [ʃ]-[ʒ] [ts]-[dz]

[tʃ]-[dʒ] [tr]-[dr]

清音浊化：清辅音[p][t][k][tr]等在[s]后重读时由送气音变为不完全送气音，即发其浊辅音[b][d][g][dr]，但音标仍写成清辅音。如：sport[spɔ:t]，student['stju:dənt]，

sky[skaɪ], street[stri:t]。但弱读时[s]后的清辅音仍读请辅音，不读相对的浊辅音。

如：hostess ['həʊstɪs]。

[p]:⑴p:pen map help cheap pencil paper

⑵pp:apple happy appear

[b]:⑴b:bag by bed boy bus blue

⑵bb:rabbit cabbage

[t]:⑴t:ten time not get table

⑵tt:bottle bottom little pretty

⑶ed:watched washed cooked helped danced

5

[d]:⑴d:desk door day dog

⑵dd:add daddy middle

⑶ed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried

[k]:⑴c:cat come cut clock cry picture bloc

⑵cc: occasion according occupy acclaim

⑶ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach

⑷k:book bike cake kite Kate look

⑸ck:black duck clock jacket cock

⑹q:Iraq coq

⑺que:unique technique

[g]:⑴g:go girl big get

⑵gg:egg bigger biggest

⑶gu:guess

⑷gue:dialogue

⑸gh:ghyll ghost

[f]:⑴f:five fish fine family fifteen

⑵ph:photo phone elephant photograph

⑶gh:laugh enough

⑷ff:off coffee

[v]:⑴v:very five have

⑵f:of

[s]:⑴c:nice city cycle

⑵s:sit six some bus use us desk books

⑶ss:miss class glass grass

⑷sc:science scene

⑸ps:psalm psywar

[z]:⑴s:is his please music lose husband apples

⑵es:leaves thieves knives wives

⑶z:zoo zero

⑷zz:buzz

[θ]:th:three thank month thin

[ð]:⑴th:this the with than

⑵the:breathe soythe

[ʃ]:⑴sh:she shoe short shop wash

⑵s:sure Asia

⑶c:

special sufficient delicious

⑷t:station national patient

⑸ss:Russia profession

⑹ch:machine

[ʒ]:⑴s:usually television pleasure

⑵z:seizure

⑶ge:garage

[ts]:⑴ts:shirts hurts coats costs goats

⑵t’s:Let’s

⑶tes:kites gates dates

⑷zz:pizza

[dz]:⑴ds:beds birds hands friends

⑵des:decides

[tʃ]:⑴ch:chair much lunch China

⑵tch:watch

6

⑶t: picture question

[dʒ]:⑴g(e):age page huge orange

⑵g:gentle gentleman general

⑶dge:bridge porridge judge

⑷j:jump jacket just June Jim

⑸ch:sandwich

[tr]:tr:tree trip try true truth

[dr]:dr:dress drive hundred children

单个辅音：

[h]:⑴h:he her have hand head hair

⑵(w)h:who whom whose

[l]:⑴l:let look please lake people

⑵ll:tell full till bell

⑶(t)l(e):whistle

[r]:⑴r:red right three

⑵rr:sorry worry hurry carry carrot

⑶(w)r:write wrong

[m]:⑴m:man meat meet time

⑵mm:common communicate

⑶m(b):climb lamb

⑷m(n):autumn

[n]:⑴n:name nice nine near under

⑵(k)n:know knife

⑶nn:Ann

⑷(m)n:mnemonics

[ŋ]:⑴ng:sing long young morning

⑵n(k):thank think ink pink

⑶n(g):English

[w]:⑴w:we window work walk

⑵w(h):what why where white

[j]:⑴y:yes you year yellow

⑵j:Jensen ja hallelujah jaap

⑶i:onion review million billion brilliant behaviour

⑷e:Europe

国际音标和英语字母在读音方面的联系

—从字母和字母组合到音标

Ⅰ.元音字母a及a+其他字母的读音

a在重读开音节中读[eɪ]：name cake game face

a在重读闭音节中读[æ]：bag am and at sad

a在辅音字母s,th,f,n,ph前读[ɑ:]：class fast grasp ask father after dance

graph

a在[w]后读[ɒ]或[ɔ:]：want what water[wɔ:tə]

