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2024年3月9日发(作者:accepted什么意)

英文诗体裁

[一] 诗的格律等知识

一、诗的格律

格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时

轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为

扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“)”

标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:

1.抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加

一个重读音节构成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

So deep / in luve / am I :

And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose

注;art=are;luve=love???bonnie=beautiful???a`=all???gang=go

上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:)-/)-/)-/()-)

2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-)/-)/-)/-

Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night

William Blake: The Tyger

3.抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音

节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格))-/))-/))-

Like a child / from the womb,

Like a ghost / from the tomb,

I arise / and unbuild / it again.

4.扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot:?每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节

构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-))/-))

ˊTouch her not/ˊscornfully,

ˊThink of her?/ˊmournfully.

-- Thomas Hood

5.抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节

再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格)-)/)-)/)-)

下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

Oˊhush thee/ myˊbabie / thyˊsire was / a knight.

在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中

常不遵守规范的格律。

二、诗的押韵

押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。

1.尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。

1.联韵:aabb型。

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song

2)交叉韵:abab型。

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea,

Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar

3)同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。

如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

2.?头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用

/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner

3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。

下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring

三、诗的体式

有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有

的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:

1.十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意

大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,

韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。

后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬

格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund

Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William

Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。

2.打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含

有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以

抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

1) There was a young lady of Nigger

Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;

They returned from the ride

With the lady inside,

And the smile on the face of the tiger.

2) A tutor who taught on the flute

Tried to teach two tooters to toot,

“Is it harder to toot, or

Said the two to the tutor,

To tutor two tooters to toot。”

3.无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。

Across the watery bale , and shout again,

Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,

And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.

Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild

Of jocund din!…

William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy

4.自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,

不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人

Walt&8226;Whitman的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。

四、诗的评判

对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。

堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。

二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展

的大势所趋吧。

再介绍一些英语诗律

一、自由诗

三特征:(1)无韵(2)音数或音步不拘(3)行数参差

二、诗行的长短

1、偶音行

(1)十二音:亚历山大式(alexandrine),源于12世纪《亚历山大故事诗》

(2)十音、八音

2、奇音行

十三音、十一音、九音

3、短行

七、六、五、四、三、二音

4、长短行(此处指有规则的长短行)

*跨行法:一个句子分跨两行或多行(抛词法:只留一个词抛到另一行)

三、音步(foot)

希腊、拉丁语一个长音和一个或两个短音结合,构成音步。法语无长短音,故一个音

算作一步。英国 用重、轻音和希腊长、短音相当。若干音步构成诗行,这叫“步律

(meter)”

普通步律四种(x 表示轻音):

1.轻重律:

(1)淹波律(iambic or iambus):一轻一重律 x a x a x a

(2)阿那贝律(anapest):二轻一重律 x x a x x a x x a

2.重轻律:

(1)特罗凯律(trochee) :一重一轻律 a x a x a x

(2)德提尔律(dactyl):二重一轻 a x x a x x a x x (此处我疑)

*外加律:每行之末有一个多余的“轻音”,则这轻音不算入音步之内

四、韵脚的构成

1、常韵:甲行最后音节里的元音(母音)和乙行最后音节里的元音(母音)完全相同。

如果元音后面带

一两个辅音,则辅音也必须相同。

2、贫韵:不依照正常押韵规矩,押韵处不够谐和。

(1)协音(assonance):只有元音相同,词的收尾辅音不同

(2)协字(alliteration):只有辅音相同,元音不同

3、富韵:非但前一行末一个元音与另一行相同,且那元音前面的辅音也相同。或非但

末一个音节整

个相同,倒数第二个音节的元音也相同。

4、阴阳韵:韵脚只有一个音节叫阳韵,含有两到三个音节,叫阴韵。

5、句首韵

*素诗(blank verse):通常每行十个音,无韵,音步整齐。如莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》,

弥尔顿《失乐园》。

五、韵脚的位置:

1、记韵法:

(1)一首诗分为n段,每段押韵方式和韵脚完全相同,记作 n abab

(2)一首诗分为n段,每段押韵方式相同,韵脚不同,记作*n abab

(3)大写字母表示全行重叠,如AbbaA

(4)大写的R表示每段煞尾的结句

2、随韵:aabb(法文rimes suivies,法诗中古典悲剧里的韵式)

(1)四行随韵:*n aabb

(2)偶体诗:*n aa (英诗五步淹波律偶体称“英雄偶体”)

