字母(组合)发音及音标发音规律

英语音标发音规律的归纳

1 .元音

1) [i:] 发音字母: ee ea e ie ei

①字母组合ee发/i:/音,如:feed see fourteen thirteen fifteen sixteen

seventeen eighteen nineteen knee sheep meet three tree green

②字母组合ea发/i:/音,如:easy sea peach speak clean eat cheap east

leave leaf leaves team season tea teacher please

③字母e发/i:/音,如:people me she he fever email Chinese

④字母组合ie发/i:/音,如:piece field

⑤字母组合ei发/i:/音,如:receive

2) [i] 发音字母i y e

①字母i发/i/音,如:chip instead winner ill biskuit fix animal visit

bit river fifteen still American America finish dirty invent important

printing print practise win finger difficult expensive village in into

stick fantastic ring capital Australia lift invitation his thirty-six

inside miss nothing office sandwich delicious amazing click scissors

history ticket building sit picture it is big build

②字母y发/i/音,如:easy lovely naughty worry twenty fifty thirty

forty sixty seventy eighty ninety dirty bicycle angry only thirsty any

anything every everywhere everyone country heavy stuty carry

1

busy history many happy dictionary

③字母e发/i/音,如:elephant glasses perfect report because reply

delicious return decide before planet

3) [ ] 发音字母a

字母a发/ /音,如:hamburger dragon man taxi Saturday apple

grandparent bad had have angry ran practise happy happen matter clap

fantastic planet at cspital Canada map language back granddad sandwich

carry hand bag and bad black hat can

4) [e] 发音字母:ea e a

①字母组合ea发/e/音,如:instead head headache heavy bread pleasure

②字母e发/e/音,如:get wet careful pet test clever elephant help

helpful twenty them then yes yesterday second vegetable Wednesday seven

seventeen seventy tell American invent went fell medicine every everyone

end when message special west send restaurant sell well men qusetion

sell lesson bed desk yes watermelon

③字母a发/e/音,如:careful air airport any anything parent

grandparent many

5) [ε:] 发音字母:ir ur ear or er

①字母组合ir发/ε:/音,如:bird gir thirteen thirty first dirty

thirsty sir skirt circle

②字母组合ur发/ε:/音,如:hamburger Thurday hurt return turn nurse

③字母组合ear发/ε:/音,如:learn earth heard learnt wear

④字母组合or发/ε:/音,如:work worker word world

⑤字母组合er发/ε:/音,如:perfect nervous hers her serve

6) [ ] 发音字母:er or ou ar o a e u

①字母组合er发/ /音,如:hamburger winner computer clever driver

river tiger write yesterday after paper monster water watermelon finger

matter fever concert father mother sister brother worker teacher writer

player shoulder another theater speaker farme

②字母组合or发/ /音,如:doctor

③字母组合ou发/ /音,如:nervous delicious

④字母组合ar发/ /音,如:dollar

⑤字母o发/ /音,如:London phone second tomorrow potato history

together today

⑥字母a发/ /音,如:woman policeman vegetable American away machine

banane Canada Australia chocolate amazing elephant China Japen

⑦字母e发/ /音,如:quiet grandparent parent different hundred

happen silence broken listen

⑧字母组合ur发/ /音,如:Saturday surprise

⑨字母i发/ /音,如:beatiful April

7) [a:] 发音字母:ar a ear

①字母组合ar发/a:/音,如:hard far card postcard car farm garden

②字母a发/a:/音,如:fast last after dancing glasses glass grass

laugh banana class plant aunt

③字母组合ear发/a:/音,如:heart

8) [∧] 发音字母:u o ou oo

①字母u发/∧/音,如:jump puzzle but plus fun hundred cup cut duck

sun much stuty up lunch bus

②字母o发/∧/音,如:love lovely worry London Monday won one

everyone nothing another come mother dose brother

③字母组合ou发/∧/音,如:young country cousin

④字母组合oo发/∧/音,如:blood flood

9) [ ]发音字母:al or au our ar aw oar oor ou a

①字母组合al发/ /音,如:all also small wall talk tall hall ball

call walk always

②字母组合or发/ /音,如:fork shorts horse more forty wore bored

before for report sport north short airport

③字母组合au发/ /音,如:caught

④字母组合oar发/ /音,如:board roar

⑤字母组合ar发/ /音,如:warm law

⑥字母组合aw发/ /音,如:saw

⑦字母组合our发/ /音,如:four fourteen yours course

⑧字母组合oor发/ /音,如:door floor

⑨字母组合ou发/ /音,如:bought thought

⑩字母a发/ /音,如:water watermelon

10) [ ] 发音字母o a

①字母o发/ /音,如:chopsticks shop cough from clock tomorrow

monster cost concert office borrow chocolate solve of hot lost lot fox

fox not

②字母a发/ /音,如:wash watch Astralia because sausage

11) [u:] 发音字母:oo o u ou ew ui

①字母组合oo发/u:/音,如:soon food tooth toothbrush toothache

shoose too moon room zoo