a在ny前读[e]：any many

a弱读时读[ə]：along about banana Canana China

7

a在非重读音节中读[ɪ]：orange cabbage

a读[eə]：Mary

ai读[eɪ]：rain train wait

ai读[ɪ]：captain

ai读[e]：said

ay读[eɪ]：day may okay play today

ay弱读读[ɪ]：Sunday holiday

ay读[e]：says

air读[eə]：air hair chair

al在多数辅音字母前读[ɔ:]（f,m除外）：all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall

wall

al还读[ɔ:l]（特别当后面不是k,f,m时）：also salt

al在辅音字母f,m前读[ɑ:]：half palm

ar在重读音节中读[ɑ:]：:car far park arm star

ar在[w]后读[ɔ:]：warm quarter

ar弱读读[ə]：sugar

are读[eə]：care hare parent

ass在重读音节中读[ɑ:s]：class glass grass pass

au在重读音节中读[ɔ:]：August autumn daughter

au读[ɒ]：Australia

au还读作[ɑ:]：aunt laugh

aw在重读音节中读[ɔ:]：draw saw law

awe读[ɔ:]：awe awed aweless

Ⅱ.

元音字母e及e+其他字母的读音

e在重读开音节中读[i:]：he she me we

e在重读闭音节中读[e]：pen bed yes egg desk

e在非重读音节中读[ɪ]：begin English pretty cinema

e弱读读[ə]：student open children different

e读[ɪə]：zero cereal serious

e读[j]：Europe

ea在重读音节中读[i:]：tea eat meat

ea读[e]：bread head breakfast

ea读[eɪ]：great break

8

ea读[ɪə]：real really idea cereal

ear读[ɜ:]：learn earth early heard

ear读[eə]：pear wear bear

ear读[ɪə]：ear dear hear near clear

ear读[ɑ:]：heart

ed在大部分清辅音后读[t]（[t]除外）：watched washed cooked helped

danced

ed在元音和浊辅音后读[d]([d]除外)：played cleaned climbed answered

arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried

ed在[t][d]后读[ɪd]：wanted needed

ee在重读音节中读[i:]：see tree see

eer读[ɪə]：beer deer pioneer

ei读[i:]：receive

ei读[eɪ]：veil vein

ei在gh前读[eɪ]：eight eighteen eighty

eir读[eə]：their theirs

eo读[i:]：people

er在重读闭音节中读[ɜ:]：her term

er在非重读音节中读[ə]：father mother brother sister

ere读[ɪə]：here

ere读[eə]：there where

es在浊辅音（[ʃ][ʒ][dʒ]除外）及元音后，es发[z]：leaves thieves knives wives

potatoes tomatoes heroes Negroes goes does families stories

es在[s][z][ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]后读[ɪz]：buses blouses dishes garages watches