(3)三随式:*n aaa

3、交韵:abab(法文rimes croisées,西洋诗正则)

(1)双交 abab

*英诗“英雄四行”:四行五步淹波律双交

*法国古代“巴律(Ballade)”:3ababbcbc+bcbc

*terza-rima(《神曲》所用韵式):aba bcb cdc ded ee

4、抱韵:abba(法文rimes enbrassées,十四行诗正则)

5、杂体:

(1)遥韵:隔开不止两句押韵

(2)交随相杂:

*ottava rima 八行诗:abababcc

*rime royal stanza 皇家诗:ababbcc

*Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞式:ababbcbcc

(3)交抱相杂:如ababccb

(4)随抱相杂:如abbccb

(5)交随抱相杂:如ababccdeed

6、叠句(refrain)

*记法:

(1)叠句地方以大写字母为记,如AbbaA

(2)大写字母后面加一撇,表示另一叠句。如ABA’B’BCB’C’…(B和B’韵同,

句子不同)

(3)有时用表示段末的叠句

*叠句最多的诗是“旧法国式(old French forms) ”如:

(1)“回环曲”(rondeau): aabba aabR aabbaR

(2)“小回环”(rondel): Abab baAB ababAB

(3)“伦电”(roundel): abaB bab abaB

(4)“三叠曲”(triolet): ABaAabAB

(5)“村歌”(villanelle): AbA’abA abA’abA abA’abAA’

(6)“潘敦”(pantoum): ABA’B’BCB’C’CDC’D’DED’E’EFE’F’FGF’

G’GBG’A’

*半叠句:后半句相同

7、英诗诗行高低:因韵脚不同而成

商籁(十四行诗)、回环曲可分三层高低,其他无论多少韵,都只能有两层高低。

六、商籁(sonnet十四行诗,发源于意大利)

(一)分段:

a. 4+4+3+3 (意、法)

b. 8+6 (英)

c. 4+4+6

d. 14

(二)音数:

a. 十二音:“亚历山大体”,法国派最常用

b. 英国派:五步淹波律,十音

c. 十一、九、八、七、六、五皆可,只要各行音数相同

(三)韵式:

(1)正式:

前八行:abba abba

后六行:<1>法国派(1) 继承意大利ccd eed

(2)法诗自身ccd ede

<2>英国派(1)弥尔顿式cde cde

(2) 济慈式cdc dcd

(2)正中之变:

abba abba cdc dee abba abba ccd cdc abba abba cdd ccd

abba abba cdd cee abba abba cdc ede abba abba ccd dee

abba abba cdd cdc

(3)变式:

<1>小变(韵脚变,韵式不变)

(1)前八行四个韵脚,如:abba cddc eef ggf abba cddc eef gfg

(2)前八行三个韵脚,如:abba cbbc abba acca abba bccb

(3)前八行两个参差韵脚:abba baab

<2>大变(韵脚、韵式都变)

A. 前八行用交韵

(1)前八行两个韵脚:abab abab

(2)前八行两个参差韵脚:abab baba

(3)前八行三个韵脚:abab acac abab cbcb

(4)前八行四个韵脚:abab cdcd

B. 前八行用随韵

(1) 前八行两个韵脚:aabb aabb

(2) 前八行四个韵脚:aabb ccdd

(4)其他

a. 莎士比亚式:abab cdcd efef gg(前三段三个“英雄四行”,末一段一个“英雄偶

体”)

b.斯宾塞式:abab bcbc cdcd ee(前三段三个“英雄四行”用钩韵interlocked by

rime,末一段一个“

英雄偶体”)

c .西德尼式:abab abab cdcd ee

[二] 英语诗歌的韵律

英语诗歌的韵律dasha英诗节奏(Rhythm)

构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律(metre)。在希腊语中,“metre”这个字是“尺度(标谁)”

的意思。英诗就是根据诗行中的音节和重读节奏作为“尺度(标准)”来计算韵律的。

英诗的特点之一是与其他文体不同的排列格式。各诗行不达到每页页边,每行开始词

首大写。几行成为一节(stanza),不分段落。各行都要讲究一定的音节数量,行末押韵

或不押韵,交错排列。

……音节重读(stressed),非重读(unstressed)。……这就是一种正规的重读形式,在诗

歌中即体现为韵律。研究诗歌韵律规则的科学叫作韵律学(Prosody)。

1.音步(Foot):