②字母o发/u:/音,如:who whose to into do two

③字母u发/u:/音,如:rule flute true blue full

④字母组合ou发/u:/音,如:group

⑤字母组合ew发/u:/音,如:drew

⑥字母组合ui发/u:/音,如:fruit juice

12) [u] 发音字母:oo oul u o

①字母组合oo发/u/音,如:look took good book foot

②字母组合oul发/u/音,如:should would could

③字母u发/u/音,如:put full pull

④字母o发/u/音,如:women wolf

13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai ey ei

①字母a发/ei/音,如:make cake game race take April paper ate skate

made came potato space safe amazing name cake late skate ice-skating

②字母组合ay发/ei/音,如:way always may maybe say day Monday

Tuseday Wedneday Thurday Friday Satuiday Sunday play playground player

③字母组合ea发/ei/音,如:break great

④字母组合ai发/ei/音,如:wait email rain paint

⑤字母组合ey发/ei/音,如:they

⑥字母组合ei发/ei/音,如:eight eighteen eighty

14) [ai] 发音字母i y

①字母i发/ai/音,如:knife idea like Friday nice quiet wade high

tiger writer nine nineteen ninety quite find bike bicycle climb

ice-skating ride silence lie China Chinese surprise night time

sometime mine fire line kind fine die hi high night

②字母y发/ai/音,如:shy try why cry reply my eye fly

15) [au] 发音字母:ou ow

①字母组合ou发/au/音,如:mouse loud round mountain thousand proud

south house out

②字母组合ow发/au/音,如:now brown flower down how town

16) [ ] 发音字母o ow oa ou

①字母o发/ /音,如:no cold stone old phone also go over gold only

both potato drove broken hope home

②字母组合ow发/ /音,如:row kown show

③字母组合oa发/ /音,如:boat coat

④字母组合ou发/ /音,如:shoulder

17) [ ] 发音字母:oy oi

①字母组合oy发/ /音,如:boy toy joy

②字母组合oi发/ /音,如:point voice coin choice

18) [ ] 发音字母:eer ear ere ea ie

①字母组合eer发/ /音,如:beer deer

②字母组合ear发/ /音,如:dear year hear near ear

③字母组合ere发/ /音,如:here

④字母组合ea发/ /音,如:idea

⑤字母组合ie发/ /音,如:fierce

19) [ ] 发音字母:ear air ere are

①字母组合ear发/ /音,如:pear bear wear

②字母组合air发/ /音,如:air airport chair pair repair

③字母组合ere发/ /音,如:there where

④字母组合are发/ /音,如:careful share

20) [ ] 发音字母:our oor ure

①字母组合our发/ /音,如:tour tourlist

②字母组合oor发/ /音,如:poor

③字母组合ure发/ /音,如:sure cure

2.辅音

1) [p] 字母p或者字母组合pp发/p/

①字母p发/p/音,如:chopsticks people chips jump shop computer pet

airport plus phone policeman pear peach parent grandparent april paper

print printing cup practise potato perfect cheap upon sheep clap pround

surprise special report space planet capital map postcart playground

reply point player place hope piece paper pen bus

②字母组合pp发/p/音,如:happy happen

2) [b] 字母b或者字母组合bb发/b/

①字母b发/b/音,如:hamburger boat biscuit but bit beauiful

vegetable bike bicycle bought climb break difficult bored before banana

because back both blind borrow broken brown build building busy book big

②字母组合bb发/b/音,如:bubble

3) [t] 字母t或者字母组合tt发/t/

①字母t发/t/音,如:chopsticks fast instead naughty boat late get

wet shorts biscuit computer pet stomach test elephant sport visit taxi

airport Saturday but bit quiet quite twenty tiger writer fruit fourteen

thirteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen at

parent grandparent beautiful yesterday first vegetable last

tomorrow take after Tuesday fifty forty thirty sixty seventy eighty

ninety tell still dirty invent important print printing went great ate

bought ice-skating hurt learnt skate took take monster last practice pue

water watermelon cut matter tooth toothbrush toothache potato wait

difficult perfect cost shout to too two into concert report stick

fantastic meet planet night east west capital postcard restaurant lift

time sometimes invitation skirt point team study flute return sent get

chocilate thought theater history ticket

②字母组合tt发/t/音,如:pretty little kitty

4) [d] 字母d或者字母组合dd发/d/

①字母d发/d/音,如:hard food idea insead feed head headache day

Monday cold loud wide old round hard good grandparent yesterday second

find difficult different dancing dirty had gold made said ride medicine

duck thousand bored field end pround Canada send postcard granddad

playground blind inside bored kind sandwich delicious shoulder hand

build building

②字母组合dd发/d/音,如:add kiddy

5) [k] 发音字母:k c x ch ck

①字母k发/k/音,如:fork make cake lake work worker speak milk take

ice-skating skate took break look skirt kind broken thank think ②字母c发/k/音,如:can biscuit careful clever cold cough clock second America