oranges

ew读[ju:]：new newspaper review

ew在l,r,j后读[u:]：flew grew Jew

ex读[eks]：exercise exit

ex读[ɪks]：excle expensive extinct

ex读[ɪgz]：exam examination exactly

ey读[i:]：key

ey读[ɪ]：monkey valley

ey读[eɪ]：they

Ⅲ. 元音字母i及i+其他字母的读音

9

i在重读开音节中读[aɪ]：time like rice

i在重读闭音节中读[ɪ]：big six sit

i读[i:]：police policeman policewoman machine

i弱读读[ə]：holiday April

i在非重读音节中读[ɪ]：taxi

i读[j]：onion review million billion brilliant behaviour

i在元音字母a,e,o前读[aɪ]：dialogue quiet pioneer

i在g前读[aɪ]：sign high light right

i在nd前读[aɪ]：find behind

i在ld前读[aɪ]：child

i在re前读[aɪ]：fire tired retire

ie在重读音节中辅音字母前读[i:]：piece field believe thief

ie在重读音节词词尾读[aɪ]：lie die

ir在重读音节中读[ɜ:]：bird girl first

Ⅳ.元音字母o及o+其他字母的读音

o在重读开音节中读[əʊ]：go no nose home

o在辅音字母st,ld前读[əʊ]：post old

o在重读闭音节中读[ɒ]：hot on not sorry

o读[ɔ:]：story

o在辅音字母m,n,v和th前读[ʌ]：come none love other

o读[u:]：do to who

o在w后读[ʊ]：woman wolf

o在非重读音节中读[ə]：today policeman

oa在重读音节中读[əʊ]：boat coat

oar读[ɔ:]：board blackboard cardboard

oar读[ə]：cupboard

oe读[əʊ]：woe

oe读[u:]：shoe

oi读[ɔɪ]：oil toilet boil soil

oo一般读[u:]：too zoo food pool boot school

oo在d,k和少数t前读[ʊ]：book look good foot

oo读[ʌ]：blood flood

oor读[ɔ:]：door floor

oor读[ʊə]：poor

10

or在重读音节中读[ɔ:]：or for short sport

or在[w]后读[ɜ:]：work word world

or读[ə]：doctor forget mirror

ore读[ɔ:]：more before

ou在多数情况下读[aʊ]：out about house blouse

ou在ght前读[ɔ:]：bought brought thought

ou读[ʌ]：touch country enough young

ou读[u:]：soup group through

ou读[əʊ]：shoulder though

ou读[ɒ]：cough

ou读[ə]：delicious previous

oul读[ʊ]：could would should

our读[ɔ:]：four your

our读[ɜ:]：journalist journal

our读[ə]：colour

our读[ʊə]：tour

our读[aʊə]：our hour

ow读[aʊ]：how now cow

ow读[əʊ]：show know yellow window

owe或ower读[aʊə]：towel flower

oy读[ɔɪ]：boy toy employee

Ⅴ. 元音字母u及u+其他字母的读音

u在重读开音节中读[ju:]：student Tuesday

u在重读闭音节中读[ʌ]：bus sun but cut up us

u处于开音节位置，又在辅音字母j,l,r,s后读[u:]：June fluency February Sue

u在重读闭音节中还读[ʊ]：put sugar full push

u在非重读音节中读[ə]：minus autumn

u读[ɪ]：busy minute

u读[e]：bury

ui读[ju:]或[jʊɪ,ju:ɪ]：suit suicide

l,r,j+ui时，ui读作[u:]或[ʊɪ,u:ɪ]：sluise fruit juice fluid ruin

ui读[ɪ]：build building

ur在重读音节中读[ɜ:]：nurse turn hurt Thursday

ur读[ə]：surprise Saturday

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ure读[ʊə]：sure

ure在非重读音节中读[ə]：picture pleasure

ure在重读音节中读[jʊə]：cure

Ⅵ.21个辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音

b读[b]：bag by bed boy bus blue

bt,mb在词尾时，b不发音：debt climb comb

bb读[b]：rabbit cabbage

c在字母e,i,y前读[s]：nice city cycle

应用：字母c后有e或i时，c发[s]，为保持发音不变，而加k，后加ing变现在分词，加ed变过去式和过去分词。高中阶段常见的几个词：picnic（野餐）、

mimic（模仿）、traffic（交易、买卖）、panic（使恐慌；使惊慌失措）

c在字母a,o,u,l,r,t前或在音节末尾读[k]：cat come cut clock cry picture bloc

c+ia,ie,io时，c读[ʃ]：special sufficient delicious

cc+a,o,u或l时，cc读[k]：occasion according occupy acclaim

cc+e,i时，cc读[ks]：accept accident

ch读[tʃ]：chair much lunch China

ch读[k]：school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach

ch读[ʃ]：machine

ch读[dʒ]：sandwich

ck读[k]：black duck clock jacket cock

d读[d]：desk door day dog

dd读[d]：add daddy middle

dge读[dʒ]：bridge porridge judge

dr读[dr]：dress drive hundred children

ds读[dz]：beds birds hands friends

des读[dz]：decides

f读[f]：five fish fine family fifteen

f读[v]：of

ff读[f]：off coffee

ften读[fən]：often

g读[g]：go girl big get

g在e前读[dʒ]：age page huge orange

g读[dʒ]：gentle gentleman general

gg读[g]：egg bigger biggest

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ge读[ʒ]：garage

gh在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不发音：right eight straight bought daughter