英诗中这种重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。一个音步的音节数量可能为两

个或三个音节,但不能少于两个或多于三个音节,而且其中只有一个必须重读。分析

英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步,并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量。这种音

步划分叫scansion。根据一首英诗组成的音步数量,每一诗行一个音步称“单音步”

(monometer);每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);含有三个音步的,

称“三音步”(trimeter);此外还有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步、(pentameter)、六

音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。

Is this | a fast, | to keqp

The lard | or lean

And clean? (Herrick)

2.韵律(Metre): 英诗的韵律是依据音步包含音节的数量及重读音节的位置而加以区

分的。传统英诗的音步有六种:即抑扬格(Lambus)、扬抑格(Trochee)、抑抑扬格

(Anapaest)、扬抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑扬抑格(Amphibrach):

(Anapaest)、扬抑抑格(Dactyl)及抑扬抑格(Amphibrach):

“⌒”非重读音节;“/”重读音节。

涂寿鹏编著 , 《英文诗歌导读》

英诗的韵

英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的内音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类,最常见的有

头韵(Alliteration)、谐元韵(Assonance)和尾韵(Rhyme)。头韵指词首重复,如

great和grew;谐元韵是指词中重读元音重复,如great和fail;尾韵则指词尾音素重

复,如great和bait。但一行诗中可能同时存在多种押韵形式:

The light that lies in women's eyes. --Thomas Moore

这行诗中既有头韵light和lies,谐元韵light、lies、eyes,又有且有尾韵(这种押韵方

式称行中韵middle rhyme)lies和eyes。

英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法(rhyming scheme)。常见有两行转韵

(AABB)、隔行押韵(ABCB)、隔行交互押韵(ABAB)和交错押韵(ABBA)。

(Dasha整理)

英诗体例:

十四行诗(sonnet):过去也曾音译为《商籁诗》。十四行,抑扬格,五音步用作全诗的

形式。首先出现于意大利,16世纪中传入英国,为伊丽莎白时代(伊丽莎白一世在位时

期为1558一1603)文人所宠爱,莎士比亚、斯宾塞及西德尼(sidney)全都写下过著名

的十四行诗。18世纪十四行诗曾受到冷落。但后又被浪漫派诗人济慈、沃兹沃斯等人

所复兴,以后许多诗人也多所采用。英国十四行诗有两种类型:意大利式(Petrarvhan)

及莎士比业式(Shakesperoan)(英国式)。 A.意大利式十四行诗:模仿意大利诗人皮特

拉克(Petrarch)所创的样式,由两部分组成:第一部分八行(TheOctave),由的个四行

诗体(Quatrains)组成,韵脚是abbaabba;第二部分六行(The Sestet),韵脚可有不同

形式。按严格的意大利十四行诗体,在前八行结尾诗意应告一段落,而后六行又转入

新的诗意。 B.莎士比亚式十四行诗:由三个四行诗体组成,韵脚交替进行。最后是

押韵的双行诗体。整个韵脚是ababcdcdefefgg。在莎士比亚式十四行诗中意境一气呵

成,直到最后双行体,为全诗高潮。除莎士比亚外,其他诗人也采用此种形式。

SONNET 21

So is not with me as with that Muse,

Stirr'd by a painted beauty to his verse,

Who heaven itself for ornament doth use

And every fair with his fair doth rehearse,

Making a couplement of proud compare,

With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems.

With April's first-born flowers, and all things rare

That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.

O, let metrue in love, but truly write,

And then believe me, my love is as fair

As any mother's child, though not so bright

As those gold candles fix'd in heaven’s air.

Let them say more that like of hearsay well;

I will not praise that purpose not to sell.