clean bicycle climb cut difficult perfect cost concert clap class

fantastic country couzin capital Canada because card postcard chocolate

circle

③字母x发/k/音,如:fix fox box

④字母组合ch发/k/音,如:school

⑤字母组合ck发/k/音,如:chopsticks clock duck stick back

6) [g] 字母g或者字母组合gg发/g/

①字母g发/g/音,如:hamburger dragon get game tiger orange good

grandparent granddad go gold angry finger glass glasses grass language

playground get girl give

②字母组合gg发/g/音,如:egg piggy

7) [m] 字母m或者字母组合mm发/m/

①字母m发/m/音,如:hamburger make jump game computer mouse animal

man woman more from may maybe policeman them milk Monday American

important climb mountain made monster came matter machine time sometimes

message meet moon map much

many my mine team miss mom morning come email zmazing men women

room

②字母组合mm发/m/音,如:summer mummy

8) [n] 发音字母:n nn kn gn

①字母n发/n/音,如:instead naughty dragon can win winner stone

animal elephant man woman train nice twenty London no now new round

policeman orange forteen fifteen grandparent then fun second find Monday

nine ninety hundred soon dancing American clean finish learn invent

national important print went mountain only monster ran run won happen

watermelon medicine machine any anything silence expensive thousand

everyone concert Chinese nervous when fantastic sun pianet banana

country Cananda north send restaurant plauground night invitation mine

point blind inside line nothing kind parent return sandwich fine sent

season broken brown hand another on men wamen

②字母组合nn发/n/音,如:sunnny banner

③字母组合kn发/n/音,如;knee knife

④字母组合gn发/n/音,如:gnaw

9) [ ] 发音字母:n ng

①字母n发/ /音,如:angry finger English think thank uncle

②字母ng发/ /音,如:young ice-skating anything something ring

language nothing zmazing building dancing printing sing morning

10) [l] 字母l或者字母组合ll发/l/

①字母l发/l/音,如:people lovely lake careful puzzle clever animal

elephant long always loud plus helpful old London clock lot lots

poleceman apple floor last April clean learn bicycle climb gold only

last watermelon glass glasses class silence difficult wolf look village

field laugh lie clap special planet capital Astralia language leave

leaves play playground life lift reply laugh blind special line should

rule flute player email delicious chocolate shoulder place circle build

building click long world lie

②字母组合ll发/l/音,如:ill all tell still wall fall fell sell well

ball

11) [r] 发音字母:r rr wr

①字母r发/r/音,如:row Friday race from river fruit orange

grandparent granddad tomorrow Apirl American print printing great angly

cry ran run ride grass everyone surpise report restaurant reply return

break broken brown toothbrush read red

②字母组合发/r/音,如:worry carry

③字母组合wr发/r/音,如:write writer

12) [f] 发音字母:f ff gh ph

①字母f发/f/音,如:knife fork fast food feed far fix from future

fruit four fourteen forty fifteen fifty floor find fun first after fall

fell finger fever perfect wolf after field before fanfastic safe fire

fine five fly life

②字母组合ff发/f/音,如:different off difficult

③字母组合gh发/f/音,如:laugh

④字母组合ph发/f/音,如:elephant phone photo

13) [v] 字母v或者字母组合vv发/v/

①字母v发/v/音,如:love lovely visit river seven seventeen seventy

very vegetable invent fever village everyone nervous leaves heavy

invitation drove solve evening over

②字母组合vv发/v/音,如:divvy

14) [s] 发音字母:s ss c ce se

①字母s发/s/音,如:chopsticks chips instead shorts see saw biscuit

stomach stone sea Saturday plus six seven speak say fast second first

last soon still also yeaterday ice-skating skate said monster thirsty

sir silence expensive cost nervous surprise special stick fantastic

space sun east west south Astralia send restaurant sell sometimes inside

safe stuty sausage sandwich delicious sent season solve scissors history

question sit student caps

②字母组合ss发/s/音,如:glass glasses class grass message miss

③字母c发/s/音,如:dancing bicycle medicine concert CD exercise

city

④字母组合ce发/s/音,如:race nice ice-skating silence space office

place piece juice

⑤字母组合se发/s/音,如:mouse horse practise exercicise course

15) [z] 发音字母:z se s zz

①字母z发/z/音,如:amazing zoo zero

②字母组合se发/z/音,如:use glasses choose Chinese surprise because

leaves whose those nose

③字母s发/z/音,如:easy visit always Wednesday Thursday thousand

cousin sometimes yours hers his season busy scissors bags caps dogs

④字母组合zz发/z/音,如:puzzle buzz

16) [ ] 字母组合th发/ /音,如:them then another

17) [ ] 字母组合th发/ /音,如:thirty thirsty thirteen Thursday

tooth toothbrush toothache anything

thousand north south both nothing thought theatre this that these

those think three thank mouth

18) [∫] 发音字母:sh tion s ch c

①字母组合sh发/∫/音,如:short shop shy finish wash shout show

sheep should shoulder toothbrush ship she

②字母组合tion发/∫/音,如:invitation national

③字母s发/∫/音,如:sure

④字母组合ch发/∫/音,如:machine

⑤字母c发/∫/音,如:special delicious

19) [ ] 字母组合ur发/ /音,如:pleasure

20) [h] 发音字母:h wh

①字母h发/h/音,如:如:hard hamburger head headache horse helpful

high hundrend hurt happen heavy hear hand hope history hot home house

how

②字母组合wh发/h/音,如:who whose

21) [w] 发音字母:w wh

①字母w发/w/音,如:wet win winner worry twenty wide work Wednesday

wash wall went away won well water watermelon wait wolf west watch we

②字母组合wh发/w/音,如:why when what where

22) [j] 字母y发/j/音,如:young yesterday year you yours yellow

23) [t∫] 发音字母:ch tch

①字母组合ch发/ t∫/音,如:chopsticks chips peach cheap China

Chinese much chocolate lunch teach teacher

②字母组合tch发/ t∫/音,如:watch catch match

24) [ ] 发音字母:ge j g ch

①字母组合ge发/ /音,如:orange vegetable villiage age message

language sausage

②字母j发/ /音,如:jump joy July June

③字母g发/ /音,如:gym

④字母组合ch发/ /音,如:sandwich

25) [tr] 字母组合tr发/tr/音,如:try train tree Astralia country

26) [dr] 字母组合dr发/dr/音,如:dragon hundred dream drink

27) [ts] 字母组合ts发/ts/音,如:shorts students boats lots

28) [dz] 字母组合ds发/ds/音,如:goods woods

1、英语音标发音表

关于语音的几个概念:

音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.