gh读[f]：laugh enough

gh在词首时，读[g]：ghyll ghost

gn,gm在词尾时，g常无声：sign phlegm

gu在词首读[g]：guess

gu在词中读[gw]：language

gue在词尾读[g]：dialogue

h读[h]：he her have hand head hair

h不发音：hour

wh读[w]：what why where white

wh在o前读[h]：who whom whose

gh在词首时，h不发音：ghyll ghost

j读[dʒ]：jump jacket just June Jim

j读[j]：Jensen ja hallelujah jaap

k读[k]：book bike cake kite Kate look

kn在词首时，k不发音：know knife

l读[l]：let look please lake people

ll读[l]：tell full till bell

m读[m]：man meat meet time

mb在词尾时，读[m]，b常无声：climb comb

mm读[m]：common

mn在词首读[n]：mnemonics

mn在词中时，读[mn]：columnist

mn在词尾时，n常无声：autumn column

n读[n]：name nice nine near under

n在[k][g]前读[ŋ]：pink English

n在k后读[n]：know knife

n在m后读[n]：mnemonics

nn读[n]：Ann

ng在词尾读[ŋ]：sing long young morning

ng在词中读[ŋg]：English finger

nk读[ŋk]：thank think ink pink

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p读[p]：pen map help cheap pencil paper

pp读[p]：apple happy appear

ph读[f]：photo phone elephant photograph

ps在词首时，p常不发音：psalm psywar

q读[k]：Iraq coq

qu在词首读[kw]：queen quick

que在词尾读[k]：unique technique

r读[r]：red right three

rr读[r]：sorry worry hurry carry carrot

wr读[r]：write wrong

s在词首读[s]：sit six some

s在清辅音后读[s]：books likes

s在浊辅音和元音后读[z]：apples windows

s读[z]（尤其是在两个元音字母之间）：his is please music

元音字母+s+无音e：①n.,adj.读[s]：base use

②v.读[z]：lose use

词中的s,其后跟清辅音字母时，s读[s],其后跟浊辅音字母时，s读[z]：desk

husband

s读[ʃ]：sure Asia

s读[ʒ]：usually television pleasure

sion读[ʒən]：television decision

sten读[sən]：listen

stle读[stl]：whistle

sure读[ʒə]：pleasure

sc+i,e,y读[s]：science scene scythe

sc+a,o,u读[sk]：scarf score scud

ss读[s]：miss class glass grass

ss读[ʃ]：Russia profession

ssion读[ʃən]：expression

sh读[ʃ]：she shoe short shop wash

t读[t]：ten time not get table

t读[tʃ]:picture question

tch读[tʃ]:watch

t+ia,ie时，t读[ʃ]：martial patient

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sten,ften,stle中，t无声：listen often whistle

tes读[ts]：kites gates dates

tt读[t]：bottle bottom little pretty

tion读[ʃən]：station national patient

[s]+tion时读[tʃən]：question

th读[θ]：three thank month thin

th在pron.,art.,prep.,conj.中读[ð]：this the with than

词尾the读[ð]：breathe soythe

词尾ther读[ðə]：father mother brother sister

tr读[tr]：tree trip try true truth

ts读[ts]：shirts hurts coats costs goats

t’s读[ts]：Let’s

ture读[tʃə]：picture

v读[v]：very five have

w读[w]：we window work walk

w不发音：two

wh读[w]：what why where white

wh在o前读[h]：who whom whose

wr在词首读[r]，w无声：write wrong

x读[ks]：box six excuse next

x读[gz]：exam exact example

y在重读开音节中读[aɪ]：my by why

y在重读闭音节中读[ɪ]：city very sorry

y在词首读[j]：yes you year yellow

yr读[ɜ:]：myrtle

yr读[aɪə]：martyr satyr

yre读[ə]：tyre byre

z读[z]：zoo zero

z读[ʒ]：seizure

zz读[z]：buzz

zz读[ts]：pizza

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