(Shakespaere)

《十四行诗集》第21首

我的诗神①并不像那一位持神

只知运用脂粉涂抹他的诗句,

连苍穹也要搬下来作妆饰品,

罗列每个佳丽去称赞他的佳丽,

用种种浮夸的比喻作成对偶,

把他之太阳、月亮、海陆的瑰宝,

四月的鲜花,和这浩荡的宇宙

蕴藏在它的怀里的一切奇妙。

哦,让我既真心爱,就真心歌唱,

而且,相信我,我的爱可以媲美

任何母亲的儿子,虽然论明亮

比不上挂在天空的金色烛台。

谁喜欢空话,让他尽说个不穷;

我志不在出售,自用不着祷颂。

见《梁宗岱译诗集》,第107页,湖南人民出版社,1983年版。

诗人,下面用男性代词“他”字。

①(原译注)诗神:即

涂寿鹏编著 , 《英文诗歌导读》 , 第38页

哀歌 elegy 为哀悼一位公共活动家、一位友人或所爱的人而写的一种沉思抒情诗;推

而广之,又指悲叹人世无常的、题材更广泛的任何内省性质的抒情诗。在古典文学中,

所谓哀歌只不过用哀歌格律(诗行交替使用扬抑抑格的六音步句和五音步句)写的诗篇,

题材也不限制。在某些现代文学,例如德国文学中,人们使哀歌格律适应于语言,因

此哀歌一词变成只指这种格律,而不是指诗歌的内容。

《简明不列颠百科全书》中国大百科全书出版社1985年版170页

? 超星存其它可参阅的读物(Dasha注:文中许多概念不统一,请注意,以其中英文

的定义为准):

谢祖钧 , 《英语修辞》 , 1988年6月第1版 , 第151-179页

王佐良 丁往道 , 《英语文体学引论》 , 1987年12月第1版 , 第365-385页

陈淑华 , 《英语修辞与翻译(英汉对照)》 , 1990年6月第1版 , 第321-324页

徐鹏 , 《英语辞格》 , 1996年10月第1版 , 第341-450页

梁守涛《英诗格律浅说》商务印书馆1979

Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, Morris

Metrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme

scheme of an English poem.

(作者通篇都是用下面这首简单的小诗来介绍诗歌)

A Stupid Poem

I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man

Whose hat was in his hand.

First, divide the lines into syllables(音节), and count them:

I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And

/ there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)

(诗歌分析的第一步是划分 音节。 对我们这样非英语母语的人可能有点困难。 基本的

方法是一个元音一个音节, 例如 upon是两个音节,another是三个音节。 有的时候

诗人为了强调方言等原因, 会使用省略字, 这种情况就要具体问题具体分析了。 也

有的时候是为了凑音节而省略的)

Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重读)

“Stress” in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.” It has nothing to do with

the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means

stressed(诗歌里的重读,与一个单词本身发音里的重读未必是一回事。 一般来说,重

读的词,都是有实际意义, 在句子中起重要作用的词。 只要听清重读的词,就能够理

解一句话的意思。 比如第一句, 听清了 put/hat/pon/head 这四个字就大致知道说的

是什么, 而只听清楚 I/my/u/my 这四个字的话......)

u / u / u / u /

u / u / u / u / I put my hat upon my head u / u / u / And walked into the strand u / u

/ u / u / And there I met another man u / u / u / Whose hat was in his hand

Notice the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables:

In this poem, there is a repeated pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one

stressed syllable: (在这首诗里面, 总是一个重读的音节跟着一个非重读的音节)

I PUT / my HAT / upON / my HEAD

The smallest unit (always 2 or 3 syllables) of repeated patterned stress is called a

“poetic foot.”(音步? 我译的对吗?) Here, the first foot is “I put” the second

“my hat” and so on.(若干个重读/非重读的音节重复出现,就构成了诗歌里最小的

组成部分 - 音步)

In this idiotic poem, the lines are made up of alternating numbers of “feet:” Line 1

has 4 feet, line 2 has 3 feet, line 3 has 4 feet, and line 4 has 3 feet.(这首诗的音步是

交替的 四音步/三音步)

Here, I’ve indicated the “feet:”

I put * my hat * upon * my head (4 ft.) And walked * into * the strand (3) And

there * I met * anoth*er man (4) Whose hat * was in * his hand (3)

Types of Poetic Feet

u / Iambic (抑扬格) - unstressed, stresssed (u /) - re peat

/ u Trochaic (扬抑格) - (/ u) - un it

u u / Anapestic(抑抑扬格) - (u u /) - in ter cede

/ u u Dactylic(抑扬扬格) - (/ u u) - wash ing ton (这个单词字典上没查到,是我自己

杜撰的)