音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.

元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.

开音节:

1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane

shine

2)辅音+元音he hi go no do be tree three hello

闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head

2)元音+辅音it is of in on up out ant

英语国际音标共48个音素,其中元音音素20个,辅音音素28个。对于初学者来说,若采用集中教学,要学会48个音素的发音并区别开。确实不易。笔者对音标的教学采用了相对集中的方法,即从字母名称教学过渡到部分音标教学。

国际音标(英语语音)

元音

单元音

前元音[i:] [i] [e] []

中元音[] [:] []

后元音[u:] [u] [:] [] [a:]

双元音

合口双元音[ei]

[ai]

[i]

[u]

[au]

集中双元音[i]

[ε]

[u]

辅音爆破音

清辅音[p] [t] [k]

浊辅音[b] [d] [g]

摩擦音清辅音[f] [s] [] [θ] [h]

浊辅音[v] [z] [] []

破擦音清辅音[t] [tr] [ts]

浊辅音[d] [dr] [dz]

(浊辅音) [m]

[n]

[]

舌则音(浊辅音) [l]

[r]

半元音(浊辅音) [w]

[j]

英语语音名词解释:

1.音节

以元音为主体构成的发音单位,一般说来元音发音响亮,可以构成音节,辅音发音不响亮,不能单独构成音节([m] [n] [] [l]例外)。从单词拼写形式上看,有几个元音就有几个音节。

2.音节的划分

①在重读音节和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。

例如:let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter

②在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时,如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音则辅字组属于后面一个音节,如果重读音节里的元音是短音,则辅字组属于重读音节。

例如:长音pa-per stu-dent fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor far-ther

短音sev-en stud-y moth-er ver-y mod-le weath-er

3.重读音节

单词中读音特别响亮的音节。用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号。单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号。

4.开音节

①绝对开音节:单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节。例如: no blue

ba-by stu-dent se-cret

②相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。例如:name these bike home ex cuse

五个元音字母在开音节中发长音[ei ] [i:] [ai ] [u] [ju:]

5.闭音节

单个元音字母后面有辅字组(r w y 除外)且以辅字组结尾的重读音节。例如:bag egg fish not cup 五个元音字母在闭音节中发短音[] [e]

[i ] [ ] []

6.双音节词重读规则

双音节词的第一个音节通常是重读音节。

例如:`stu-dent `Chi-na `sec-ond `au-tumn

含有a- be- de- re- in- ex- 等前缀的双音节词往往是在第二个音节上重读。双音节词的重读位置不会因增加前缀或后缀而发生改变。例如:

a `bout be `fore ex `cuse re `pair for `get-ful in`ven-tor

7.多音节词重读规则多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读。

例如:`el-e-phant con-grat-u `la-tion

词尾有-ic 或-tion,-sion 的词,在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读。例如:scien `tific im `pression `nation

48个国际音标的发音

—元音:

[i:] 嘴唇微微张开,舌尖抵下齿,嘴角向两边张开,露出微笑的表情,与字母E的发音相同。

[i] 嘴唇微微张开,舌尖抵下齿,舌前部抬高,嘴形扁平。

[:] 嘴形扁平,上下齿微开,舍身平放,舌中部稍稍抬高。

[] 嘴唇微微张开,舌身放平,舌中部微微抬起,口腔自然放松发声。[:] 双唇收得小而圆,并向前突出,舌身往后缩。

[] 口腔打开,嘴张大,舌头向后缩,双唇稍收圆。

[u:] 嘴形小而圆,微微外突,舌头尽量后缩。

[u] 嘴唇张开略向前突出,嘴形稍收圆并放松些,舌头后缩。[ɑ:] 口腔打开,嘴张大,舌身放平,舌尖不抵下齿,下巴放低,放松发音。

[] 嘴唇微微张开,伸向两边,舌尖轻触下齿,舌后部稍稍抬起。[] 嘴张大,嘴角尽量拉向两边,成扁平形,舌尖抵下齿。

[e] 嘴形扁平,舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起。

[ei] 由[e]和[i]两个单音组成,[e]重读,[i]轻读,口形由半开到合,字母A就发这个音。

[ai] 由[a]和[i]两个单音组成,[a]重读,[i]轻读,口形由开到合,与字母I的发音相同。

[i] 由[]和[i]两个单音组成,[]重读,[i]轻读,口形由圆到扁,由开到合。[au]

由[a]和[u]两个单音组成,[a]重读,[u]轻读,口型由大到小。[u] 由[]和[u]两个单音组成,[]重读,[u]轻读,口形由半开到小,与字母O的发音相同。

[i] 由[i]和[]两个单音组成,[i]重读,[]轻读,双唇始终半开。

[e] 由[e]和[]两个单音组成,[e]重读,[]轻读,舌端抵下齿,双唇半开。[u]

