英语翻译63594

Passage 1

Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying

the fundamentals(基础) of modern Western philosophy. He is a

mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical

writers, especially the writing of his most famous student Plate。 Socrates

has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics。 His

method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method， by asking and

answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas

remains commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions. He also

make important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(认知论）and logic， and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a

strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed。 Socrates was

the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy。 His fame

was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household

word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no

school, and founded no sect(宗派）。

苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述,尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他.苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点.该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用.他还在认识论和逻辑领域做出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的

影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚持基础.苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。

Passage 2

Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December

25 by millions of people around the world. It commemorates（纪念) the

birth of Jesus Christ。 The festival dated from as early as 336 AD。

Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular（非宗教的)

celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christmas。

Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday

around the world. Christmas customs differ in different countries。

Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas

cards and gifts， Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of

various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special

meal preparation。 To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and

surprise. Legend（传说) has it that Santa Claus will enter each house

through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on

Christmas Eve。 Because gift—giving and many other aspects of the

Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christmas and

non—Christians, the holiday has also become a signification event and a

key sales period for businesses.

圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日.它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰.该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今,圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝.不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞节包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐.对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。

Passage 3

The London Underground is a rapid transit（交通运输系统) system in the

United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London。 The

underground system is also known as the Tube， due to the characteristic

shape of the subway tunnels。 It all started in the mid-1800s. The Tube

was the world’s first underground train system, with the first section

opening in 1863。 Since then it has grown to an underground

masterpiece(杰作） of 12 lines， 275 stations， and over 250 miles of rail

truck， 45％ of which is underground。 It is the fourth largest metro

system in the world in terms of route miles。 It also has one of the largest

numbers of stations. As an affordable and easy way to get around London,

the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as

well as tourists visiting the city on holidays。 The Tube has been an

international icon for London。 The London Underground celebrated its

150 years of operation in 2013， with various events marking the

milestone(里程碑）。

伦敦地铁是英国的一个快速交通运输系统，服务于大伦敦的大部分地区.地铁系统因其他地铁隧道的典型形状也被成为地下管道。伦敦地铁始建于19世纪中期，是世界上最早的地下铁路系统。它的第一段地铁于1863年开始运营。自此，伦敦地铁不断延伸,发展成为一个12条线路、275个车站、铁轨总数长超过250英里的地铁杰作,其中有45％在地下运行。就路线长度而言,它是世界上第四大地铁系统，也是车站数量最多的地铁系统之一。作为一个走遍伦敦的经济便捷的途径，伦敦地铁一向是每天数百万通勤者以及在节假日游历伦敦的游客的首先。伦敦地铁已成为伦敦的一个国际标志。2013年伦敦举办了各种各样的活动,庆祝地铁运营150周年,纪念这一里程碑。

Passage 4

As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco

Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the

Chinese people。 He traveled extensively（广泛地） with his family,

journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295。 He remained in

China for 17 of those years。 His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts

his journeys throughout Asia， giving Europeans their first

comprehensive look into the Far East， including China, India， and

Japan. From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain，

coal, gunpowder, printing， paper money, and silk for the first time. The

wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used

in the late 15th and the 16th centuries during the age of the European

voyages of discovery and conquest(征服）. In the centuries since his death,

Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way

during his lifetime. Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other

adventurers to set off and see the world。

作为通过中国游历亚洲的首批欧洲人之一，马可·波罗可能是中国人最熟知的外国商人和航海家。从1271年到1295年,他和他的家人游历广泛,遍及欧洲和亚洲。期间，他在中国留居了17年。他的著作《马可·波罗游记》描述了他游历亚洲的旅程.让欧洲人首次全面领略了中国、印度和日本在内的远东地区的情况。从他的文字叙述中,西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火药、印刷术、纸币以及丝绸。在15世纪末和16世纪欧洲发现与征服的大航海时代，马可·波罗所记录的大量新的地理信息得到了广泛使用。在他去世后的这几个世纪里，马可·波罗获得了他在有生之年未曾获得的赞誉。马可·波罗的故事鼓舞了其他无数的探险者去踏上征程,发现世界。

Passage 5

The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776BC.

The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and

September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus(宙斯)。 The first

modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece， in 1890. The Olympic

symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing

the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from

throughout the world at the Olympic Games. The Olympic truly took off

as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic

Games were held in Paris. Some 3000 athletes from 44 nations competed

that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony。

The Winter Olympics debuted（问世） that year, including such events as

figure skating, ice hockey， bobsledding and the biathlon。 Eighty years

later， when the 2001 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first

time in more than a century, nearly 11000 athletes from 201 countries

competed， breaking the then record of participating countries。

有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。古代奥运会每四年举办一次，在8月6日与9月19日之间的一个纪念宙斯的宗教节日期间举行。第一届现代奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举办.奥运会的标志由5个大小相同的套环组成，代表着五大洲的联合和来自世界各地运动员的大聚会.奥运会真正腾飞、成为一项国际体育盛会是在1924年之后，即第八届奥运会在巴黎举办之后。这一年,来自44个国家约3000名运动员同场竞技。并第一次在奥运会上增加了闭幕式这一仪式.同年,冬季奥运会首次亮相。比赛项目包括花

样滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季两项运动。80年后，2004年夏季奥运会在相隔一个多世纪后再次在雅典举办，来自201个国家的近11000名运动员展开竞技，创下参赛国数量之最。

Passage 6

Gap year(间隔年) refers to a period of time-not necessarily a year— in

which students take time off and do something other than schooling，

such as travel or work。 The year out is most commonly taken after high

school and before going to university. During this time, a student might

travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承担) a working holiday

abroad。 A new trend is to participate in international education programs

that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange， community

service, and independent study. The practice of taking a year out

developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s. It has grown very popular

among students in the UK, Australia， New Zealand, and Canada. In the

United States， however, the practice of taking a year off remains the

exception(例外). But in recent years, taking a year out has become

slightly more common for Americans. Some 40000 American students

participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20％

since 2006。 Universities such as Princeton University， Harvard

University， Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies

allowing students to defer（延期) admission.

间隔年指的是学生休假不去上学而去旅游或工作等的一段时间，但不

一定是一年.间隔年通常选在高中毕业和进入大学的一段时间.在这段时间里，学生可以旅游、参加志愿者工作或者在国外边打工边度假。一种新潮流是集语言学习、住家、文化交流、社区服务和自主学习于一体的国际教育活动。间隔年的做法于20世纪60年代兴起于英国。它在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大已经变得非常流行。但是在美国,间隔年的做法仍然是个别现象.不过近年来,间隔年对美国人来说变得稍微普遍起来.2013年有大约40000美国学生参加了间隔年活动，比2006年增加了20%。普林斯顿大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院等大学都有明文规定允许学生延迟入学。