/ / Spondaic(扬扬格) - (/ /) - heart break

Types of Poetic Lines (Number of Feet)(下面就简单了,学过字根的应该都认识哦。

单音步,二音步,以次类推。)Monometer - 1 foot (e.g. “I put.”) Dimeter - 2 (I

put my hat) Trimeter - 3 (I put my hat upon) Tetrameter - 4 (I put my hat upon my

head) Pentameter - 5 Hexameter - 6 Heptameter - for example, “trochaic

tetrameter(扬抑格四音步)” is a line with 4 feet (8 syllables) with a pattern of

stress-unstress in each foot: (一句题外话, 中文的什么 五音步抑扬格, 除了考试,

还得是中文考试,或者骗骗MM, 一点用处也没有。)

/ u * / u * / u * / u Lovely Morris figures rebates

and, “iambic pentameter” means five feet (10 syllables) with each foot consisting of

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:

u / * u / * u /*u /* u / “Which alters when it alteration finds”

Most of Shakespeare’s verse is “iambic pentameter.” (知道莎翁用的大部分是 五

音步抑扬格,就可以开始骗人喽)

What is the form of the “stupid poem” we have been examining?

u / u / u / u / I put * my hat * upon * my head u / u / u / And walked * into * the

strand u / u / u / u / And there * I met *anoth*er man u / u / u / Whose hat * was

in * his hand.

ANSWER:It is all iambic, with alternating lines of TETRAMETER (4 feet - lines 1 & 3)

and TRIMETER (3 feet - lines 2 & 4). No problem, right?

And now, for something easier--

Rhyme Schemes(韵律安排?)The sound of the last syllable of every line is assigned a

letter, beginning with “a”(韵律划分是诗歌分析的关键。 每一行的最后一个音节是

一个韵律,用字母表示。 第一个韵律是a, 以次类推。 遇到和前面重复的韵律就用和

前面相同的字母标记。)

I put my hat upon my head (a) And walked into the strand (b) And there I met

another man (c) Whose hat was in his hand (b) The rhyme scheme is: a b c b

Stanzas(节)

The combination of rhythm (that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that

is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme (for example, “a b

c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poetic

conventions.(又是一个很重要的概念。 简单的说,一个 rhyme scheme 就可以当作一

个 stanza)

Some of these historically important stanza forms in English poetry are:

Couplets(对句)Any two lines which rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter(couplets

是诗歌最早的形式,压韵即可)

Example of a COUPLET

Candy Is dandy

Heroic Couplet(我找不到准确的译法,好象是英雄双韵体英雄双句体)Two lines which

rhyme (a couplet) which are written in iambic pentameter. The “Heroic Couplet”

was the dominant form of English poetry in the 18th century, and lots of authors

from Chaucer to the present have used this form.

Example of an HEROIC COUPLET英雄双韵体

Say first, of God above, or man below What can we reason, but from what we know?

(from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man )

Quatrains(四行诗)

Any stanza with 4 lines

Candy Is dandy But liquor Is quicker.

Ballad Stanza(???)

A serious example of BALLAD STANZA

The king sits in Dumferline town, Drinking the blood-red wine: “O where will I get a

good sailor To sail this ship of mine?”

from anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens (after 1200)

The Sonnet(十四行诗)

14 lines Iambic pentameter Two main types:

Italian or Petrarchan( 彼特拉克体十四行诗) - Two quatrains plus a “sestet” (6 line

unit) - often abba abba cdecde

A “quatrain” with alternating tetrameter and , the idiotic poem we have

been studying! I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I

met another man Whose hat was in his hand.

English or Shakespearean(莎士比亚体十四行诗) - Three quatrains plus a couplet -

often abab cdcd efef gg

An Italian Sonnet

Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do

begin To mourne and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful

woe. And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate

where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts

of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed

Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad,

Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That

often change doth please a woman’s mind. Wyatt, Divers Doth Use (c. 1540)

A Shakespearean Sonnet

That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few do

hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where

late the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset

fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self

that seals up all the rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire, That on the

ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with

that which it was nourished by. This thou perceiv’st which makes thy love more

strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long. (1609)

Blank Verse(无韵诗)

Unrhymed iambic pentameter Torment, sweet friend, that base and aged man That

durst dissuade me from thy Lucifer, With greatest torments that our hell affords.

Marlowe, Dr. Faustus (1604)

Some other stanzaic forms

Rime royal - 7 lines, iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc Ottava rima - 8 lines

rhyming abababcc Spencerian stanza - 9 lines, rhyming ababbcbcc, first 8 lines

iambic pentameter, line 9 iambic hexameter You don’t need to know these !!!


本文标签: 音步 音节 押韵