由[u]和[]两个单音组成,[u]重读,[]轻读,双唇由收圆到半开。

48个国际音标的发音

—辅音:

[p]双唇紧闭,然后快速张开,让气流冲出口腔,发出爆破音,但声带不振动。

[b]双唇紧闭,然后快速张开,让气流冲出口腔,发出爆破音,但声带需振动。

[t]舌尖抵上齿龈,憋住气,然后突然弹开舌尖,让气流从口腔喷出,但声带不振动。

[d]舌尖抵上齿龈,憋住气,然后弹开舌尖,让气流从口腔中喷出,但声带需振动。

[k]舌后部抵住软腭,憋住气,然后突然间离开,将气送出来,想咳嗽一样,但声带不震动。

[ɡ]舌后部抵住软腭,憋住气,然后突然间离开,将气送出来,但声带需振动。

[s]双唇微微张开,舌头自然放松,气流从上下齿隙间送出,但声带不振动。

[z]双唇微微张开,舌头自然放松,气流从上下齿隙间送出,但声带需振动。

[]双唇收圆并稍微突出,舌尖接近上齿龈,送气,声带不振动。

[]双唇收圆并稍微突出,舌头稍微上卷,舌尖接近上齿龈,送气,但声带需振动。

[t]双唇略微张开突出,舌尖抵住上齿龈,用力吐气,声带不振动。[d]双唇略微张开突出,舌尖抵住上齿龈,用力吐气,但声带需振动。

[f]上齿轻轻接触下唇,然后吹气,让气流从唇齿间通过,形成摩擦,但声带不振动。

[v]上齿轻轻接触下唇,然后吹气,让气流从唇齿间通过,形成摩擦,但声带需振动。

[θ]舌尖微微伸出,上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖,送气,但声带不振动。[]上下齿轻轻咬住舌尖,送气,但声带需振动。

[ts]舌尖先抵住上齿,堵住气流,使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出,声带不振动。

[dz]舌尖先抵住上齿,堵住气流,使气流从舌尖和齿龈间送出。[tr]双唇收圆向前突出,舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈,采取伐[r]的姿势,声带不振动。

[dr]双唇收圆向前突出,舌尖上翘抵住上齿龈,采取伐[r]的姿势,但声带振动。

[h]嘴唇自然张开,自然呵气,声带不振动。

[r]舌尖向上卷起,舌头不要接触任何部位,双唇稍微突出,声带振动。[l]舌尖抵住上齿龈,舌尖轻微用力弯曲,气流从舌的旁边送出。

—鼻音

[m]双唇紧闭,舌头平放,气流从鼻腔送出,声带振动。

[n]双唇微开,舌尖抵上齿龈,气流从鼻孔里出来,声带振动。

[]双唇张开,舌尖抵上齿龈,气流从鼻腔送出,声带振动。

—辅音

[w]双唇缩小并向前突出,舌后部抬起,嘴慢慢向两边滑开。

[j]嘴形成微笑状,舌尖抵住下齿,舌面贴住上颚,声带需振动。

48个英语国际音标发音规则

“英语里一共有48个音素,其中20个是元音,28个是辅音。元音又可分为单元音(12个)和双元音(8个)。先讲解12个单元音,这12个单元音又可以分为:

一、前元音

[i:]

[i]

[e]

[]

所谓前元音是指发音时要使用舌前部,也就是说舌前部要向硬腭抬起,舌尖要抵住下齿,口形扁平,不要收圆。四个前元音中发[i:]

的时候舌前部抬得最高,牙床近乎全合。发[i]的时候舌前部比[i:]稍低,牙床也开得稍大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。发第三个前元音[e]的时候舌前部比[i]又要第一些,牙床也开得更大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。发第四个前元音[]的时候舌前部最低,牙床开得最大。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。

二、后元音

[u:]

[u]

[:]

[]

[a:]

所谓后元音是指发音时要使用舌的后部,也就是说舌后部要向软腭抬起。发后元音时舌尖可以不抵下齿。除了后元音[ɑ:]要用中常唇外,其它四个音都要用圆唇,发音时嘴要拢圆。个别的音如[u] [u:]嘴唇还要向前突出。其次,要注意后元音的

舌位。五个后元音中[ɑ:]的舌位最低,开口最大。[]的舌位比[ɑ:]稍高,开口度比[ɑ:]稍小。[ɑ::]

的舌位比[]又要更高一些,开口度比[]再小一些。[u]的舌位比[ɑ:]又要高一些,开口度再小一些。[u:]的舌位最高,开口最小。

三、中元音

[]

[:]

[]

所谓中元音是指发音时要使用舌的中部,也就是说舌的中部要稍稍抬起,舌尖可以轻抵下齿,口形扁平或中常。[:]的舌位最高,[]的舌位最低,[]的舌位介乎两者之间,比[:]稍低,比[]稍高。

上面提到了12个单元音。英语里还有8个双元音。这8个双元音又可分成两类,合口双元音和集中双元音,下面分别讲解。

一、合口双元音

[ei]

[ai]

[i]

[u]

[au]

所谓“合口双元音”是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是一个合口元音[i]或[u]。发双元音时要注意从第一个元音向第二个元音滑动。在滑动过程中,口形、舌位都有明显的变化。另外,还要注意双元音的

下面几个特点:1、前长后短(前音长后音短)。2、前重后轻(前音发得重,后音发得轻)。3、前音清楚,后音模糊。

二、集中双元音

[i]

[ε]

[u]

所谓集中双元音是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是中元音[]。发音时要注意第一个元音向第二个元音滑动时的口形和舌位的变化。比如发[i]时舌位由前元音[i]向中元音[]的滑动。口形由半合的扁唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[u]时由相当于前元音[]的舌位向中元音[]滑动,口形由半开的中常唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[u]时由后元音[u]向中元音[]的滑动,口形由半合的圆唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。

张冠林教授说:上面简单地讲解了英语里的20个元音。英语里的28个辅音,按照不同的发音方法又可以把它们分为六类。

一、爆破音

[p]

[t]

[k]

,

[b]

[d]

[g]

爆破音一共有六个,根据发音时声带是否振动可以分为清辅音和浊辅音两种。清辅音有三个:[p,t,k];浊辅音也有三个:[b,d,g]。这样,六个爆破音就可以归纳为清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是:[p,b],第二对是:[t,d],第三对时[k,g]。

二、摩擦音

[f]

[s]

[]

[θ]

[h]

[v]

[z]

[]

[]

摩擦音一共有十个。其中八个音又可以分为清、浊音相对应的四对。第一对是唇齿摩擦音[f,v]。发音时下唇轻触上齿,气流通过时摩擦成音,[f]是清辅音,[v]是浊辅音。第二对是舌齿摩擦音[θ,]。发音时舌尖要轻触上齿边缘。[θ]是清辅音,[]是浊辅音。第三对是舌端齿龈摩擦音[s,z]。发音时舌端靠近(上)齿龈,气流通过时摩擦成音。[s]

是清辅音,[z]是浊辅音。第四对是舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音[],[]。发音时舌端向齿龈后部靠近,气流通过时摩擦成音。[]是清辅音,[]是浊辅音。第九个音是声门摩擦辅音[h]。第十个音是舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音[r]。发这个音时舌尖要卷起来,靠近齿龈后部。这个音的本音是[r]。为了发音清楚,拼音方便,后面也可以加上一个元音,念成[r]。

三、破擦音

[t]

[tr]

[ts]

浊辅音

[d]

[dr]

[dz]

破擦音共有六个:[t],

[d],[tr,dr],[ts,dz]。破擦音由两个成分组成:开头是爆破音,结尾是摩擦音。六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是[t], [d]。在[t],

[d]中的第一个成分,即爆破音[t,d]由于受了后面摩擦音[?,?]的影响,发音时舌位靠后,在齿龈较后部分发音。这一点也适用于第二对破擦音[tr,dr]。这里,[t,d]由于受了后面摩擦音[r]的影响舌位也要靠后,实际发音很像破擦音[?,?],后面再加上[r],分别念成[tr,dr]。第三对破擦音[ts,dz]中的清辅音[ts]很像汉语普通话里的c(雌、雄的“雌”),加上声带振动就能发出浊辅音[dz]。

四、鼻辅音

[m]

[n]

[]

英语里有三个鼻辅音,即[m][n][]。发鼻音时,由于口腔通道被堵住,声音只能从鼻子里出来。发第一个鼻辅音[m]时双唇闭拢;发第二个鼻辅音[n],(不闭嘴)舌尖要贴住上齿龈;发第三个鼻辅音[], (不闭嘴)舌后部要抬起来,贴住软腭。

五、舌边音

[l]

[r]

英语里的舌边音有两种发音方法。1)出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音,它的发音是[l?];2)出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音,它的发音是[l]。发这个音时可以先摆好发后元音[u]的舌位,然后把舌端贴住上齿龈。这样发出来的音就是[l]。

六、半元音

[w]

[j]

半元音[w][j]的舌位和元音[u:][i:]相似,但半元音的发音方法和元音不同。元音可以单独成音,可以延长。半元音则不能单独成音,不可延长,必须很快滑向它后面的元音,和元音拼合在一起发音。由于这一特点也有人把半元音[w][j]称为“滑音”。

弃我去者,昨日之日不可留乱我心者,今日之日多烦忧

48个国际音标表

元音

12个单元音

长元音

[i:]

[:][u:]

[:]

[a:]

短元音[i] [e]

[]

[]

[]

8个双元音[ei]

[ai]

[i]

[u] [au][i] [ε]

[u]辅音

10对

清辅音[p]

[t]

[k]

[s]

[]

[ ∫]

[]

[tr]

[ts]

浊辅音[b]

[d]

[g]

[v]

[z]

[]

[]

[dr]

[dz]

3个鼻音[m]

[n]

[]

3个似拼音

[h]

[r]

[l]

2个半元音

[w]

[j]

/i/--发音要领的是:舌尖抵下齿,舌前部抬高,舌两侧抵上齿两侧,口形偏平。

/i:/--发音要领是发音时舌尖抵下齿,前舌尽量抬高、舌位高于/i/:口形扁平。

/e/--发音时舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起,舌位比/i:/低;唇形中常,开口度比/i:/大。

//--发音时舌尖抵下齿;舌前部稍抬高,舌位比/e/更低;双唇平伸,成扁平形。

//--//是长元音。发音时口张大,舌身压低并后缩,后舌稍隆起,舌尖不抵下齿。双唇稍收圆。

//--发音时口张大,舌身尽量降低并后缩,双唇稍稍收圆。

//--它是长元音。发音时舌后部抬得比//即美式//美式//高,双唇收得更圆更小,并向前突出。

/u/--发音时舌后部抬起,舌身后缩,舌尖离开下齿。双唇收圆,稍突出。

//--发音时舌后部尽量抬起,舌位比/u/即美式读音//英式读音//高。双唇收圆并突出。口形比/u/////稍小。

//--发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿,舌后部靠前部分稍抬起,唇形稍扁,开口度较大,与//相似。

//--//是长元音。发音时舌中部比发//音时略高。双唇扁平。

//--//是读短元音。发音时舌身平放,舌中部略隆起,双唇扁平。

/ei/--先发/e/音,然后滑向/i/音。双唇稍扁,口形从半开到合。

//--它由元音//滑向后元音/u/即美音和英音的//,舌位由半低到高,口形由半开到小。注意将音发足。

/ai/--/ai/为双元音。先发/a/音,然后滑向/i/音。舌尖抵住下齿。发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足,注意从开到合的滑动。

/au/--/au/或//由/a/滑向/u///。舌位由低到高,口形由大到小。注意将音发足。

/i/--发音时双唇从圆到扁,口形从开到合。发好这个音的关键是首先要把后元音/a/////发足,然后滑向/i/音。

/i/--其发音要领是从/i/音滑向//音,美音则滑向/r/音。前面的/i/发得较清楚,后面的//或/r/较弱。双唇始终半开。此音一定要发足。

//--其发音方法是从///e/音滑向//音。发间时舌端抵下齿,前舌略抬起,双唇半开,此音中的//有似于/e/音,//音较轻。

/u/--发音时,嘴唇从收圆到半开。发好这个音的关键是首先要把/u///音发足,然后滑向//音。

/p/ /b/--/p/是p的发音,/b/是b的发音。双唇爆破辅音。发音时双唇紧闭,憋住气,然后突灰分开,气流冲出口腔,发出爆破音。/p/是清辅音,声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音,声带振动。

/t/ /d/--/t/是t的发音,/d/是d的发音。舌齿爆破辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈,憋住气,然后突然分开,使气流冲出口腔,发出爆破音。/t/是清辅音,声带不振动;/d/是浊辅音,声带振动。

/k/ //--/k/是字母k和字母c的发音,//是字母g的读音。舌后软颚爆破辅音。发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚,憋住气,然后突然分开,气流送出口腔,形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音,声带不振动;//是浊辅音,声带振动。

/f/ /v/--/f/是f和ph的发音,/v/是v的发音。唇齿摩擦辅音。发音时下唇轻触上齿,气流由唇齿间通过,形成摩擦音。/f/是清辅音,声带不振动;/v/是浊辅音,声带振动。

// //--////是th的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖轻触上齿背,气流由舌齿间送出,形成摩擦音。//是清辅音,声带不振动;//是浊辅音,声带振动。

/s/ /z/--/s//z/是s的发音,/z/又是z的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈,气流由舌端齿龈间送出,形成摩擦音。/s/是清辅音,声带不振动;/z/是浊浦音,声带振动。

/∫/ //--/∫/是sh的发音,//是s的发音。舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈后部,舌身抬起靠近上鄂,双唇稍收圆并略突出。气流通过时形成摩擦音。/∫/是清辅音,声带不振动;//是浊辅音,声带振动。

/h/--/h/是字母h的发音。声门摩擦辅音。发音时气流送出口腔,在通过声门时发出轻微摩擦;口形随其后的元音而变化。/h/是清辅音,声带不振动。

/m/--/m/是m的发音。双唇鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂,双唇紧闭,气流从鼻腔送出。

/n/--/n/是n的发音。舌尖齿龈鼻辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈,软颚下垂,气流从鼻腔送出。

//--//是ng的发音。舌后软颚鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂,堵住口腔通道,气流从鼻腔送出。声带振动。

/w/--/w/是w的发音。舌后软颚半元音。发音时舌后部向软颚抬起,舌位高。双唇收小并向前突出,声带振动。发音短促,立刻滑向其后的元音。

/l/--/l/是l的发音。舌端齿龈边辅音。发音时舌尖及舌端紧贴上齿龈,舌前向硬颚抬起,气流从舌的旁边送出。当此音为尾音时,将舌端抵住上齿龈,舌前下限,舌后上抬,舌面形成凹形。浊辅音、声带振动。/r/--/r/是r的发音。舌尖齿龈(后部)摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖卷起,靠近上齿龈后部。舌两侧稍收扰。双唇略突出。气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。浊辅音,声带振动。

/j/--/j/传统的国际音标的读音符号该音是国音字母y在词首的读音,是舌前硬颚半元音。发音时舌前部向硬颚尽量抬起,舌位较高,双唇伸展成扁平状。它是个浊辅音,声带振动。

//--//是ch的发音,//是dge的发音。舌端齿龈破擦辅音。发音时舌身抬高,舌端抵上齿龈后部,气流通过时发出破擦音。//是清辅音,声带不振动;//是浊辅音,声带振动。

/ts/ /dz/传统的国际音标读音符号,新课本中美式、英式读音都没将其包括在内,破擦音/ts/、/dz/分别是字母组合ts和ds的读音。舌端齿龈破擦辅音。舌端先贴住齿龈,堵住气流,然后略下降,气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音,/dz/是浊辅音。

/tr/ /dr/传统的国际音标读音符号。新课本中美式、英式读音都没将其包括在内。/tr/、/dr/分别是tr、dr的发音。齿龈后部破擦辅音。发音时舌身与/r/相似,舌尖贴齿龈后部,气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音,/dr/是浊辅音。

[i:]字母组合ee ea e ie --three tree green sheep meet beef see seek

eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean piece []发音字母a--bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man

[e]字母组合ea e a--head bread pleasure elephant electric remember

sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any [:]字母组合ir ur

ear er or--girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder

nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard [ε]字母组合er or

ou ar o a e u--teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar

collar dollar together tomorrow today lesson control around account ago

elephant manta banana Canada [a:] 字母组合ar a--car farm card arm

garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm

[]发音字母u o ou oo--up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come

mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood [:]字母组合al or au our ar--small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short

more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn

four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter

[]发音字母o a--hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want

wash watch

[u:]字母组合oo o u--food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth

shoe do two true truth blue full prude

[u]字母组合oo ou u o--look good foot book wood should could put

full bull pull push woman wolf

[ei]发音字母a ay ea ai ey--name cake late gate plane April play

say may way great break rain paint plain they grey

[ai]发音字母i y--bike fine find die nine light night high my try

fly eye [au]字母组合ou ow--house out flour ground account count sound

loud around mouse flower down now cow how town

[u]发音字母o ow oa--home cold go no phone host ghost know low

below grow blow show flow boat coat goal

[i]字母组合eer ear--beer deerear near here fierce idea

[]字母组合ear air ere--pear bear chair air fair there where care

[u]字母组合our ower--hour tour flower shower

[t] tree two ten ton town twenty city

[d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary

[k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky

[g] girl good goal goat grade long language

[m] man make moon morning move come comb

[n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean

[] uncle bank English think thank junksing king morning

[l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soul

[r] read red right run room write

[f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh

rough [v] very evening even every voice vest of

[s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf

[z] zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those [] that

this those these though

[∫] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attention [h]

hot hop home house horse how who

[w] when what where window wind wood

[j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow

[t∫] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach

[d] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July

June junk

[tr] tree country try treat track trunk

[dr] dry dream drop drive drink

[ts] students boots boats goats nuts

[dz] goods woods moods hoods

1.元音:

1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie

three tree green sheep meet beef see seek(ee)

eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please(ea) he

she me(e)

piece receive ceiling (ie,ei)

2) [i] 发音字母i y e

sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss

myth many twenty happy dictionary

defect decide delicious

3) 发音字母a

bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall

man

4) [e] 字母组合ea e a

head bread pleasure

elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel

yes

many any

5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or

girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird

turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger

learn earn earth heard

term her nerd serve

work worm work world

6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e u

teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor

delicious gracious

pleasure familiar

collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington

control polite around account ago

elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen

famulus Saturday

7) [a:] 字母组合ar a

car farm card arm garden

fast class last glass plant aunt calm

8) [u] 发音字母u o ou oo

up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

come mother dose brother love above

trouble rough flourish

blood flood

9) [: ]字母组合al or au our ar aw

small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author

caught autumn

four mourn court bought

warm quarrel quarter

draw saw flaw

10) [ ] 发音字母o a

hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

want wash

11) [u:] 字母组合oo o u

food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two

true truth blue full

12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u

look good foot book

should could

put full bull pull push

woman wolf

13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April

play say may way

great break

rain paint plain

they grey

14) [ai] 发音字母i y

bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye

15) [au] 字母组合ou ow

house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower

down now cow how town

16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oa

home cold go no phone host ghost

know low below grow blow show flow

boat coat goal

17) [i ] 字母组合oy oi

boy toy joy

oil soil voice choice

18) [iε] 字母组合eer

6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e u

teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor

delicious gracious

pleasure familiar

collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington

control polite around account ago

elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen

famulus Saturday

7) [a:] 字母组合ar a

car farm card arm garden

fast class last glass plant aunt calm

8) [u] 发音字母u o ou oo

up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

come mother dose brother love above

trouble rough flourish

blood flood

9) [: ]字母组合al or au our ar aw

small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author

caught autumn

four mourn court bought

warm quarrel quarter

draw saw flaw

10) [ ] 发音字母o a

hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

want wash

11) [u:] 字母组合oo o u

food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two

true truth blue full

12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u

look good foot book

should could

put full bull pull push

woman wolf

13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April

play say may way

great break

rain paint plain

they grey

14) [ai] 发音字母i y

bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye

15) [au] 字母组合ou ow

house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower

down now cow how town

16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oa

home cold go no phone host ghost

know low below grow blow show flow

boat coat goal

17) [i ] 字母组合oy oi

boy toy joy

oil soil voice choice

18) [iε] 字母组合eer

6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e u

teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

doctor actor mayor author tractor

delicious gracious

pleasure familiar

collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington

control polite around account ago

elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen

famulus Saturday

7) [a:] 字母组合ar a

car farm card arm garden

fast class last glass plant aunt calm

8) [u] 发音字母u o ou oo

up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

come mother dose brother love above

trouble rough flourish

blood flood

9) [: ]字母组合al or au our ar aw

small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author

caught autumn

four mourn court bought

warm quarrel quarter

draw saw flaw

10) [ ] 发音字母o a

hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

want wash

11) [u:] 字母组合oo o u

food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two

true truth blue full